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John Locke: Between God and Mammon*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2009

Paul Marshall
Paul Marshall
Affiliation:
York University
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Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 12 , Issue 1 , March 1979 , pp. 73 - 96
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Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association (l'Association canadienne de science politique) and/et la Société québécoise de science politique 1979

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References

1 Macpherson, C. B., The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1962), 203–20Google Scholar. See Locke, The Second Treatise of Government, chap. V, “Of Property.”

2 See Laslet, P. (ed.), John Locke: Two Treatises of Government (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1960), 119Google Scholar.

3 Second Treatise, paras. 47, 45.

4 Ibid., para 28.

5 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 212.

6 Second Treatise, para. 135.

7 Ibid., paras. 30, 31.

8 D'Entreves, A. P., Natural Law (New York: Harper, 1965), 59–60Google Scholar; Strauss, Leo, Natural Right and History (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1953)Google Scholar, chap. V. Life, liberty and Estate as property expresses the same idea, see the Second Treatise, para. 87.

9 As with the spoilage and leaving a surplus limitations on property, Ibid., paras. 27, 31. Also Day, J. P., “Locke on Property,” Philosophical Quarterly 16(1966), 207–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar. Olivecrona, Karl, “Locke's Theory of Appropriation.” Philosophical Quarterly 24 (1974), 220–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

10 An Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. by Yolton, J. (London: Dent, 1961), vol. 1, 155Google Scholar. “Some Thoughts Concerning Education” in Axtell, J. L. (ed.), The Educational Writings of John Locke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1968)Google Scholar, para. 110.

11 Second Treatise, paras. 87, 48, 78. Locke, John, A Letter Concerning Toleration (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1955), 20Google Scholar.

12 Second Treatise, para. 87; see also paras. 99, 120, 128, 129, 131, 136.

13 Locke, John, Essay Concerning Human Understanding, ed. by Frazer, A. C. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1894), vol. 1, 353Google Scholar. This passage was introduced in Coste's French edition.

14 “is bound to preserve himself,” “to preserve the rest of mankind.” Second Treatise, para 6.

15 Ibid., para. 37. See also paras. 40, 41.

16 Ibid., paras. 45, 42. See also paras. 87, 95 and “Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and Raising the Value of Money,” in Works, ed. 1759, vol. II, 22–23Google Scholar.

17 Locke, John, The Reasonableness of Christianity, ed. by Ewing, G. (Chicago: Regnery, 1965), 173Google Scholar. Second Treatise, para. 51, see also 26, 28, 29, 32. Perhaps this relation of right and convenience is one reason why Locke thought the law of nature could be demonstrated after the fashion of mathematics, Essay (Yolton edition), vol. II, 154.

18 Second Treatise, para. 111. Fora similar discussion see Riley, P., “On Finding an Equilibrium Between Consent and Natural Law in Locke's Political Philosophy.” Political Studies 22 (1974), 432–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

19 Second Treatise, para 111, see also 107, 108.

20 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 237.

21 Axtell, Educational Writings, para 33.

22 Weber, Max, The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism, trans, by Parsons, Talcott (New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1958), 63Google Scholar. See also chap. 4, 95–154.

23 Ibid., 90.

24 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 255, 251.

25 Axtell, Educational Writings, paras. 103, 105, 110.

26 Ibid., para. 107. See also paras. 106, 110 and Dunn, J., The Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1969), 245CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

27 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 255.

28 Axtell, Educational Writings, paras. 210, 204. See also paras. 205, 206. Compare Locke, John, Conduct of the Understanding (New York: Burt Franklin, 1971), 44–45Google Scholar.

29 Conduct of the Understanding, 15. See also Essay Concerning Human Understanding (Yolton edition), vol. II, 300.

30 Axtell, Educational Writings, 115, 121–122. See also Locke, Consideration of… Lowering of Interest, 27ff., 46.

31 Compare Macpherson, Possessive Individualism. 220. 237, 269. Also Strauss. Natural Right, 247.

32 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 238, 232–34.

33 Second Treatise, para. 34.

34 Compare Conduct of the Understanding, 15. See also Essay Concerning Human Understanding, vol. II, 300.

35 Reasonableness, para. 245.

36 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 224–25.

37 Reasonableness, para. 252.

38 Ibid.

39 Conduct of the Understanding, 10; Essay Concerning Human Understanding, vol. II, 298. See also Conduct, 10–15, Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 273.

40 Conduct, 27; Essay, vol. II, 298.

41 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 222–23.

42 “Proposed Poor Law Reform,” in Bourne, H. R. Fox, The Life of John Locke (London: King, 1876), vol. II, 378Google Scholar, 382. In this, Locke was typical of the period. Compare Coates, A. W., “The Relief of Poverty: Attitudes to Labor and Economic Change in England, 1660–1782,” International Review of Social History 21 (1976), 98–115CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

43 Bourne, Life of John Locke, vol. II, 378, 384.

44 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 225.

