Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-sjtt6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-06T06:29:43.921Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Approach to Biological Control in Forest Entomology1

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

R. E. Balch
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The term “biological control” is sometimes used very broadly to cover all methods of encouraging the action of biotic factors. For the purposes of this discussion I will use it to refer solely to the introduction of parasites, predators, or microorganisms. I will also confine my remarks to the control of introduced pests. That is the purpose for which it has most promise and has been chiefly used. In my experience the most pressing forest insect problems of the Maritime Provinces–with the notable exception of the spruce budworm–have been with foreign species of European origin. It is logical to assess the value of biological control against exotic species before turning attention to its possibilities against indigenous pests (see Rawlings, 1958).

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 92 , Issue 4 , April 1960 , pp. 297 - 310
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1960

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Balch, R. E. 1942. On the estimation of forest insect damage, with particular reference to Dendroctonus piceaperda Hopk. J. For. 40: 621–629.Google Scholar
Balch, R. E. 1952. Studies of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.), and its effects on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (L.) Mill. Publ. 867. Can. Dept. Agric., Ottawa.Google Scholar
Balch, R. E., and Bird, F. T.. 1944. A disease of the European spruce sawfly, Gilpinia hercyniae (Htg.), and its place in natural control. Sci. Agric. 25: 65–80.Google Scholar
Balch, R. E., Clark, R. C., and Brown, N. R.. 1958. Adelges piceae (Ratz.) in Canada with reference to biological control. Troc. X Inter. Congr. Entomol. (1956) 4: 807–817.Google Scholar
Bird, F. T. 1953. The use of a virus disease in the biological control of the European pine sawfly, Neodiprion sertifer (Geoffr.). Can. Entomol. 85: 437–446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bird, F. T., and Elgee, D. E.. 1957. A virus disease and introduced parasites as factors controlling the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), in central New Brunswick. Can. Entomol. 89: 371–378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bodenheimer, F. S. 1958. Animal Ecology Today. Monographic Biologicae, VI. W. Junk, Den Haag.Google Scholar
Brown, N. R., and Clark, R. C.. 1957. Studies of predators of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). IV. Neoleucopis obscura (Hal.), an introduced predator in Eastern Canada. Can. Entomol. 89: 533–546.Google Scholar
Carroll, W. J., and Parrott, W. C.. 1959. Introduction and establishment of the shrew, Sorex cinereus cinereus Kerr. In Ann. Rept. Newfoundland Forest Protection Assoc. 1959: 81–87.Google Scholar
Clark, R. C., and Brown, N. R.. 1958. Studies of predators of the balsam woolly aphid, Adelges piceae (Ratz.). V. Laricobius erichsonii Rosen., an introduced predator in Eastern Canada. Can. Entomol. 90: 657–672.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clausen, C. P. 1958. Biological control of insect pests. Ann. Rev. Ent. 3: 291–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DeBach, Paul. 1958. The role of weather and entomophagous species in the natural control of insect populations, J. Econ. Ent. 51: 474–484.Google Scholar
Dowden, P. B. 1953. Use of a virus disease to control European pine sawfly. J. Econ. Ent. 46: 525–526.Google Scholar
Elton, C. E. 1958. The ecology of invasion by animals and plants. London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanders, S. E. 1959a. The employment of exotic entomophagous insects in pest control. J. Econ. Ent. 52: 71–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flanders, S. E. 1959b. Biological control. J. Econ. Ent. 52: 784–785.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Franz, J. 1958. The effectiveness of predators and food in limiting gradations of Adelges (Dreyfusta) piceae (Ratz.) in Europe. Proc. X Inter. Congr. Entomol. (1956) 4: 781–787.Google Scholar
Graham, S. A. 1956. Forest insects and the law of natural compensations. Can. Entomol. 88: 45–55.Google Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1959a. The components of predation as revealed by a study of small mammal predation of the European pine sawfly. Can. Entomol. 91: 293–320.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Holling, C. S. 1959b. Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Can. Entomol. 91: 385–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karafiat, H., and Franz, J.. 1956. Studien zur populationsdynamik der Tannenstammlaus, Adelges (Dreyfusia) piceae (Ratz.) (Hemiptera, Adelgidae) Zoologische Jahrbucher (Systematik) 84(6): 467–504.Google Scholar
Miller, C. A. 1959. The interaction of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), and the parasite Apanteles fumiferanae Vier. Can. Entomol. 91: 457–477.Google Scholar
Milne, A. 1957. The natural control of insect populations. Can. Entomol. 89: 193–213.Google Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1942. Preliminary notes on the natural control of the European spruce sawfly by small mammals. Can. Entomol. 74: 197–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1957. The interpretation of mortality data in studies of population dynamics. Can. Entomol. 89: 49–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F. 1959. Single-factor analysis in population dynamics. Ecology 40: 580–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, R. F., and Miller, C. A.. 1954. The development of life tables for the spruce bud-worm. Can. J. Zool. 32: 283–301.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J. 1933. The balance of animal population, J. Animal Ecol. 2: 132–178.Google Scholar
Nicholson, A. J., and Bailey, V. A.. 1935. The balance of animal populations. In Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1955: 551–598.Google Scholar
Pschorn-Walcher, H., and Zwölfer, H.. 1958. Preliminary investigations on the Dreyfusia (Adelges) populations living on the trunk of silver fir. Sonderdruck aus Z. ang. Entomologie 42: 241–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rawlings, G. B. 1958. Problems of forestry in exotic forests in New Zealand. Proc. X Inter. Congr. Entomol. (1956) 4: 241–247.Google Scholar
Reeks, W. A. 1952. Establishment of Exenterus spp. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), parasites of the European spruce sawfly, near points of introduction. Can. Entomol. 84: 76–86.Google Scholar
Reeks, W. A. 1953. The establishment of introduced parasites of the European spruce sawfly, Diprion hercyniae (Htg.), in the Maritime Provinces. Can. J. Agric. Sci. 33: 405–429.Google Scholar
Smith, H. S. 1929. Multiple parasitism: Its relation to biological control. Bull. Ent. Res. 22: 141–149.Google Scholar
Taylor, T. H. C. 1937. The biological control of an insect in Fiji. Imperial Inst. Ent., London.Google Scholar
Taylor, T. H. C. 1955. Biological control of insect pests. Ann. Appl. Biol. 42: 190–196.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watt, K. E. F. 1959. A mathematical model for the effect of densities of attacked and attacking species on the number attacked. Can. Entomol. 91: 129–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar