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The Censorship of Literary Naturalism, 1890–1895: Bavaria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2008

Peter Jelavich
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Type
Symposium: the Censorship of Literary Naturalism
Information
Central European History , Volume 18 , Issue 3-4 , September 1985 , pp. 344 - 359
Copyright
Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 1985

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References

1. For political developments in Bavaria during the 1860s and the rise of the Patriotenpartei, see Spindler, Max, ed., Handbuch der bayerischen Geschichte (Munich, 1967–1975), 4: 261–69, 298–303Google Scholar; and Stache, Christa, Bürgerlicher Liberalismus und katholischer Konservatismus in Bayem 1867–1871 (Frankfurt a.M., 1981)Google Scholar. For internal political developments in Bavaria under the Reich, see Spindler, , Handbuch, 4:293–386Google Scholar; Bosl, Karl, “Gesellschaft und Politik in Bayern vor dem Ende der Monarchie,” Zeitschrift für bayerische Landesgeschichte 28 (1965): 1–31Google Scholar; Zorn, Wolfgang, “Parlament, Gessellschaft und Regierung in Bayern 1870–1918,” in Ritter, Gerhard A.. ed., Gesellschaft, Parlament und Regierung: Zur Geschichte des Parlamentarismus in Deutschland (Düsseldorf, 1974), 299–315Google Scholar; and especially Möckl, Karl, Die Prinzregentenzeit: Gesellschaft und Politik während der Ära des Prinzregenten Luitpold in Bayern (Munich, 1972).Google Scholar

2. Satzungen der Gesellschaft für modernes Leben (Munich, 1891), 3Google Scholar. The life and work of Conrad are described in Reisinger, Hedwig, Michael Georg Conrad: Ein Lebensbild mit besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner Tätigkeit als Kritiker (Würzburg, 1939)Google Scholar; see also Conrad's reminiscences, Von Emile Zola bis Gerhart Hauptmann (Leipzig, 1902)Google Scholar. A short but sympathetic assessment of his views may be found in Meyer, Theo, Theorie des Naturalismus (Stuttgart, 1973), 4–10Google Scholar. The naturalist movement in Munich is described (and contrasted with that in Berlin) in Miehle, Hans, “Der Münchener Pseudonaturalismus der achtziger Jahre” (unpublished diss., Munich, 1947)Google Scholar; Soergel, Albert and Hohoff, Curt, Dichtung und Dicther der Zeit (Düsseldorf, 1960), 1: 40–49Google Scholar; and Hamann, Richard and Hermand, Jost, Naturalismus (Munich, 1972), 238–43.Google Scholar

3. Münchener Fremdenblatt, no. 52, 2 Feb. 1891; and the Augsburger Abendzeitung, 31 Jan. 1891.

4. Conrad to the Polizeidirektion München, 3 Feb. 1891, in Staatsarchiv München (hereafter SAM), RA 57851; and the Augsburger Abendzekung, 4 Feb. 1891.

5. Münchener Fremdenblatt, no. 65, 10 Feb. 1891.

6. Münchener Fremdenblatt, no. 76, 17 Feb. 1891; see also the Münchener Post, 17 Feb. 1891.

7. See Hamann and Hermand, Naturalismus, 92–97.

8. See the Münchener Fremdenblatt, no. 99, 2 Mar. 1891, as well as police reports and newspaper clippings from 3 Mar. to 14 Apr. in SAM/RA 57851 and SAM/Pol. Dir. 520; von Gumppenberg, Hanns, “über künstlerische Behandlung religiöser Stoffe,” Moderne Blätter, no. 2 (4 04 1891): 2–5Google Scholar; and his Lebenserinnerungen (Berlin, 1929), 161–63.Google Scholar

9. See the Münchener Post, 7 Feb. and 24 Mar. 1891; Conrad, “Ausland, Berlin und München,” Moderne Blätter, no. 14 (5 July 1891): 1–3; and police reports of 4 Feb. and 27 Apr. 1891 in SAM/Pol. Dir. 520.

10. Münchener Fremdenblatt, no. 52, 2 Feb. 1891.

11. Kgl. Polizeidirektor to Kgl. Bayr. Armee–Corps, 27 Apr. 1891, in SAM/Pol. Dir. 520.

12. See Henckell, Karl, “An die deutsche Nation,” in Gesammelte Werke: Zweiter Band: Buck des Kampfes (Munich, 1921), 117–21Google Scholar; and the Münchener Fremdenblatt, no. 133, 23 Mar. 1891.

