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Some observations on the administrative terminology of the second Bulgarian empire (13th-14th centuries)*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 January 2016

Ivan Biliarsky
Ivan Biliarsky*
Affiliation:
St. Andrews, Scotland
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Abstract

The paper presents some aspects of the juridical terminology in the Second Bulgarian Empire: the appellations of the titles of the hierarchical system and those of the administrative services. The use of the statistical methods offers some impressive results in regard to the correlation between the terms of Byzantine origin (translated or transliterated from Greek) and those that derive from Bulgar language, either purely Slavonic terms or ones of other derivation. About three quarters of the terminology derives from the juridical language of the Eastern Roman Empire! These results might be supported by the observations on the fiscal terms, the appellations of the territorial units and so on. Needless to say that these results are not unexpected — they confirm again the affiliation of the mediaeval Bulgaria to the East Roman or byzantine civilisation.

Type
Articles
Information
Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies , Volume 25 , 2001 , pp. 69 - 89
Copyright
Copyright © The Centre for Byzantine, Ottoman and Modern Greek Studies, University of Birmingham 2001

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Footnotes

*

I completed this article at the University of St. Andrews/Scotland during my tenure of a fellowship granted by Royal Society of Edinburgh/Caledonian Research Foundation.

To the memory of N. Oikonomidès

References

1. Obolensky, D., The Byzantine Commonwealth. Eastern Europe, 500-1453 (London 1971)Google Scholar.

2. On the Protobulgarian institutions of the First Bulgarian Empire see: Beševliev, V., Parvohulgarski nadpisi (Sofia 1992)Google Scholar; Andreev, M., Angelov, D., Istorila na bulgarskata feodalna darzhava i pravo (Sofia 1972)Google Scholar; Venedikov, Iv., Voennoto i administrativnoto ustrojstvo na Bulgaria prez IX-X vek (Sofia 1979)Google Scholar.

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4. See the classical study of Ferjančić, B., Despoti u Vizantiji i u juznoslovenskim zemljama (Beograd 1960)Google Scholar and earlier study of Guilland, R., Recherches sur les institutions byzantines, vol. II (Berliner byzantinische Arbeiten, Bd. 35, 2) (Berlin-Amsterdam 1967) 1–24 Google Scholar (= Revue des etudes byzantines, 17 (1959) 52-89).

5. Iv. Biliarsky, ‘The Despots in Mediaeval Bulgaria’, Byzantinobulgarica (1995), passim; idem, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria. Vtoro bulgarsko tsarstvo (XII-XIV vek) (Sofia 1998) 17-84. These studies present all the sources on the Bulgarian despots.

6. Our data on the title of sebastocrator derive from Bulgarian, Greek and Serbian narrative texts, from the inscriptions of Boyna church, from the Synodicon of tsar Boril and the treaty of tsar Michael II with Dubrovnik (AD 1253) — see note 5.

7. I allude to the very strange thesis of E. Kojčeva (Savčeva), following some ideas of Savceva, P. Petrov-E., The Office and the Title of Sebastocrator in Bulgaria’, Etudes balkaniques 4 (1978) 70–74 Google Scholar; eadem, ‘Particularités étatiques et juridiques du titre “sebastocrator” en Bulgarie durant la période XlIIe-XIVe siècle’, Etudes balkaniques 3 (1979) 53-71.

8. See Ferjančić, B., ‘Sevastokratori u Vizantiji’, ZRVI II (1968) 141–190 Google Scholar; idem, ‘Sevastokratori i cesari u Srpskom carstvu’, Zbornik Filozofskog fakulteta u Beogradu XI, 1 (1970) 255 sq.; Biliarsky, Instituciite na srednovekovna Bulgarija, p. 96-99.

9. We know it only from a liturgical source — a prayer for the promotion of a caesar and other axiai: Biliarsky, Iv., ‘Le rite du couronnement des tsars dans les pays slaves et promotion d’autres axiai’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 59, 1 (1993) 106 Google Scholar, 133-134; idem, ‘Titita “kesar” v srednovekovna Bulgarija’, Istoriceski pregled, 11 (1989) 54-57; idem, Instituciite …, 111-115.

10. Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 134 (1), 148 Google Scholar sq.; Oikonomidès, Les listes …, 293; Guilland, , Recherches …, II, 25–43 Google Scholar [= Orientalia Christiana periodica, 13 (1947) 168-194].

11. The title of protosebast is known from a charter of the Serbian king Milutin for Chilandari (AD 1300) and from the Synodicon of tsar Borii (Novaković, Zakonski spomenitsi …, 391, 392; Popruženko, M.G., Sinodik carja Borila, Bulgarski starini, kn. VIII (Sofia 1928) 90 Google Scholar, No. 132). The title of sebast is cited in some charters of Bulgarians tsars (Vatopedi, Virginska, Mračka, Rila — v. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 15 (14)Google Scholar, 18 (98-99), 25 (28, 38), 27 (53); Lascaris, M., Vatopedskata gramota (Sofia 1930) 5 Google Scholar (9) and from two inscriptions — Satnimashki i Bozhenishki — v. V. Zlatarski, ‘Asenevijat nadpis pri Stanimaka’, in: idem, Izbrani proizvedenija, t. II (Sofia 1984) 405; P. Mutafćiev, ‘Bozeniskija nadpis’, in: idem, Izbrani proizvedenija, t. I (Sofia 1973) 493.

12. Mutafćiev, ‘Bozhezeniskija nadpis’, 494-495; Lascaris, Vatopedskata gramota, 37; Gjuzelev, V., ‘Nadpisa ot krepostta’, in: Bozheniski Urvich (Sofia 1979) 43 Google Scholar; Petrov, P., ‘O titulah “sevast” i “protosevast” v srednevekovom bolgarskom gosudarstve’, VV17 (1959) 52 sq.Google Scholar; Andreev, M., ‘Sluzhbite na provincialnoto upravlenie na srednovekovna Bulgaria i na srednovekovna Serbia spored dannite ot darstvenite gramoti na bulgarskite i srabskite vladeteli ot XIII-XIV v.’, Godišnik na Sofijskija universitet, Juridiceski fakultet, 2 (1967) 11 Google Scholar, 16, 19, 26-27; Biliarsky, Instituciite …, 119 sq., 125 sq.

13. On these titles in the Empire see Verpeaux, J., Pseudo Kodinos. Traité des offices (Paris 1966) 137 Google Scholar (9), 139 (30), 175 (15-16); Bréhier, L., Les institutions de l’Empire byzantin, (Le monde byzantin, vol. II) (Paris 1949) 138–139 Google Scholar; Oikonomidès, N., ‘L’évolution de l’organisation administrative de l’Empire byzantin au XIe siècle (1025-1118)’, TM 6 (1976) 126 sqGoogle Scholar.

14. Guilland, , Recherches …, I, 216–236 Google Scholar; Bréhier, Les institutions …, 130-131; Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 134 (2)Google Scholar, 167 (7-11); Oikonomidès, Les listes …, 305; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria,156 sq.

15. Ioannis Cantacuzeni eximperatoris Historiarum libri IV, ed. Schopen, L. (Bonnae 1828) t. I, 1. 11.26, 458 Google Scholar (19).

16. Novaković, St., Zakonski spomenici srpskih drzhava srednjego veka(Beograd 1912) 97, 174–175 Google Scholar, 198, 200, 213, 236, 601; Documenta Romaniae historica, ser. B, vol. I, 43, No. 17 (protovistijar); ser. A, vol. I, 14, No. 10 (vistijar).

17. This title is known only from the citation of the great primikirios Tzamblak in the Synodicon — v. Popruženko, Sinodik carja Borila, 90, No. 135; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 164 sq.

18. Oikonomidès, Les listes …, 300; Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 137 (6), 174–175 Google Scholar; Guilland, , Recherches…, I, 300–332 Google Scholar; Bréhier, Les institutions …, 148.

19. Oikonomidès, , Les listes…, 53 (20), 103 (16), 271 (16), 338–339 Google Scholar; Guilland, , Recherches…, I, 469–477 Google Scholar.

