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LIFE CYCLE AND PHENOLOGY OF A CONE MAGGOT, STROBILOMYIA APPALACHENSIS MICHELSEN (DIPTERA: ANTHOMYIIDAE), ON BLACK SPRUCE, PICEA MARIANA (MILL.) B.S.P., IN EASTERN CANADA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

Jon D. Sweeney  and
Jean J. Turgeon
Jon D. Sweeney
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service — Maritimes Region, PO Box 4000, Fredericton, New Brunswick, Canada E3B 5Z9
Jean J. Turgeon
Affiliation:
Natural Resources Canada, Canadian Forest Service — Forest Pest Management Institute, PO Box 490, Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, Canada P6A 5M7
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Abstract

The life cycle of Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen, a maggot exploiting black spruce seed cones, was studied in two plantations in northern Ontario in 1987 and 1988, and two seed orchards in New Brunswick in 1991 and 1992. Oviposition by S. appalachensis occurs slightly later than the white spruce cone maggot, S. neanthracina Michelsen, relative to seed cone development; otherwise the life cycles of the two species are similar. Adults were trapped near host foliage in May and early June. Eggs were laid between the scales of seed cones during early June, starting when the scales on most cones were closed and ending 1 week after cones were fully pendant. Up to five eggs per cone were observed but single eggs were most common. The first larval molt occurred within the egg chorion and second-instar larvae emerged from the egg. Second-instar larvae were found in the cones during the 2nd and 3rd week of June, and third instars from the 3rd week of June until mid to late July. Larvae tunneled around the cone axis and destroyed an average of 60% of the total seed per cone before exiting and dropping to the soil. Larval drop occurred from late June to late July and was significantly correlated with periods of rainfall. Mature larvae moved into the duff and overwintered in the soil as pupae. Aspects of the maggot’s life history are discussed in relation to pest management strategies.

Résumé

Le cycle biologique de Strobilomyia appalachensis Michelsen, une mouche qui exploite les cônes de l’épinette noire, a été étudié en 1987 et 1988, dans deux plantations du nord de l’Ontario, et en 1991 et 1992, dans deux vergers à graines du Nouveau-Brunswick. Son cycle est très similaire à celui de S. neanthracina Michelsen, la mouche granivore de l’épinette blanche, sauf que la période de ponte de cette dernière a lieu un peu plus tôt lors du développement des cônes. Les mouches furent capturés près du feuillage en mai et juin. Les oeufs sont pondus, en règle générale un seul par cône, entre les écailles de jeunes cônes durant les deux premières semaines de juin. La ponte commença après que les cônes aient terminé leur rotation. La première mue larvaire se déroule à l’intérieur de l’oeuf, et c’est une larve de second stade qui éclôt. Les larves de deuxième stade occupaient les cônes durant la deuxième et troisième semaine de juin alors que celles du troisième stade les occupaient de la troisième semaine de juin jusqu’à la mi- ou fin juillet. Le dégât des larves était typique : les larves parcouraient un trajet en spirale autour de l’axe du cône, détruisant en moyenne 60% des graines totales du cône, avant de sortir du cône et de se laisser tomber au sol. Nous avons observé une corrélation significative entre la chute des larves, qui eût lieu de la fin juin à la fin juillet, et les périodes de pluie. Une fois au sol, les larves ont pénétré la litière et ont hiberné dans un puparium. Nous avons également discuté de l’importance de certains aspects du cycle biologique de S. appalachensis sur le développement de stratégies de lutte contre cet insecte.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 126 , Issue 1 , February 1994 , pp. 49 - 59
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1994

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