Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xm8r8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-03T05:09:23.428Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Comparing Near Eastern Neolithic Megasites and Southwestern Pueblos: Population Size, Exceptionalism and Historical Trajectories

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 June 2018

Wesley Bernardini  and
Gregson Schachner
Wesley Bernardini
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology & Anthropology, University of Redlands, 1200 East Colton Avenue, P.O. Box 3080, Redlands, CA 92373, USA Email: Wesley_Bernardini@redlands.edu
Gregson Schachner
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of California, Los Angeles, 341 Haines Hall, Box 951553, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA Email: gschachner@anthro.ucla.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Çatalhöyük and other Near Eastern Neolithic ‘megasites’ are commonly interpreted as exceptional because of their large size and early dates. In this paper, we question exceptional claims about the size and social organization of megasites like Çatalhöyük by comparing them to pueblos in the American Southwest. We argue that Çatalhöyük and other Near Eastern Neolithic megasites are better understood as large villages whose size, layout and social organization compare readily to many of the late prehispanic and historic-period pueblos in the American Southwest. We suggest that four factors contribute to disparate interpretations of structurally similar sites in the Near East and American Southwest: 1) surface architectural visibility; 2) different regional intellectual traditions that emphasize ‘micro’ versus ‘macro’ scale social organization; 3) a tendency toward overestimation in archaeological population estimates, especially when the ‘biggest’ or the ‘earliest’ sites are involved; and 4) perceptions of continuity with later time periods.

Type
Research Article
Information
Cambridge Archaeological Journal , Volume 28 , Issue 4 , November 2018 , pp. 647 - 663
Copyright
Copyright © McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research 2018 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abu-Lughod, J.L., 1987. The Islamic city: historic myth, Islamic essence, and contemporary relevance. International Journal of Middle East Studies 19, 155–76.Google Scholar
Adams, E.C., 2002. Homol'ovi: An ancient Hopi settlement cluster. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Adams, E.C., Dongoske, K. & LaMotta, V.M., 2004. Hopi settlement clusters past and present, in The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275–1600, eds. Adams, E.C. & Duff, A.I.. Tuscon (AZ): University of Arizona Press, 128–36.Google Scholar
Adams, E.C. & Duff, A.I. (eds.), 2004. The Protohistoric Pueblo World, A.D. 1275–1600. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Adler, M.A., 1992. The Upland survey, in The Sand Canyon Archaeological Project: A progress report, ed. Lipe, W.D.. (Occasional Papers 2.) Cortez (CO): Crow Canyon Archaeological Center, 11–23.Google Scholar
Adler, M.A. & Wilshusen, R.H., 1990. Large-scale integrative facilities in tribal societies: cross-cultural and southwestern US examples. World Archaeology 22, 133–45.Google Scholar
Akkermans, P.A., Fokkens, H. & Waterbolk, H.T., 1981. Stratigraphy, architecture and lay-out of Bouqras, in Préhistoire du Levant: Chronologie et organisation de l'espace depuis les origines jusqu'au VIe millénaire, eds. Cauvin, J. & Sanlaville, P.. (Colloques Internationaux 598.) Paris: Editions CNRS, 485–501.Google Scholar
Akkermans, P.M.M.G., 2013. Living space, temporality and community segmentation: interpreting late Neolithic settlement in northern Syria, in Interpreting the Late Neolithic of Upper Mesopotamia, eds. Akkermans, P.M.M.G., Bernbeck, R., Nieuwenhuyse, O.P. & Rogasch, J.. Turnhout: Brepols, 63–75.Google Scholar
Akkermans, P.M.M.G., Cappers, R., Cavallo, C., Nieuwenhuyse, O., Nilhamn, B. & Otte, I., 2006. Investigating the early pottery Neolithic of northern Syria: new evidence from Tell Sabi Abyad. American Journal of Archaeology 110 (2), 123–56.Google Scholar
Alberti, G., 2014. Modeling group size and scalar stress by logistic regression from an archaeological perspective. PLoS ONE 9 (3), 1–15.Google Scholar
Antoun, R.T., 1972. Arab Village: A social structural study of a Trans-Jordanian peasant community. Bloomington (IN): Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Atalay, S., 2012. Community-Based Archaeology: Research with, by, and for indigenous and local communities. Berkeley (CA): University of California Press.Google Scholar
Atalay, S. & Hastorf, C.A., 2006. Food, meals, and daily activities: food habitus at Neolithic Çatalhöyük. American Antiquity 71 (2), 283–319.Google Scholar
Baird, D., 2006. The history of settlement and social landscapes in the early Holocene in the Çatalhöyük Area, in Çatalhöyük Perspectives: Themes from the 1995–1999 Seasons, ed. Hodder, I.. Cambridge (MA): Cambridge University, McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 55–74.Google Scholar
Baird, D., 2012. The late Epipaleolithic, Neolithic, and Chalcolithic of the Anatolian Plateau, 13,000–4000 BC, in A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East, Vol. 1, ed. Potts, D.T.. Malden (MA): Blackwell, 431–65.Google Scholar
Bandy, M.S., 2004. Fissioning, scalar stress, and social evolution in early village societies. American Anthropologist 106, 322–33.Google Scholar
Barański, M.Z., García-Suárez, A., Klimowicz, A., Love, S. & Pawłowska, K., 2015. The architecture of Neolithic Çatalhöyük as a process, complexity in apparent simplicity, in Assembling Çatalhöyük, eds. Hodder, I. & Marciniak, A.. (Themes in Contemporary Archaeology 1.) London: Routledge, 111–26.Google Scholar
Bayliss, A., Brock, F., Farid, S., Hodder, I., Southon, J. & Taylor, R.E., 2015. Getting to the bottom of it all: A Bayesian approach to dating the start of Çatalhöyük. Journal of World Prehistory 28, 1–26.Google Scholar
Ben-Shlomo, D. & Garfinkel, Y., 2009. Sha'ar Hagolan and new insights on Near Eastern proto-historic urban concepts. Oxford Journal of Archaeology 28, 189–209.Google Scholar
Bernardini, W., 1996. Transitions in social organization: a predictive model from Southwestern archaeology. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 15, 372–402.Google Scholar
Bernardini, W., 2005. Hopi Oral Tradition and the Archaeology of Identity. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Bernardini, W. & Adams, E.C., 2017. Hopi history prior to 1600, in The Oxford Handbook of Southwest Archaeology, ed. Mills, B. & Fowles, S.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 429–44.Google Scholar
Birch-Chapman, S., Coward, F., Jenkins, E. & Maltby, M., 2017. Estimating population size, density and dynamics of Pre-Pottery Neolithic villages in the central and southern Levant: an analysis of Beidha, southern Jordan. Levant 49 (1), 1–23.Google Scholar
Bogaard, A. & Isaakidou, V., 2010. From mega-sites to farmsteads: community size, ideology and the nature of early farming landscapes in Western Asia and Europe, in Landscapes in Transition: Understanding hunter-gatherer and farming landscapes in the early Holocene of Europe and Levant, eds. Finlayson, B. & Warren, G.M.. (Levant Supplementary Series 8.) Oxford: Council for British Research in the Levant/Oxbow, 197–207.Google Scholar
Boivin, N., 2000. Life rhythms and floor sequences: excavating time in rural Rajasthan and Neolithic Çatalhöyük. World Archaeology 31 (3), 367–88.Google Scholar
Braidwood, R.J., 1948. Prehistoric Men. Chicago (IL): Chicago Natural History Museum.Google Scholar
Cameron, C.M., 1999. Hopi Dwellings: Architecture at Orayvi. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Carneiro, R., 1987. Village splitting as a function of population size, in Themes in Ethnology and Culture History: Essays in honor of David F. Aberle, ed. Donald, L.. Meerut: Archana Publications, 94–124.Google Scholar