45 See Aaron, R. I. and Gibb, J., An Early Draft of Locke's Essay, together with Excerpts from his Journals (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1936), 87ff.Google Scholar; Reasonableness, 2; Essay, vol. II, 242; Essay, vol. I, 100, 190; Conduct, 49–50.

46 Letter Concerning Toleration, 52.

47 Conduct, 27; Dunn, Political Thought of John Locke, 253; Essay, vol. II, 93. See also An Essay Concerning the Understanding, Knowledge, Opinion, and Assent, ed. by Rand, B. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1931)Google Scholar, para. 87; “De Arte Medica” in Gibson, J., John Locke (London: H. Milford, 1933)Google Scholar.

48 Compare Hundert, E. J., “Market Society and Meaning in Locke's Political Philosophy,” Journal of Philosophy 15 (1977), 33–44Google Scholar.

49 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 226, 229. See also 224–25.

50 Ibid., 250, 221.

51 Ibid., 220, 250, 261. Compare Dunn, Political Thought, 220–22.

52 Reasonableness, 2. Also A Second Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity in Works (1823), vol. VII, 356–57, 407Google Scholar; Essay, vol. II, 80–81.

53 A Vindication of the Reasonableness of Christianity and A Second Vindication ofthe Reasonableness ofChristianity, both in Works, vol. VI (1824); compare Dunn, Political Thought, 220–22.

54 Conduct, 49; Essay, vol. I, 101. See also Second Treatise, para 6.

55 ”Of Study,” in Axtell, Educational Writings, 411; Essay, vol. I, 190–92,206–17,296. See also Conduct, 26; A Letter Concerning Toleration, 46.

56 “Of Study,” in Axtell, Educational Writings, 411.

57 Dunn, Political Thought, 219–28, 250–53.

58 A Letter Concerning Toleration, 47. Compare Axtell, Educational Writings, 112, 197, 284, 314, 398, 407–11, 495: Conduct, 15, 26–27, 43, 82; Essay, vol. II, 242. 296–300; Dunn, Political Thought, 227, 248, 252–53.

59 Laslett, John Locke: Two Treatises, 118.

60 Dunn, Political Thought, 228.

61 Romans, chap. 8, v. 30 (King James Version). See also Romans 1:1,9:25, 11:29; I Corinthians 1:26, 7:20; Ephesians 4:4; I Thessalonians 5:24; Hebrews 5:4, 3:1; I Peter 1:10, 1:15, 2:9; II Timothy 1:9.

62 I Cor. 7:20. See Schmidt, K. L., “κλσι” in Kittel, G.(ed.), Theological Dictionary of the New Testament, vol. III, O-L, trans, by G. Bromiley (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1965)Google Scholar.

63 See Wingren, Gustav, Luther on Vocation, trans, by Rasmussen, C. (Philadelphia: Muhlenberg Press, 1957)Google Scholar; Calvin, J., Institutes of the Christian Religion, 2 vols., (Philadelphia: Westminster Press, 1955), trans, by McNeill, J. T. and Battles, F. L.Google Scholar, 3.10.6; Commentary on the First Epistle to the Corinthians, trans, by Freizer, J. W. (Grand Rapids: Eerdmans, 1960), 150–55Google Scholar; Walzer, M., The Revolution of the Saints (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1965), 58ffGoogle Scholar.

64 Compare Walzer, The Revolution, 58, 214–16.

65 Ibid., 216.

66 Woodhouse, A. S. P. (ed.), Puritanism and Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1951), 216Google Scholar.

67 On the development of callings within Puritanism, see P. Marshall, “The Calling: Se ularization and Economics in the Seventeenth Century,” paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, London, 1978. The following paragraphs summarize the findings of that paper.

68 The point of this discussion of Puritan theology is not that these theological developments were influenced only by prior theological developments. What is suggested, however, is that these theological doctrines are more than just the religious expression of particular social interests. These doctrines have an internal consistency which does not appear to be easily related to their social setting. Hence, these religious views have explanatory power in saying why men viewed labour or property in a particular way. Compare Habermas, J., Knowledge and Human Interests (Boston: Beacon, 1971), 312, 314Google Scholar; Thompson, E. P., “An Open Letter to Leszek Kolakowski,” The Socialist Register (London: Merlin Press, 1973), 73Google Scholar; Dunn, Political Thought, 213.

69 In Bunyan's Works (London: Thomas Nelson, 1902), 15Google Scholar. See also Hill, Christopher, Puritanism and Revolution (London: Seeker & Warburg, 1958), 364Google Scholar.

70 See Watt, Ian, The Rise of the Novel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957)Google Scholar, chap. 1; Baxter, Richard, The Reformed Pastor (London: Relig. Tract Society, 1829), 307–08Google Scholar; Hill, Puritanism and Revolution, 364–65.

