Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-x4r87 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T23:35:57.931Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

‘The English despot’: Francis Noel-Baker and his support for the Colonels’ regime

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 May 2023

Abstract

Francis Noel-Baker (1920–2009) was an English Philhellene politician and self-proclaimed benevolent landowner in Euboea whose relationship in his later years with Greek governments and people descended into acrimony and litigation. This stemmed from the decision he took to effectively become an apologist for the military junta which seized power in Athens between 1967 and 1974. This was despite London being a centre for Greek resistance-in-exile, the opposition to the regime shown by many of his fellow MPs and Labour Party colleagues, and his own earlier left-wing sympathies, including his support for the communist-backed partisans in Greece during the Second World War. Noel-Baker's advocacy of the Colonels reflected not merely political reality and economic expediency, as with the similar stance of the British government, but stemmed from his outdated convictions that Greece required saving from international communism and internal weakness.

Type
Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Noel-Baker, B., An Isle of Greece: the Noels in Euboea (Prokopi 2000), 60Google Scholar.

2 J. Barry, ‘The last of the English Milords’, 23. This magazine article, exact origin unknown but dating I believe from the 1980s, was located in the file relating to Francis Noel-Baker within the archive of the League for Democracy in Greece, now held at King's College London (MGA/GRF25/NOE). I acknowledge here the assistance of the staff of the archives at King's College London, and of the National Archives at Kew.

3 Maragkou, K., Britain, Greece and the Colonels, 1967–74 (London 2019), 43Google Scholar.

4 Holden, D., Greece Without Columns: the making of the Modern Greeks (London 1972), 233Google Scholar.

6 Clogg, R., Greek to Me: a memoir of academic life (London 2018), 52Google Scholar.

8 D. Tonge, ‘Axe hangs over lord of the forest’, The Guardian, 4 June 1975. It is clear, from their two writs of 1975 prepared for the High Court in London, that both Francis Noel-Baker and his father Philip were unhappy with the reporting by the (left-leaning) newspaper The Guardian and its Athens correspondent David Tonge. The complaint was that the Noel-Bakers were misrepresented as having ‘exploited and oppressed Greek villagers and had kept the villagers living in feudal conditions and in poverty contrasting unfavourably with the condition of other local villages.’ (newspaper clipping and writs in the archives of King's College London, MGA/GRF25/NOE) From the vantage-point of 2023, the existence of post-1974 local and national opposition towards Francis Noel-Baker is well-documented; however, any suggestion that the estate of the Noel-Bakers worked to the economic detriment of its tenants, relative to other landowners in Greece, is not the argument of this present paper.

9 P. Zestanakis, ‘The rebellious 1960s via the prosperous 1990s: youth, modernity and consumption in Antonis Kokkinos’ Τέλος εποχής (End of an Era) (1994)’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 46.1 (2022) 118–36 (119).

10 F. Noel-Baker, Book Eight: a taste of hardship (London 1987), 14, 1, 13, 10.

11 The National Archives, London, HS 9/78/4.

12 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 28.

13 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 172; The National Archives, London, HS 9/78/4.

14 The National Archives, London, HS 9/78/4.

15 Noel-Baker, F., Greece: the whole story (London 1946), 37Google Scholar, 40, 43.

16 F. Noel-Baker, ‘Francis Edward Noel-Baker, 1920–2009: a memoir from the war years, read by his daughter’, www.noel-baker.co.uk/greece/warYears.html, accessed 7 April 2021.

17 Letter from Francis Noel-Baker at the House of Commons to Diana Pym, Executive Committee of the League for Democracy in Greece, 7 December 1945. Archives of King's College London (MGA/GRF25/NOE).

18 Noel-Baker, Greece: the whole story, 51, 54.

19 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 42.

20 Ibid., 43.

21 Ibid., 10.

22 Strachey, J., Why You Should be a Socialist (London 1944), 89Google Scholar.

23 Noel-Baker, ‘Francis Edward Noel-Baker, 1920–2009: a memoir from the war years’.

24 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 59, 198–9, 217, 225, 154.

