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German Physicians in the Nazi Era

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Eric D. Kohler
Affiliation:
University of WyomingLaramie, Wyoming

Abstract

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Type
Review Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 1991

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References

1. Trials of War Criminals before the Nuremberg Military Tribunal under Control Council Law No. 10, 14 vols. (Washington, 19501952), vol. 1.Google Scholar

2. See, for example, Beirtäge zur nationalsozialistischen Gesundheits- und Sozialpolitik, 8 vols. (Berlin, 19851990);Google ScholarBaader, Gerhard and Schultz, Heinrich, eds., Medizin und Nationalsozialismus: Tabuisierte Vergangenheit—ungebrochene Tradition?, 2d rev. ed. (Berlin, 1983);Google ScholarBock, Gisela, Zwangssterilisierung im Nationalsozialismus: Studien zur Rassenpolitik und Frauenpolitik (Opladen. 1986);Google ScholarCocks, Geoffrey, Psychotherapy in the Third Reich: The Göring Institute (New York, 1985);Google ScholarDorner, Klaus et al. , Der Krieg gegen die psychischen Kranken (Rehburg-Loccum, 1980);Google ScholarEbbinghaus, Angelika, Kampen-Haas, Heidrun, and Roth, Karl Heinz, eds., Heilen und Vernichten im Mustergau Hamburg: Bevölkerungs- und Gesundheitspolitik im Dritten Reich (Hamburg, 1984);Google ScholarKlee, Ernst, “Euthanasie” im NS-Staat: “Die Vernichtung lebensunwerten Lebens” (Frankfurt a. M., 1983);Google ScholarKudlien, Fridolf et al. , Ärzte im Nationalsozialismus (Cologne, 1985);Google ScholarThom, Achim und Speer, Horst, eds., Medizin im Faschismus (East Berlin, 1989);Google ScholarMedizin im Faschismus, Kolloquien des Instituts für Zeitgeschichte (Munich, 1988);Google ScholarThom, Achim and Caregorordcev, Geajdij Ivanovic, eds., Medizin unterm Hakenkreuz (East Berlin, 1989);Google ScholarNowak, Kurt, “Euthanasie” und Sterilisierung im “Dritten Reich”, 2d ed. (Weimar, 1980);Google ScholarProctor, Robert, Racial Hygiene: Medicine under Nazism (Cambridge: MA, 1988);Google ScholarPross, Christian and Winau, Rolf, eds., Nicht Mishandeln: Das Krankenhaus Moabit (Berlin, 1984);Google ScholarWeindling, Paul, Health, Race, and German Politics between National Unification and Nazism, 1870–1945 (Cambridge, 1989):Google ScholarWuttke-Groneberg, Walter, Medizin im Nationalsozialismus: Ein Arbeitsbuch (Wurmlingen, 1980);Google ScholarPross, Christian and Aly, Gotz, eds., Der Wert des Menschen: Medizin in Deutschland, 1918–1945, (Berlin, 1989).Google Scholar

3. Kater, Michael, The Nazi Party: A Social Profile of Members and Leaders (Cambridge, MA, 1983);Google Scholaridem, Ärzte und Politik in Deutschland, 1848–1945,” Jahrbuch des Instituts für Geschichte der Medizin der Robert Bosch Stiftung 5 (1986): 3448;Google Scholaridem, Professionalization and Socialization of Physicians in Wilhelmine and Weimar Germany,” Journal of Contemporary History 20 (1985): 677701;CrossRefGoogle Scholaridem, Hitler's Early Doctors: Nazi Physicians in Predepression Germany,” Journal of Modern History 59, no. 1 (1987): 2552;CrossRefGoogle Scholaridem, “Physicians in Crisis at the End of the Weimar Republic,” in Stachura, Peter D., ed., Unemployment and the Great Depression in Weimar Germany (London, 1986), 4976;CrossRefGoogle Scholaridem, The Burden of the Past: Problems of a Modern Historiography of Physicians and Medicine in Nazi Germany,” German Studies Review 10, no. 1 (1987): 3156.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, 222.

5. Lifton, Robert Jay, The Nazi Doctors (New York, 1986).Google Scholar For an early evaluation, see Alexander, Leo, “Medical Science under Dictatorship,” New England Journal of Medicine 24, no. 2 (1949): 3947.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For a recent study, important and influential, see Müller-Hill, Benno, Murderous Science: Elimination by Scientific Selection of Jews, Gypsies, and Others, Germany 1933–1945, trans. Fraser, George R. (Oxford, 1988).Google Scholar

6. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, 222.

7. Proctor, Racial Hygiene, 146.

8. Kater, “Burden,” 40f.; and idem, “Hitler's Early Doctors,” 44.

9. Quinn, Susan. A Mind of Her Own: The Life of Karen Horney (New York, 1987), 138–39;Google ScholarFrankenthal, Käte, Der dreifache Fluch: Jüdin, Intellektuelle, Sozialistin. Lebenserinnerungen einer Ärztin in Deutschland und im Exil, ed. Pearle, Kathleen and Leibfried, Stefan (Frankfurt a. M., 1981), 114.Google Scholar

10. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, 120.

11. Ibid., 69.

12. Ibid., 31.

13. Ibid., 38 and 39.

14. Ibid., 40.

15. Ibid., 81.

16. Ibid., 145.

17. Ibid., 121.

18. On that style, see Kater, “Professionalization,” 680; also Pross, Christian and Winau, Rolf, Nicht Mishandeln, 156Google Scholar. On the medical establishment's inability to resist the delusions of völkisch medicine, see Kater, Doctors under Hitler, 114ff.

19. Weindling, Health, Race, and German Politics, 125–54, 305–35.

20. On the immediate effects of Deutsche Physik on German nuclear research, see Walker, Mark, German National Socialism and the Quest for Nuclear Power, 1939–1949 (Cambridge, England, 1989), 6166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, 46.

22. Ibid., 123–25.

23. See Müller-Hill, Murderous Science, 88ff.

24. See Bock, Zwangssterilisation, 369ff.

25. Kater, Doctors under Hitler, 27.

26. Ibid., 183.

27. Ibid., 186.

28. Hartmann, Heinz, MD, Once a Doctor, Always a Doctor: The Memoirs of a German Jewish Immigrant Physician (Buffalo, NY, 1986).Google Scholar

29. Carsten, Francis L., “German Refugees in Great Britain, 1933–1945,” in Hirschfeld, Gerhard, ed., Exile in Great Britain: Refugees from Hitler's Germany (Leamington Spa, England, 1984), 16.Google Scholar

30. Kohler, Eric D., “Relicensing Central European Refugee Physicians in the United States, 1933–1945,” Simon Wiesenthal Center Annual 6 (1989): 132.Google Scholar

31. Nissen, Rudolf, Helle Blätter—dunkle Blätter: Erinnerungen eines Chirurgen (Stuttgart, 1969), 313Google Scholar; and Frankenthal, Dreifacher Fluch, 249.