Casselberry, S.E., 1974. Further refinement of formulae for determining population form floor area. World Archaeology 6, 117–22.Google Scholar
Cessford, C., 2005. Estimating the Neolithic population of Çatalhöyük, in Inhabiting Çatalhöyük: Reports from the 1995–1999 seasons, ed. Hodder, I.. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 323–6.Google Scholar
Cook, S.F. & Heizer, R.F., 1968. Relationships among houses, settlement areas, and population in Aboriginal California, in Settlement Archaeology, ed. Chang, K.C.. Palo Alto (CA): National Press, 79–116.Google Scholar
Der, L. & Issavi, J., 2017. The urban quandary and the ‘mega-site’ from the Çatalhöyük perspective. Journal of World Prehistory 30,189–206.Google Scholar
Dohm, K., 1990. Effect of population nucleation on house size in pueblos in the American Southwest. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9, 201–39.Google Scholar
Dunbar, R., 2011. Constraints on the evolution of social institutions and their implications for information flow. Journal of Institutional Economics 7 (3), 345–71.Google Scholar
Düring, B.S., 2005. Building continuity in the central Anatolian Neolithic. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 18, 3–29.Google Scholar
Düring, B.S., 2006. Constructing Communities: Clustered neighbourhood settlements of the Central Anatolian Neolithic ca. 8500–5500 Cal. BC. (PIHANS 105.) Leiden: Nederlands Instituut voor het Nabije Oosten.Google Scholar
Düring, B.S., 2007. Reconsidering the Çatalhöyük community: from households to settlement systems. Journal of Mediterranean Archaeology 20, 155–82.Google Scholar
Düring, B.S., 2013. The anatomy of a prehistoric community: reconsidering Çatalhöyük, in From Prehistoric Villages to Cities: Settlement aggregation and community transformation, ed. Birch, J.. New York (NY): Routledge, 23–43.Google Scholar
Düring, B.S. & Marciniak, A., 2005. Households and communities in the central Anatolian Neolithic. Archaeological Dialogues 12, 165–87.Google Scholar
Duwe, S., Eiselt, S., Darling, J.A., Walker, C. & Willis, M.D., 2016. The pueblo decomposition model: a method for quantifying architectural rubble to estimate population size. Journal of Archaeological Science 65, 20–31.Google Scholar
Esin, U., Bıçakçi, E., Özbaşaran, M., Balkan-Atlı, N., Berker, D., Yağmur, İ. & Atlı, A., 1991. Salvage excavation at the pre-pottery Neolithic site of Aşıklı Höyük in central Anatolia. Anatolia 17, 123–74.Google Scholar
Esin, U. & Harmankaya, S., 1999. Aşıklı, in Neolithic in Turkey, the Cradle of Civilization: New discoveries, eds. Özdoğan, M. & Basgelen, N.. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 115–32.Google Scholar
Farid, S., 2014. Timelines: phasing Neolithic Çatalhöyük, in Çatalhöyük Excavations: The 2000–2008 seasons, ed. Hodder, I.. (Monumenta Archaeologica 29.) Los Angeles (CA): Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 91–130.Google Scholar
Feinman, G.M, 1998. Scale and social organization: perspectives on the archaic state, in Archaic States, eds. Feinman, G.M. & Marcus, J.. Santa Fe (NM): School of American Research Press, 95–133.Google Scholar
Fletcher, A., Baird, D., Spataro, M. & Fairbarn, A., 2017. Early ceramics in Anatolia: implications for the production and use of the earliest pottery. The evidence from Boncuklu Höyük. Cambridge Archaeological Journal 27, 351–69.Google Scholar
Fletcher, R., 1995. The Limits of Settlement Growth: A theoretical outline. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Gilpin, D., in press. Building Awatovi: An architectural history of Awatovi Pueblo, Northeastern Arizona, A.D. 1200–1700. Cambridge (MA): Peabody Museum Press.Google Scholar