25 Ibid., 90, 122, 225.

26 Shawcross, H., Life Sentence (London 1995), 162Google Scholar, 161, 325.

27 Maragkou, Britain, Greece and the Colonels, 1967–74, 43.

28 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 196; B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 335.

29 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 3.

30 Shawcross, Life Sentence, 217.

31 Close, D.H., Greece since 1945 (London 2002), 179Google Scholar.

32 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 226.

33 Barry, ‘The last of the English Milords’; Tonge, ‘Axe hangs over lord of the forest’.

34 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 246. A photograph is reproduced in B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 301.

35 Noel-Baker, ‘Francis Edward Noel-Baker, 1920–2009: a memoir from the war years’.

36 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 247; B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 335.

37 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 248.

38 Noel-Baker, ‘Francis Edward Noel-Baker, 1920–2009: a memoir from the war years’.

39 Noel-Baker, F., Looking at Greece (London 1967), 3, 10Google Scholar, 15.

40 Ibid., 45, 15.

41 B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 340.

42 Effendi is the term used in the recollections of Barbro: B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 333; Noel-Baker, F., My Cyprus File (London 1985), 4Google Scholar.

43 B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 334.

44 Barry, ‘The last of the English Milords’, 28.

45 Tonge, ‘Axe hangs over lord of the forest’.

46 B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 336.

47 The National Archives, London, FCO 9/6479.

48 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 198–9; Noel-Baker, ‘Francis Edward Noel-Baker, 1920–2009: a memoir from the war years’.

49 Barry, ‘The last of the English Milords’, 28. In a letter of 24 January 1989 to the Foreign and Commonwealth Office in London, Sir Jeremy Thomas gave a similar impression: ‘The poor chap is now almost past it and Barbara is sometimes at her wits’ end over him.’ (The National Archives, London, FCO 9/6479)

50 F. Noel-Baker, ‘Brigands of Hellas’ (review of R. Jenkins’ The Dilessi Murders), The Spectator, 16 June 1961, http://archive.spectator.co.uk/article/16th-june-1961/27/brigands-of-hellas, accessed 19 March 2023; Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 244; B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 226–50; Jenkins, R., The Dilessi Murders: Greek brigands and English hostages (London 1998; first published 1961), 141–63Google Scholar.

51 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 245.

52 Ibid., 248–9.

53 The Guardian, 2 and 3 March 1976, clippings in the archives of King's College London (MGA/GRF25/NOE).

54 The National Archives, London, FCO 9/6100.

55 The National Archives, London, FCO 9/6100 and FCO 9/7327.

56 Irene's note as editor of Noel-Baker, ‘Francis Edward Noel-Baker, 1920–2009: a memoir from the war years’; The National Archives, London, FCO 9/6479.

57 Noel-Baker, ‘Francis Edward Noel-Baker, 1920–2009: a memoir from the war years’.

58 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 4.

59 Reported by the Daily Mail in November 1962, clipping in the archives of King's College London (MGA/GRF25/NOE); B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 335.

60 The National Archives, London, FO 371/117671.

61 Noel-Baker, My Cyprus File, 67, 82.

62 The National Archives, London, FCO 9/4520.

63 The National Archives, London, FO 371/123903.

64 Noel-Baker, My Cyprus File, 2.

65 The National Archives, London, FO 371/117671 and FO 371/123903.

66 J. Mole, Harley and the Holy Mountain: through the heart of Greece to its soul (n.p., 2020), 62.

67 The National Archives, London, FCO 9/7327.

68 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 248.

69 Barry, ‘The last of the English Milords’, 24.

70 Vlachos, H., House Arrest (London 1970), 22Google Scholar.

71 Kubly, H., Gods and Heroes (London 1970), xGoogle Scholar.

72 Levi, P., The Hill of Kronos (London 1983), 149Google Scholar.

73 Maragkou, Britain, Greece and the Colonels, 1967–74, 132, 33, 45, 82.

74 Clogg, Greek to Me, 75, 52.

75 Parliamentary Records, House of Commons, Volume 768, Column 1738, 18 July 1968.

76 Maragkou, Britain, Greece and the Colonels, 1967–74, 36–7.

77 Parliamentary Records, House of Commons, Volume 767, Column 241, 25 June 1968.

78 Maragkou, Britain, Greece and the Colonels, 1967–74, 27, 37, 130.

79 Ibid., 28.

80 Parliamentary Records, House of Commons, Volume 738, Column 27, 8 July 1968; and, citing the effects on Greek businesses, Volume 768, Column 1738, 18 July 1968.

81 Noel-Baker, ‘Francis Edward Noel-Baker, 1920–2009: a memoir from the war years’.

82 Noel-Baker, F., Spanish Summary (London 1948), 13Google Scholar, 84

83 Ibid., 58.

84 Tonge, ‘Axe hangs over lord of the forest’.

85 B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 341.

86 Clogg, Greek to Me, 53.

87 B. Noel-Baker, An Isle of Greece, 341.

88 Kark, A., Attic in Greece: a very English adventure (London 1994), 227Google Scholar.

89 A. Tasoulas, ‘Greek-Soviet Relations 1959–1962: the Greek Response to the Kremlin's Challenge’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 45.1 (2021), 96–109 (96).

90 Ibid., 102–3.

91 G. Van Steen, Adoption, Memory and Cold War Greece: kid pro quo? (Ann Arbor 2019), 28.

92 Papandreou, M., Nightmare in Athens (Englewood Cliffs, NJ 1970), 52Google Scholar.

93 Queen Frederica of the Hellenes, A Measure of Understanding (London 1971), 97.

94 R. Clogg, ‘The ideology of the “Revolution of 21 April 1967”’, in R. Clogg and G. Yannopoulos, Greece Under Military Rule (London 1972), 36–58 (36, 38).

95 Holden, Greece Without Columns, 237; Clogg, Greek to Me, 61.

96 Noel-Baker, F., The Spy Web (London 1954), 9Google Scholar.

97 Ibid., 57, 203.

98 Parliamentary Records, House of Commons, Volume 768, Column 1736, 18 July 1968.

99 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 42.

100 Parliamentary Records, House of Commons, Volume 768, Column 1735, 18 July 1968.

101 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 236.

102 Krippner, M., Beyond Athens: journeys through Greece (London 1957), 28Google Scholar.

103 Clogg, ‘The ideology of the “Revolution of 21 April 1967”’, 44.

104 Wills, D., The Mirror of Antiquity: 20th century British travellers in Greece (Newcastle 2007), 104–5Google Scholar.

105 S. Ploumidis, ‘An antidote to anarchy? Images of monarchy in Greece in the nineteenth and the twentieth centuries’, Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies 45.2 (2021), 240–54 (243, 249).

106 Papandreou, Nightmare in Athens, 20.

107 Queen Frederica, A Measure of Understanding, 114–5. For her use of this word, see Papandreou, Nightmare in Athens, 39.

108 Noel-Baker, The Land and People of Greece, 10; Noel-Baker, Looking at Greece, 63.

109 Noel-Baker, Looking at Greece, 63.

110 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 18. For a recent discussion in a different context of this longstanding trope about Greece, see D. Wills, ‘James Bond in Greece: from Cold Warrior to strolling tourist’, Journal of Greek Media and Culture 8.1 (2022), 3–17. Such twentieth century criticisms of Athens conveniently overlooked the severe air pollution in more ‘developed’ cities such as London, which was, in contrast, ‘largely accepted as a consequence of industrial activity’, at least until the 12,000 excess deaths caused by the ‘Great Smog’ of 1952: D. Fowler et al., ‘A chronology of global air quality’, Phil. Trans. R. Soc. A, 378.2183 (2020), 1–28 (8).

111 Bien, P., ‘Peter Bien's entries in his journal regarding the Colonels’ Junta, April 21, 1967 – September 23, 2001’, Journal of Modern Hellenism 35 (2023), 129–57Google Scholar (146).

112 Facaros, D., Greek Island Hopping: a handbook for the independent traveller (London 1981), 175Google Scholar.

113 Noel-Baker, Book Eight, 231.