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Authorship in Transition: Enthusiasts and Malcontents on Press Freedoms, an Expanding Literary Market, and Vienna's Reading Public

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 April 2013

Heather Morrison*
Affiliation:
State University of New Yorkat New Paltz

Extract

Joseph Richter, a prolific writer of the Viennese Enlightenment, published a satirical dictionary in 1782 called the ABC Book for Big Children. Here, under the heading “men of letters” (Gelehrte), he wrote, “Emperor Augustus brought them to his table. Among the great nobility of our time, they eat out on the steps.” This criticism of insufficient patronage, marginalization, and loss of status seemed to come at an odd time. By 1781, the current Emperor and Habsburg monarch, Joseph II, freed censorship to the extent that Richter's satire could be published; writers sought to live from their works; and Vienna sustained a vibrant intellectual scene among the booksellers, coffee shops, and Freemason lodges. Yet Richter's lamentation reveals a complex reaction to the transition to a more modern, participatory, and even democratic knowledge culture.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Conference Group for Central European History of the American Historical Association 2013

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References

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21 Wangermann, Die Waffen der Publizität, discussed this trend in connection to public discussion of church policies in the transition into Joseph II's sole rule.

22 Bodi, Tauwetter, 49.

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35 Franco Venturi discussed the eulogies and the concerns they evoked as they were disseminated in the Habsburg-held Italian territories. Venturi, Franco, The End of the Old Regime in Europe, 1776–1789, vol. II: Republican Patriotism and the Empires of the East, trans. Litchfield, R. Burr (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1991), 605622CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Wangermann, Die Waffen der Publizität, also discussed the politicization of the eulogies, arguing their content implicitly reflected whether they were against church reforms or for them. His argument here is convincing and inconsistent with his introduction's suggestion that the same authors did not publish autonomous political views.

36 Publishers started advertising the eulogies by mid-December in the Wiener Zeitung, Dec. 16, 1780.

37 “Uns kommt es zu durch den Gebrauch, den wir von der Freyheit der Presse machen werden, diese Freyheit vor den Augen aller Nationen zu rechtfertigen; könnten wir wohl dieses kostbares Geschenk des Schätzers der Menschheit würdiger nützen, als wenn wir uns, soviel an uns liegt, als seine Mitarbeiter der grossen Ansicht deren hier erinnert worden, zeigen?” Anonymous, Ueber den Gebrauch der Freyheit der Presse (Vienna: Trattner, 1781), 29Google Scholar.

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65 Such fears were justified, as T. C. W. Blanning pointed out in Joseph II (London and New York: Longman, 1994)Google Scholar; the conservatives and religious elite were much more organized at controlling public opinion through the newly freed press even as they railed against it.

66 Realzeitung (1783).

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70 Darnton, The Literary Underground of the Old Regime.

71 Anonymous, Ueber den Gebrauch der Freyheit der Presse.