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51. Ibid. Preamble.

52. Ibid. Art. 10: (3) States Parties shall promote the strengthening of international cooperation in order to address the root causes, such as poverty and underdevelopment, contributing to the vulnerability of children to the sale of children, child prostitution, child pornography and child sex tourism.(4) States Parties in a position to do so shall provide financial, technical or other assistance through existing multilateral, regional, bilateral or other programmes.

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66. Ibid. Art. 11.

67. Ibid. Art. 26.

68. Ibid. Art. 2.

69. Ibid. Arts. 2, 6.

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85. Committee on the Rights of the Child Periodic Report, dated 14th September 1999, UN Doc. CRC/C/83/Add.3 (1999) at s. 5.5.

86. Ibid. Section 5.5.2.

87. Ibid.

88. Committee on the Rights of the Child Periodic Report, dated 23rd July 2001, UN Doc. CRC/C/83/Add.7 (2001) at paras. 64-77.

89. Committee on the Rights of the Child Periodic Report, dated 20th March 2003, UN Doc. CRC/C/129/Add.3 (2003) at para. 22-26.

90. Committee on the Rights of the Child Second Periodic Report, dated 1st August 2002, UN Doc. CRC/C/65/Add.26 (2002) at para. 79-90.

91. Committee on the Rights of the Child Second Periodic Report, dated 21st March 2003, UN Doc. CRC/C/70/Add.13 (2003) at para. 73-75.

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101. Committee on the Rights of the Child: Concluding Observations: United States of America: Initial Report of state party UN Doc. CRC-C-OPSC/USA/1 (2007) dated 10th May 2007, para. 98.

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118. Ibid. para. 49.

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130. Ibid. ch. 6.

131. Ibid. at 66-70.

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139. Ibid. at 199.

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143. Vienna Declaration and Programme of Action on Human Rights 1993 adopted by the World Conference on Human Rights on 25th June1993, UN Doc. A/CONF.157/23, Art. 5.

144. The Declaration on the Responsibility of Individuals, Groups and Organs of Society to Promote and Protect Universally Recognized Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, GA Res. 144, UN GAOR, 53rd Sess., UN Doc. RES/53/144 (1998) of 9th December 1998, Annex of 8th March 1999, Art. 16. online: http://daccessdds.un.org/doc/UNDOC/GEN/N99/770/89/PDF/N9977089.pdf?OpenElement.

145. The Canadian Coalition for the Rights of Children, ‘The UN Convention on the Rights of the Child: How Does Canada Measure Up? Art. 4: How Does Canada Measure Up?’ online: http://www.rightsofchildren.ca/index.htm.

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153. Frequent border skirmishes between the less developed Horn of Africa states of Ethiopia and Eritrea are a case in point. A United Nations peacekeeping force posts updates on troop movements along the borders of the two countries on its site: UN News Centre online: http://www.un.org/apps/news/.

154. Commission on Human Rights resolution 2002/22 Human Rights and Unilateral Coercive measures UN Doc. E/2002/23-E/CN.4/2002/200: ‘The Commission on Human Rights, rejects the application of such measures as tools for political or economic Pressure against any country, particularly against developing countries, because of their negative effects on the realization of all human rights of vast sectors of their populations, inter alia children, women, the elderly, disabled and ill people.’ Para. 3.

155. ‘Deadly toxic waste dumping in Côte d’Ivoire clearly a crime—UN environmental agency’ online: http://www.un.org/apps/news/. ‘“Toxic” pigs cull in Ivory Coast’ BBC News online: http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/6134998.stm.

156. Such omission by the Netherlands, which has ratified the Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movement of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989, constitutes a violation of international environmental law, but the outrage of causing such needless death and destroying the fragile health of tens of thousands of hapless victims is a more morally compelling case for protection.

157. For an extended analysis of this argument, see McCorquodale, R. & Simons, Penelope, ‘Responsibility Beyond Borders: State Responsibility for Extraterritorial Violations by Corporations of International Human Rights Law’ (2007) 70 Mod. L. Rev. 598.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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159. The Convention came in force on 14th December 2005. For a critical examination: Webb, P., ‘The United Nations Convention Against Corruption: Global Achievement or Missed Opportunity?’ (2005) 8 J. Int’l Economic L. 191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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161. This is an extension of Henry Shue’s thesis to the international plane: Shue, supra note 149 at 60-64.

162. See A. Glenn Mower, Jr., supra note 24.

163. Mower observed that developing countries as a group have enough latent resource reserves to provide a better life and brighter prospects for their people. However, such resources especially agricultural and mineral resources are underdeveloped below the level necessary for an adequate standard of life and/or even where they are developed, they are diverted within a world market system on terms that are not sufficiently favourable to the developing world.

164. Alston, Philip, ‘Revitalising United Nations work on Human rights and development’ (1992) 18 Melbourne U. L. Rev. 216.Google Scholar

165. Declaration on the Right to Development UN General Assembly Declaration, UN doc. A/41/53, Annex 41. Art. 4 states as follows: 1. States have the duty to take steps, individually and collectively, to formulate international development policies with a view to facilitating the full realization of the right to development. 2. Sustained action is required to promote more rapid development of developing countries. As a complement to the efforts of developing countries, effective international co-operation is essential in providing these countries with appropriate means and facilities to foster their comprehensive development.

166. This point has been discussed in section 1.4.2, above.

167. Sachs, Jeffery, Investing in Development: A Practical Plan to Achieve the Millennium Development Goals: Report of the UN Secretary General (London: Earthscan, 2005).Google Scholar

168. Commission for Africa, Our Common Interest: The Report of ‘the Africa Commission. (London: Commission for Africa, 2005)Google Scholar. See also Maxwell, Simon, ‘Exhilarating, Exhausting, Intriguing: The Report of the Africa Commission’ (2005) 23 Development Pol’y Rev. 483.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

169. Mary Dowell-Jones, supra note 23 at 189.

170. Charter of the United Nations 1945, Arts. 1(3), 55, 56.Google Scholar

171. Wouter Vandenhole, supra note 124 at 23, 24.

172. Fons Coomans, supra note 38 at 199.

173. Magdalena Sepulveda, supra note 121 at 374.

174. See Miller, David, National Responsibility and Global Justice (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2007).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

175. Abbott, Kenneth & Snidal, Duncan, ‘Hard and Soft Law in International Governance’ (2000) 54 Int’l Organization 421 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Abbott, Kenneth & Snidal, Duncan, ‘Pathways to International Cooperation’ in Benvenisti, E. & Hirsch, M., eds., The Impact of International Law on International Relations (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004) at 50.Google Scholar

176. Abbott & Snidal, ibid. at 421.

177. Ibid. at 447.

177. Ibid.