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Laboratory Studies on the Behaviour of the Douglas-fir Beetle, Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopkins1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

M. D. Atkins
Affiliation:
Department of Forestry of Canada, Forest Research Laboratory, Victoria, British Columbia

Abstract

The behaviour of Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk. in different physiological states was studied in relation to temperature, light, and host.

Newly emerged beetles preferred temperatures near the threshold for flight. When conditioned in dry air at room temperature for 16 hours they preferred cooler temperatures.

At room temperature, most newly emerged beetles settled in the brightest zone of a light gradient (55 foot-candles), although some settled in dimmer zones. If the beetles' emergence was delayed or if they were stored after emergence, more remained in the zone between 0.5 and 10 foot-candles.

In light-dark tests at room temperature most newly emerged beetles were photopositive, but some were indifferent and a few were photonegative. Increasing the temperature and humidity increased the proportion of photonegative individuals. Newly emerged females oriented more directly to a single source of light than males, bur after conditioning or aging both reacted similarly.

Females were separated into three behavioural types based on their reactions. Photopositive individuals flew more readily than indifferent or photonegative beetles; some photonegative females showed no inclination to fly.

Photopositive females were usually host negative but photonegative females were host positive. The proportion of these behavioural types within different samples varied. A group that emerged early contained a higher incidence of photopositive host-negative individuals than a group that emerged late, or was stored for 10 days after emergence. But host-negative beetles would attack logs after starvation, flight exercise, or exposure to more attractive hosts.

Host-positive females contained less fat than host-negative siblings. The decline in lipids during aging, starvation or flight thus may induce behavioural changes.

There is a co-ordination of successive activities in the Douglas-fir beetle similar to that reported for aphids. The initial urge to disperse outweighs responses to host stimuli, but this balance changes as the beetles fly or as host stimuli increase. The balance between thresholds for dispersal and attack also varies in relation to the conditions under which the emerging beetles developed. Consequently, each individual behaves differently when it emerges. The behaviour of a population changes as the season progresses and from year to year owing to changes in the state of individuals and in the attractiveness of hosts.

Sommaire

Le dendroctone du sapin Douglas (Dendroctonus pseudotsugae Hopk.) au stade adulte a été suivi en laboratoire quant à son état physiologique et ses réactions devant l'hôte sous diverses conditions de température et de lumière.

Les individus frais éclos furent placés en deux endroits à température différente et leur préférence alla à celui où approchait la température minima d’envol. Plus tard, après conditionnement de l'air (air sec quand la température est normale d’intérieur (15.5 °C.) durant 16 heures, ils choisirent la plus basse des deux températures offertes.

Nous avons observé un rapport direct entre l'intensité lumineuse et l'activité des insectes à 15.5 °C.; par ailleurs, si nous assombrissions la cage, elle diminuait évidemment. La plupart des individus frais sortis de l'hôte se rapprochèrent de la zone la plus brillante d’une source lumineuse variant de 0.5 à 55 unités d’éclairement; quelques-uns se fixèrent dans chacune des autres zones d’intensité lumineuse. Si leur apparition au stade adulte avait été retardée ou si, dès cette apparition, ils avaient été soumis à un entreposage, ils préféraient demeurer dans une zone de faible luminosité (0.5 à 10 unités d’éclairement).

Lors d’épreuves faites à 15.5 °C., la plupart des adultes avaient un phototropisme positif mais quelques-uns étaient repoussés ou n’étaient pas influencés par la lumière. Le nombre d’individus à phototropisme négatif pouvait être augmenté si nous élevions la température et le pourcentage d’humidité.

Lorsqu’un faisceau lumineux fut braqué sur des adultes frais éclos, les femelles s’orientèrent plus directement que les mâles, mais plus tard ou à la suite du conditionnement de l'air, cette différence s’estompa.

Selon leur phototropisme ou leur manière de s’orienter devant un faisceau lumineux, nous pouvons former trois catégories de femelles. D’ailleurs, les insectes à phototropisme positif s’envolaient plus rapidement que les autres, et quelques femelles repoussées par la lumière n’avaient même pas envie de voler.

Les femelles de type à phototropisme positif avaient un tropisme négatif envers l'hôte; le phénomène contraire se voyait aussi. La proportion des individus dudit type variait selon la date: elle était plus grande au début de la saison du stade adulte. Elle était par contre plus faible dans le cas de sujets qui avaient été entreposés les premiers dix jours après leur éclosion. Les insectes qui étaient repoussés par l'hôte pouvaient être induits à renverser leur tropisme si on les affamaient ou les exerçaient à voler; ou seulement si on leur offrait des morceaux plus attrayants de sapins Douglas.

Les femelles fraîches écloses et à tropisme positif vers l'hôte étaient nettement moins grasses que leurs semblables du type contraire. Donc, certains facteurs causals tels le degré de consommation de lipides durant le stade adulte, la famine, ou l'énergie dépensée à voler, entrent peut-être en jeu.

Le dendroctone du sapin Douglas semble coordonner successivement ses activités suivant la même méthode que chez les aphidiens. Au début, l'hôte natal est moins attrayant que le besoin de dispersion. Plus tard, ce dernier besoin diminue à mesure que les premiers individus se sont éloignés du lieu de leur naissance; ou l'hôte prend de plus en plus d’attrait si les adultes qui l'attaquent augmentent en nombre.

Le jeu entre les conditions favorisant l'instinct de dispersion, d’une part, et celui d’attaque immédiate sur l'hôte natal, d’autre part, varie selon les individus et les conditions d’habitat dans lesquelles eut lieu leur génération. Conséquemment, à l'éclosion, différents individus n’agissent pas de la même manière. Mais lorsque la saison avance, les adultes frais éclos auront tendance à s’attaquer immédiatement à l'hôte natal; et dès que cette action sera commencée, son attrait sur l'insecte augmentera sans retour. De plus, le régime de dispersion et le choix de l'hôte varieront tous les ans selon le temps qu’il fera avant et pendant la période d’éclosion.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1966

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