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Changing Relations between the International Court of Justice and the Security Council of the United Nations

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 March 2016

R. ST. J. MacDonald
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Canadian Yearbook of International Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international , Volume 31 , 1994 , pp. 3 - 32
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Copyright © The Canadian Council on International Law / Conseil Canadien de Droit International, representing the Board of Editors, Canadian Yearbook of International Law / Comité de Rédaction, Annuaire Canadien de Droit International 1994

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References

1 (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America; Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom), Provisional Measures, Order of Apr. 14, 1992, [1992] ICJ Rep. 114 [hereinafter Lockerbie]. References in this text are to Libya v. U.S., [1992] ICJ Rep. 114.

2 Reprinted in 10 ILM 1151 (1971).

3 See, generally, Schwebel, Stephen M., “Relations Between the International Court of Justice and the United Nations,” in Mélanges Michel Virally (Paris: Pedone, 1991), 431–44Google Scholar. And for a very useful detailed study see Tetsuo Sato, “An Emerging Doctrine of the Interpretative Framework of Constitutional Instruments as the Constitutions of International Organizations,” 21 Hitot-subasti J. Law & Politics 1–64 (1993).

4 Rosenne, Shabtai, The World Court 28 (4th ed., Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1989).Google Scholar

5 Ibid.

6 Unger, Roberto, “The Critical Legal Studies Movement,” 96 Harv. L. Rev. 561 at 565 (1983).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

7 Rorty, Richard, “The Banality of Pragmatism and the Poetry of Justice,” 63 So. Cal. L. Rev. 1811 at 1811–1812 (1990).Google Scholar

8 Kratochwil, Friedrich V., Rules, Norms, and Decisions 205 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

9 Ibid., 206.

10 SirJennings, Robert , “Reflections on the Term Dispute” in Macdonald, R. St. J. (ed.), Essays in Honour of Wang Tieya on His Eightieth Birthday 401 at 403 (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1994).Google Scholar

11 Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran (United States of America v. Iran), [1980] ICJ Rep. 3 [hereinafter Hostages].

12 Jennings, supra note 10.

13 Supra note 11 at 20.

14 Supra note 10 at 404.

15 Gordon, Edward, “‘Legal Disputes’ Under Article 36(2) of the Statute” in Damrosch, Lori Fisler (ed.), The International Court of Justice at a Crossroads 183 at 185 (New York: Transnational Publishers Inc., 1987).Google Scholar

16 Case Concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), Jurisdiction and Admissibility, [1984] ICJ Rep. 392 [hereinafter Nicaragua].

17 Ibid., 430. Costa Rica, El Salvador, and Honduras were mentioned in this respect.

18 Monetary Gold Removed from Rome in 1943, [1954] ICJ Rep. 32 [hereinafter Monetary Gold].

19 Supra note 16 at 436.

20 Ibid., 437.

21 Supra note 11 at 21–22.

22 Supra note 16 at 432.

23 Ibid., 432–33.

24 Ibid., 433.

25 Ibid.

26 Ibid., 434.

27 Ibid., 435.

28 Provisional Measures, Order of Sept. 13, 1993, [1993] ICJ Rep. 325 [hereinafter Bosnia-Herzegovina].

29 Ibid.

30 Supra note 1 at 143.

31 Tomuschat, Christian, “The Lockerbie Case Before the International Court of Justice,” 48 Int’l Comm. Jur. Rev. 38 at 41 (1992).Google Scholar

32 Ibid., 46.

33 Military and Paramilitary Activities in and Against Nicaragua, Merits, [ig86] ICJ Rep. 14 at 290.

34 Supra note 1 at 144.

35 For judge Bedjaoui’s treatment of the Lockerbie case and its relation to the ICJ’s earlier advisory opinion in the Monetary Expenses case, see his “Du contrôle de légalité des actes du Conseil de Sécurité” in Bibliothèque de la faculté de droit de l’Université Catholique de Louvain, Tome XXII, 106–107 (Bruxelles: Bruylant, 1993).

36 “[Τ]he Court must take account of the resolution in so far as it affects the enforceability of the rights for the protection of which Libya is seeking interim measures”: supra note ι at 140.

37 Supra note 1 at 158.

38 Ibid., 126–127.

39 Ibid., 129.

40 Ibid., 141.

41 Ibid., 139.

42 Ibid., 150.

43 Ibid., 154.

44 Ibid., 131.

45 Ibid., 135.

46 Ibid., 140.

47 See Franck, Thomas M., “The ‘Powers of Appreciation’: Who is the Ultimate Guardian of United Nations Legality?” 86 A.J.I.L. 519(1992)Google Scholar. Art. 103 trumps any rights Libya might have for the purposes of an application for interim measures: see paragraphs 42 and 43 of the order of the Court, supra note 1; contra Reisman, Michael W. “The Constitutional Crisis in the United Nations,” 87 A.J.I.L. 83 at 91 (1993).Google Scholar

48 Supra note 1 at 156, n. 1.

49 Ibid., 212.

50 Ibid., 129 per Judge Oda: “a decision of the Security Council, properly taken in the exercise of its competence cannot be summarily reopened.” See also ibid., 142 per Judge Shahabuddeen.

51 Henkin, Louis, “The Security Council During the Decade of International Law: Politics and Law,” in Ramcharan, B.G. (ed.), Proceedings (New York: June 22, 1992)Google Scholar. On Art. 103, see Macdonald, R. St. J., “Reflections on the Charter of the United Nations,” in Jekewitz, , Klein, , Kuhne, , et al. (eds.), Festschifl fur Karl Josef Partsch 29–46 (Berlin: Duncker & Humblot, 1989).Google Scholar

52 See Reisman, supra note 47 at 93.

53 Supra note 1 per Judge Weeramantry at 171; per Judge Bedjaoui at 155–56. See also Brownlie, Ian, “The Decisions of Political Organs of the United Nations and the Rule of Law” in Macdonald, R. St. J. (ed.), Essays in Honour of Wang Tieya on Hh Eightieth Birthday, 91 (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1994).Google Scholar

54 Supra note 1 at 155.

55 Legal Consequences for States of the Continued Presence of South Africa in Namibia (South West Africa) notwithstanding Security Resolution 276 (1970), Advisory Opinion, [1971] ICJ Rep. 6 [hereinafter Namibia].

56 Ibid., 340.

57 Ibid., 293.

58 Ibid., 294. To like effect, see Sonnerfeld, Renata, Resolutions of the United Nations Security Council, 105 (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1988).Google Scholar

59 Franck, supra note 47 at 523.

60 Reisman, supra note 47 at 92.

61 Ibid., 93.

62 Supra note 31 at 48.

63 Supra note 1 at 129, per Judge Oda: “a decision of the Security Council, properly taken in the exercise of its competence, cannot be summarily reopened” (emphasis added).

64 Franck, Thomas M., Political Questions/Judiaal Answers, 107 (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992).Google Scholar

65 Ibid., 118.

66 See further Macdonald, R. St. J., “The Margin of Appreciation,” in Macdonald, R., Matscher, F., and Petzold, H. (eds.), The European System for the Protection of Human Rights, 83–125 (Dordrecht: Martinus Nijhoff, 1993).Google Scholar

67 Supra note 55 at 294.

68 Ibid., 294.

69 See the separate opinion of Judge Onyeama, ibid., 143–44.

70 Morgenstern, Felice “Legality in International Organizations,” 48 Brit. Y. B. Int’l L. 241 at 253 (1976–77)Google Scholar; see also Rule 37 of the Rules of Procedure of the Security Council.

71 See Brownlie, supra note 53.