Goring-Morris, A.N. & Belfer-Cohen, A., 2008. A roof over one's head: developments in Near Eastern residential architecture across the Epipalaeolithic-Neolithic transition, in The Neolithic Demographic Transition and its Consequences, eds. Bocquet-Appel, J.-P. & Bar-Yosef, O.. Dordrecht: Springer, 239–86.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 2005. The spatio-temporal organization of the early ‘town’ at Çatalhöyük, in (Un)settling the Neolithic, eds. Bailey, D., Whittle, A. & Cummings, V.. Oxford: Oxbow, 126–39.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 2006. The Leopard's Tale: Revealing the mysteries of Çatalhöyük. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 2009. Upper stories at Çatalhöyük. Anatolian Archaeology 15, 19–20.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., 2014. Çatalhöyük: the leopard changes its spots. A summary of recent work. Anatolian Studies 64, 1–22.Google Scholar
Hodder, I., & Pels, P., 2010. History houses: a new interpretation of architectural elaboration at Çatalhöyük, in Religion in the Emergence of Civilization. Çatalhöyük as a case study, ed. Hodder, I.. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 163–86.Google Scholar
Iriarte, J., Moehlecke, S., Fradley, C.M., Lockhart, J. & Gillam, C.J., 2013. Sacred landscapes of the southern Brazilian highlands: understanding southern proto-Jê mound and enclosure complexes. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 32, 74–96.Google Scholar
Jacobs, J., 1969. The Economy of Cities. New York (NY): Random House.Google Scholar
James, S.R., 1994. Regional Variation in Prehistoric Pueblo hHouseholds and Social Organization: A Quantitative Approach. PhD dissertation, Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Johnson, A.W. & Earle, T., 1987. The Evolution of Human Societies from Foraging Group to Agrarian State. Stanford (CA): Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Johnson, G.A., 1978. Information sources and the development of decision making organizations, in Social Archeology: Beyond subsistence and dating, eds. Redman, C.L., Berman, M.J., Curtin, E.V., Langhorne, W.T. Jr, Versaggi, N.M. & Wanser, J.C.. New York (NY): Academic Press, 87–112.Google Scholar
Johnson, G.A., 1982. Organizational structure and scalar stress, in Theory and Explanation in Archaeology, eds. Renfrew, C., Rowlands, M. & Segraves-Whallon, B.A.. New York (NY): Academic Press, 389–421.Google Scholar
Kidder, A.V., 1958. Pecos, New Mexico: Archaeological notes. (Papers of the Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology 5.) Andover (MA): Phillips Academy.Google Scholar
Kintigh, K.W., 1985. Settlement, Subsistence, and Society in Late Zuni Prehistory. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Kohl, P.L., 1998. Nationalism and archaeology: on the constructions of nations and the reconstructions of the remote past. Annual Review of Anthropology 27, 223–46.Google Scholar
Kohler, T.A. & Reese, K.M., 2014. Long and spatially variable Neolithic Demographic Transition in the North American Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, 10101–6.Google Scholar
Kohler, T.A., Smith, M.E., Bogaard, A., Feinman, G.M., Peterson, C.E., Betzenhauser, A. & Pailes, M., 2017. Greater post-Neolithic wealth disparities in Eurasia than in North America and Mesoamerica. Nature 551, 619–22.Google Scholar
Kolb, M.J. & Snead, J.E., 1997. It's a small world after all: comparative analyses of community organization in archaeology. American Antiquity 62 (4), 609–28.Google Scholar
Kosse, K., 1990. Group size and societal complexity: thresholds in long-term memory. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 9, 275–303.Google Scholar
Kuijt, I., 2000. People and space in early agricultural villages: exploring daily lives, community size, and architecture in the late Pre-Pottery Neolithic. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 19, 75–102.Google Scholar
Lekson, S.H., 1985. Largest settlement size and the interpretation of socio-political complexity at Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Haliksa'i: UNM Contributions to Anthropology 4, 68–75.Google Scholar