71 See Trinterud, L. J., “The Origins of Puritanism,”in Burrell, S. A. (ed.), The Role of Religion in Modern European History (New York: Macmillan, 1964), 57–59Google Scholar. See also “Introduction” to The Social Contract, ed. by Barker, Ernest (New York and London: Oxford University Press, 1960), viii–xGoogle Scholar.

72 Compare Trinterud, “The Origins of Puritanism” McNeill, J. T., Modern Christian Movements (New York: Harper and Row, 1954), 31–32Google Scholar.

73 Miller, P., Errand into the Wilderness (Cambridge: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1956), 38–39Google Scholar. Compare Letter on Toleration, 20; Haller, W., The Rise of Puritanism (New York: Columbia University Press, 1938), 185Google Scholar; Schneider, H. W., The Puritan Mind (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1958), 19Google Scholar.

74 Miller, Errand Into the Wilderness, 101. See also Schneider, Puritan Mind, chap. 1.

75 Macpherson, Possessive Individualism, 133, 140.

76 Quoted in Second Treatise, 329. See also Hill, Puritanism and Revolution, chap. 7, “William Perkins and the Poor”; Baxter, Reformed Pastor, 164–65, 167.

77 The Work of William Perkins, ed. by Breward, I. (Abingdon: Sutton Courtenay Press, 1970), 464–65, 467Google Scholar. See also Merrill, Thomas F., William Perkins, 1558–1602 (Nieuwkoop: B. De Graaf, 1966), 189, 190, 195, 224Google Scholar.

78 Merrill, William Perkins, 190–97; The Work of William Perkins, 311, 467, 474. See also Perkins, Works, 3 vols. (London, 1616–1618), vol. II, 128–35, 148; Knappen, M. M., Tudor Puritanism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1939), 412ff.Google Scholar; Downame, John, The Christian Warfare (1604), reprinted (Norwood: Walter Johnson, 1974), 116Google Scholar; Norden, John, Pensive Man's Practise (1584), reprinted (New York: Da Capo Press, 1971), folio 27Google Scholar.

79 Dunn, Political Thought, 217.

80 Ibid.

81 Weber, Protestant Ethic, 62; Conduct of the Understanding, 40.

82 See Locke, “Of Study” in Axtell, Educational Writings, 408, 411.

83 Conduct of the Understanding, 43. See also 50; “Of Study,” Axtell, Educational Writings, 408.

84 Conduct of the Understanding, 26–27. See also 43 and Essay, vol. II, 298.

85 “Of Study,” Axtell, Educational Writings, 409. See also 411; Essay, Ibid.

86 Conduct of the Understanding, 26–27, 43; Essay, Ibid.; Letter on Toleration, 54; “Some Thoughts Concerning Reading and Study for a Gentleman” (1703), in Axtell, Educational Writings, 398; “Of Study,” in Axtell, Educational Writings, 407, 411; “A Paraphrase and Notes on Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians,” in Works (1823), vol. 8, 116.

87 Letter on Toleration, 36. See also 27, 28, 35; Conduct of the Understanding, 26–27, 43; Essay, vol. II, 298.

88 “A Paraphrase and Notes on Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians,” 116; Letter on Toleration, 54; Conduct of the Understanding, 26–27; Essay, vol. II, 298; “Thoughts on Education,” Axtell, Educational Writings, 317; “Of Study,” Axtell, Educational Writings, 407,411;” Letter of Locke to Clarke, 6th Feb., 1688,” Axtell, Educational Writings, 382–83.

89 “A Paraphrase and Notes on Paul's First Epistle to the Corinthians,” 116; Letter on Toleration, 28–29.

90 “Of Study,” Axtell, Educational Writings, 411.

91 “Dedication” of “Some Thoughts on Education,” Ibid., 112–13; “Some Thoughts on Education,” Ibid., 197, 314–15; “Letter of Locke to Clarke, 6th Feb., 1688,” Ibid., 380; “Some Thoughts Concerning Reading and Study fora Gentleman,” Ibid., 398.

92 “Some Thoughts on Education,” Ibid., 197; “Some Thoughts Concerning Reading and Study fora Gentleman,” Ibid., 398. See also “Some Thoughts on Education,” Ibid., 314–15.

93 “Letter of Locke to Clarke, 6th Feb., 1688,” Ibid., 382–83.

94 Conduct of the Understanding, 40.

95 Letter on Toleration, 47. See also 46.

96 Letter on Toleration, 28–29.

97 Dunn, Political Thought, 255.

98 Second Treatise, paras. 37, 40, 42, 43; “Some Considerations of the Consequences of the Lowering of Interest and Raising the Value of Money,” 28.

99 Hundert, E. J.. “The Making of Homo Faber: John Locke between Ideology and History,” Journal of the History of Ideas 33 (1972). 9CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

100 Dunn, Political Thought, 222.

101 “Of Study,” Axtell, Educational Writings, 411.