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Establishing abiotic and biotic factors necessary for reliable male pheromone production and attraction to pheromones by female plum curculios Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2014

Virginia Hock ,
Gérald Chouinard ,
Éric Lucas ,
Daniel Cormier ,
Tracy Leskey ,
Starker Wright ,
Aijun Zhang  and
André Pichette
Virginia Hock*
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Production Fruitière Intégrée, Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement (IRDA), 335, chemin des Vingt-Cinq Est, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Québec, Canada J3V 0G7 Laboratoire de lutte biologique, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P
Gérald Chouinard
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Production Fruitière Intégrée, Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement (IRDA), 335, chemin des Vingt-Cinq Est, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Québec, Canada J3V 0G7
Éric Lucas
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de lutte biologique, Département des sciences biologiques, Université du Québec à Montréal (UQAM), Case postale 8888, succursale Centre-ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada H3C 3P
Daniel Cormier
Affiliation:
Laboratoire de Production Fruitière Intégrée, Institut de recherche et de développement en agroenvironnement (IRDA), 335, chemin des Vingt-Cinq Est, Saint-Bruno-de-Montarville, Québec, Canada J3V 0G7
Tracy Leskey
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service – Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, United States of America
Starker Wright
Affiliation:
United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service – Appalachian Fruit Research Station, 2217 Wiltshire Road, Kearneysville, West Virginia 25430, United States of America
Aijun Zhang
Affiliation:
Invasive Insect Biocontrol and Behaviour Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service – Plant Science Institute, 10300 Baltimore Avenue, Beltsville, Maryland 20705-2350, United States of America
André Pichette
Affiliation:
Université du Québec à Chicoutimi, 555, boul. de l'Université, Chicoutimi, Québec, Canada G7H 2B1
*
1Corresponding author: (e-mail: vhbioresearch@gmail.com).
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Abstract

The plum curculio (PC), Conotrachelus nenuphar Herbst (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), is a key pest of stone and pome fruit in North America. Though grandisoic acid (GA) was identified as a male-produced aggregation pheromone for this species, other components likely exist, as have been identified for various curculionids. To better determine these components, an understanding of the conditions necessary for optimum pheromone production and attraction is needed, this is essential for the improvement of monitoring techniques and to achieve better biological control. The goal of this study was to determine the biotic and abiotic factors influencing both the response to pheromones and pheromone production. Tests were conducted in a dual-choice still-air vertical olfactometer using live male PCs as odour sources and live females as responders, to determine which physiological factors (age, number of males, mating status) influenced female response to males. Head-space collections of GA production under various conditions (airflow rate and frequency, collection zone strata, variation of humidity, temperature, and presence of a harbourage) were also done, as were electroantennograms (EAG) using synthetic pheromone mixtures. Results revealed that for both strains, the odour of two virgin mature males elicited significantly greater and more consistent attraction from mature virgin females than other ages and numbers of males when compared with the control. Head-space collections indicate that male PC have increased production of GA under high humidity in the presence of fruit, indicating that these conditions are necessary for optimal pheromone production and collection. EAG studies revealed significant responses to GrandLures I, II, III/IV and to the positive enantiomer of GA, and the amplitude of the signal varied with concentration. Our data identify the optimal physiological state and conditions at which pheromone collections should be performed, and what physiological life stages respond to these stimuli. These results have implications for optimising monitoring tools for this serious crop pest. This species has a northern univoltine strain and a southern multivoltine strain, both of which were examined in this study.

Type
Behaviour & Ecology
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 146 , Issue 5 , October 2014 , pp. 528 - 547
Copyright
© Entomological Society of Canada 2014 

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Footnotes

Subject editor: Véronique Martel

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