Lekson, S.H., 1988. The idea of the kiva in Anasazi archaeology. Kiva 53, 213–34.Google Scholar
Lowell, J.C., 1991. Prehistoric Households at Turkey Creek Pueblo, Arizona. (Anthropological Papers 54.) Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Matthews, R.J., 1996. Surface scraping and planning, in On the Surface. Çatalhöyük 1993–5, ed. Hodder, I.. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 79–100.Google Scholar
Matthews, W. & Farid, S., 1996. Exploring the 1960s surface – the stratigraphy of Çatalhöyük, in On the Surface. Çatalhöyük 1993–5, ed. Hodder, I.. Cambridge: McDonald Institute for Archaeological Research, 271–300.Google Scholar
Mazzucato, C., 2016. Near urban living: Çatalhöyük and the late Neolithic megasites. Norwegian Archaeological Review 49, 65–9.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J., 1964. A Neolithic city in Turkey. Scientific American, 94–104.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J., 1967. Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic town in Anatolia. London: Thames & Hudson.Google Scholar
Mellaart, J., 1970. Excavations at Hacilar. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Mills, B.J., 2014. Relational networks and religious sodalities at Çatalhöyük, in Vital Matters: Religion at Çatalhöyük, ed. Hodder, I.. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 159–86.Google Scholar
Mindeleff, V., 1891. A study of pueblo architecture in Tusayan and Cibola, in Eighth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1886–87. Washington (DC): US Government Printing Office, 3–228.Google Scholar
Montgomery, R.G., Smith, W. & Brew, J.O., 1949. Franciscan Awatovi: The excavation and conjectural reconstruction of a 17th-century Spanish mission establishment at a Hopi Indian town in northeastern Arizona. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology 36.) Cambridge (MA): Harvard University, Peabody Museum.Google Scholar
Moore, A.T, Hillman, G.C. & Legge, A.J., 2000. Village on the Euphrates: From foraging to farming at Abu Hureyra. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, J.D., 1996. The archaeology of plazas and the proxemics of ritual: three Andean traditions. American Anthropologist 98 (4), 789–802.Google Scholar
Naroll, R., 1962. Floor area and settlement population. American Antiquity 27, 587–9.Google Scholar
Ortman, S.G., Cabaniss, A.H.F., Sturm, J.O. & Bettencourt, L.M.A., 2014. The pre-history of urban scaling. PLoS ONE 9, e87902.Google Scholar
Özdoğan, M. & Özdoğan, A., 1989. Çayönü. Paléorient 15, 65–74.Google Scholar
Peeples, M.A., 2018. Connected Communities: Networks, identity, and social change in the ancient Cibola world. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Potter, J. M., 1998. The structure of open space in late prehistoric settlements in the Southwest, in Migration and Reorganization: The Pueblo IV period in the American Southwest, ed. Spielmann, K.. Tempe (AZ): Arizona State University Press, 137–64.Google Scholar
Potter, J.M. & Perry, E.M., 2000. Ritual as a power pesource in the American South west, in Alternative Leadership Strategies in the Prehispanic Southwest, ed. Mills, B.J.. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press, 60–78.Google Scholar
Rappaport, R., 1971. Ritual, sanctity, and cybernetics. American Anthropologist 73, 59–76.Google Scholar
Rautman, A.E., 2000. Population aggregation, community organization, and plaza oriented pueblos in the American Southwest. Journal of Field Archaeology 27, 271–83.Google Scholar
Redman, C.L., 1978. The Emergence of Civilization: From early farmers to urban society in the ancient Near East. San Francisco (CA): W.H. Freeman.Google Scholar
Reed, L.S., Wilson, C.D. & Hays-Gilpin, K.A., 2000. From brown to gray: the origins of ceramic technology in the northern Southwest, in Foundations of Anasazi Culture: The Basketmaker Pueblo transition, ed. Reed, P.F.. Salt Lake City (UT): University of Utah Press, 203–20.Google Scholar