13. The Gumppenberg trial is documented in reports from March to September 1891 in SAM/RA 57851 and SAM/Pol. Dir. 520. See also Gumppenberg, Lebenserinnerungen, 173–79; and “Zum Majestätsbeleidigungsprozess contra Hanns von Gumppenberg,” Moderne Blätter, no. 23 (5 Sept. 1891): 2.

14. Croissant-Rust, Anna, “Hochzeitsfest,” Moderne Blätter, no. 22 (29 08 1891): 6–7Google Scholar. For the confiscation of this work and the anthology, see Kgl. Amtsgericht München I to the Polizeidirektion München, 3 Sept. 1891, in SAM/Pol. Dir. 520; and the Moderne Blätter, no. 23 (5 Sept. 1891): 7–8.

15. Polizeidirektion München to Kgl. Regierung, Kammer des Innern von Oberbayern, 16 Sept. 1891, in SAM/Pol. Dir. 520.

16. See Lenman, Robin, “Art, Society, and the Law in Wilhelmine Germany: The Lex Heinze,” Oxford German Studies 8 (1973–1974): 84–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17. Feilitzsch to Regierung von Oberbayern, Kammer des Innern, 11 July 1900, in Bayerisches Hauptstaatsarchiv München, MInn 73551.

18. See the Moderne Blätter, no. 1 (25 Mar. 1891): 8; no. 4 (18 Apr. 1891): 7; and no. 5 (25 Apr. 1891): 1; and the Münchener Neueste Nachrichten, no. 76 (17 Feb. 1891).

19. Schaumberger to Max Halbe, letter of 30 September 1891, in Münchener Stadtbibliothek, Handschriften–Abteilung, Halbe Archiv.

20. Cited in Bauer, Michael, Oskar Panizza: Em literarisches Porträt (Munich, 1984), 123.Google Scholar

21. Conrad to Kgl. Polizeidirektion, 2 Dec. 1891, in SAM/Pol. Dir. 520.

22. Contract between Conrad and Poessl, 16 Dec. 1892, in the Münchener Stadtbibliothek, Handschriften–Abteilung, Nachlass Panizza.

23. Panizza's life and work are discussed in the thoroughly researched and documented study by Michael Bauer (see n. 20).

24. Cited in Panizza, Oskar, Das Liebeskonzil und andere Schriften (Neuwied, 1964), 156.Google Scholar

25. Münchener Post, 24 Nov. 1894.

26. See the interrogations of Karl Schüler of the Buchhandlung Ackermann, Hermann Lukaschick of the G. Franz'sche Hofbuchhandlung, and Ludwig Steinitzer, all on 12 Feb. 1895, in SAM/St. Anw. 7120.

27. Polizeipräsidium Leipzig to Staatsanwaltschaft München I, 27 Feb. 1895, ibid.

28. See the protocol of Panizza's trial at the Landgericht München I, 30 Apr. 1895, SAM/St. Anw. 7119.

29. Panizza, Oskar, “Meine Verteidigung in Sachen Das Leibeskonzil vor dem königlichen Landgericht München I am 30. April 1895,” in Das Liebeskonzil und andere Schriften, 149.Google Scholar

30. See the protocol of Panizza's interrogation by the police, 12 Jan. 1895, in SAM/St. Anw. 7120.

31. Cited in Kritische Stimmen über Das Liebeskonzil (Zurich: n.d., 1895?), 6.Google Scholar

32. For discussions of the influence of political developments on Munich's modernist culture at the turn of the century, see Lenman, Robin, “Politics and Culture: The State and the Avant-Garde in Munich 1886–1914,” in Evans, Richard, ed., Society and Politics in Wilhelmine Germany (London, 1978), 90–111Google Scholar; Jelavich, Peter, “Munich as Cultural Center: Politics and the Arts,” in Kandinsky in Munich, 1896–1914, catalogue, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum (New York, 1982), 17–26Google Scholar; and Jelavich, , “'Die Elf Scharfrichter': The Political and Sociocultural Dimensions of Cabaret in Wilhelmine Germany,” in Chapple, Gerald and Schulte, Hans, eds., The Turn of the Century: German Literature and Art, 1890–1915 (Bonn, 1981), 507–25.Google Scholar

33. The travails of modern art in Munich in the 1920s are discussed in Nerdinger, Winfried, “Die ‘Kunststadt’ München,” in Die Zwanziger Jahre in München, catalogue, Munchner Stadtmuseum (Munich, 1979), 93–119.Google Scholar

34. For a summary of the affair, see “Filmschaffende, rechtsum, rückwärts marsch!” in Der Spiegel, 4 July 1983: 128–30; and almost daily accounts in the Süddeutsche Zeitung, summer 1983.