Reid, J.J. & Whittlesey, S., 1999. Grasshopper Pueblo: A story of archaeology and ancient life. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Rollefson, G.O., Kafafi, Z.A. & Simmons, A.H., 1992. Neolithic cultures at ‘Ain Ghazal, Jordan. Journal of Field Archaeology 19 (4), 443–70.Google Scholar
Rosen, E.M., 1986. Cities of Clay: The geoarchaeology of Tells. Chicago/London: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M., 2003. The strength of numbers: from villages to towns in the aceramic Neolithic of southwestern Asia, in From Villages to Towns: Studies presented to Ufuk Esin, eds. Özdooan, M., Hauptmann, H. & Baogelen, N.. Istanbul: Arkeoloji ve Sanat Yayınları, 91–101.Google Scholar
Rosenberg, M. & Erim-Özdoğan, A., 2011. The Neolithic in southeastern Anatolia, in The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia, ed. McMahon, G. & Steadman, S.. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 125–49.Google Scholar
Roth, B.J., 2016. Agricultural Beginnings in the American Southwest. Lanham (MD): Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Schachner, G., Gilpin, D. & Peeples, M.A., 2012. Alternative trajectories during the early Pueblo period in the Little Colorado drainage and beyond, in Crucible of Pueblos: The Early Pueblo period in the northern Southwest, eds. Wilshusen, R.H., Schachner, G. & Allison, J.R.. (Monograph 71.) Los Angeles (CA): Cotsen Institute of Archaeology Press, 101–26.Google Scholar
Shafer, H.J., 2006. Extended families to corporate groups: pithouse to pueblo transformation of Mimbres society, in Mimbres Society, eds. Powell-Martí, V.S. & Gilman, P.A. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press, 15–31.Google Scholar
Shane, O.C. III & Küçük, M., 1998. The world's first city. Archaeology Magazine 51 (2), 43–7.Google Scholar
Simmons, A., 2007. The Neolithic Revolution in the Near East: Transforming the human landscape. Tucson (AZ): University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Smith, M.E., Ur, J., & Feinman, G.M., 2014. Jane Jacobs’ ‘cities first’ model and archaeological reality. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research 38 (4), 1525–35.Google Scholar
Smith, W., 1971. Painted Ceramics of the Western Mound at Awatovi. (Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology 38.) Cambridge (MA): Harvard University, Peabody Museum.Google Scholar
Soja, E.W., 2000. Postmetropolis: Critical studies of cities and regions. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Spielmann, K.A. (ed.), 1998. Migration and Reorganization: The Pueblo IV period in the American Southwest. (Arizona State University Anthropological Research Papers 51.) Tempe (AZ): Arizona State University.Google Scholar
Thissen, L., 2002. Time trajectories for the Neolithic in central Anatolia, in Central Anatolian Neolithic e-Workshop: The Neolithic of Central Anatolia: Internal developments and external rRelations during the 9th–6th millennia cal B.C., eds. Gerard, F. & Thissen, L.. Istanbul: Ege Yayınları, 13–26.Google Scholar
Varien, M.D., & Potter, J.M. (eds.), 2008. The Social Construction of Communities: Agency, structure, and identity in the Prehispanic Southwest. Lanham (MD): Altamira Press.Google Scholar
Verhoeven, M., 2006. Megasites in the Jordanian Pre-Pottery Neolithic B. Evidence for ‘proto-urbanism’, in Domesticating Space: Construction, community, and cosmology in the Late Prehistoric Near East, eds. Banning, E.B. & Chazan, M.. Berlin: Ex oriente, 75–9.Google Scholar
Ware, J.A., 2014. A Pueblo Social History: Kinship, sodality, and community in the northern Southwest. Santa Fe (NM): SAR Press.Google Scholar
Webb, J.M. & Frankel, D., 2004. Intensive site survey. Implications for estimating settlement size, population and duration in prehistoric Bronze Age Cyprus, in Archaeological Field Survey in Cyprus. Past history, future potentials, ed. Iacovou, M.. (BSA Studies 11.) London: British School at Athens, 125–37.Google Scholar