20. Dujčev, Iv., ‘Prepiskata na papa Inokentij III s bulgarite’, Godišnik na Sofijskija universitet, Istorikofilologitcheski fakultet, XXXVIII, 3 (1942) 31 Google Scholar, No. IX, 45, No. XVI; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 181 sq.

21. In the Virginska, Rila and Vitoša charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 18 (99–100)Google Scholar, 29 (10); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (56)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 317-319.

22. The data on the palace service of ‘epikernios’ derive from the Synodicon, some narrative sources and inscriptions and from a charter of John V Plaiologos for Zorgaphou (AD 1344) — see Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 17 sq.

23. N. Oikonomidès, Les listes …, 306; Verpeaux, J., Psuedo Kodinos, 137 (10)Google Scholar; Bréhier, L., Les institutions …, 134, 151 Google Scholar; Guilland, , Recherches…, I, 242–250 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 167 sq.

24. Documenta Romaniae historka, ser. B, vol. I, Na 52, 56, 58, 60, 61, etc.; ser. A, vol. I, Na 13, 23-25, 27-32, etc.

25. N. Oikonomidès, Organisation administrative (1025-1118)’, 147; Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 137 (3), 167 Google Scholar; Guilland, , Recherches…, vol. I, 535 sq.Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 210 sq. The unique mention of a Bulgarian ‘great dux’ derives from the inscription of ‘douka Vrana’ — Ivanov, J., Bulgarski starini iz Makedonia (Sofia 1931) 47 Google Scholar.

26. Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 137 (4), 173 Google Scholar; Oikonomidès, Les listes …, 337-338; Bréhier, Les institutions …, 132-133; Oikonomidès, Organisation administrative (1025-1118)’, 145; Guilland, , Recherches…, I, 478–497 Google Scholar.

27. It is mentioned only by George Pachymeres: Georgii Pachymeris De Michaeli et Andronico Palaeologis, t.I, 1. 1. VI, 19, 466-468; G. Pachymère, Relations historiques (éd. A. Failler), t. II, 589-591; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 207 sq.

28. Il’inskij, G., Gramoty bolgarskih carej (Moscow 1915) 18 (100), 29 (10–11)Google Scholar; Dujčev, Iv., Rilskata gramola na car Ivan Šišman ot 1378 g. (Sofia 1986) 52 Google Scholar (56).

29. Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 137 (8), 174 Google Scholar; Bréhier, Les institutions …, 276-277; Guilland, R., ‘Les logothètes’, REB 29 (1971) 5–16 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Oikonomidès, Organisation administrative (1025-1118)’, 132; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 221-236.

30. Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 240-248.

31. Koev, T., ‘Die Institution der Apokrisiarioi’, Etudes balkaniques, 4 (1978) 57–61 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 190-194, 389-390.

32. We find it in this form in the text of the Vatopedi charter of the tsar John II Asen (AD 1230) — Lascaris, M., Vatopedskata gramota (Sofia 1930) 5 Google Scholar (10); Andreev, M., Vatopedskata gramota i vyprosíte na bulgarskoto feodalno pravo (Sofia 1965) 193 Google Scholar (10).

33. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 18 (100)Google Scholar, 25 (30), 27 (57); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (57)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 391-392, 392-393.

34. Popruženko, Sinodik carja Borila, 90; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 213-215.

35. The main data on the kephaliai derive from the Virginska and Vitoša charters and from the inscription of Bozhenitsa — Biliarsky, Iv., ‘Sluzhbata na kephaliite po vreme na Vtoroto bulgarsko carstvo’, Târnovska knizhovna shkola, 5 (1994) 553–562 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 286-292.

36. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 16 (42)Google Scholar, 29 (5-8); Mutafčiev, ‘Bozheniskija nadpis’, 493.

37. Maksimović, Lj., Vizantijska provincijska uptava u doba Paleologo (Beograd 1972) 71 sqGoogle Scholar.

38. Lascaris, , Vatopedskata gramota, 5 (9)Google Scholar; Andreev, , Vatopedskata gramota, 193 (9)Google Scholar; Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 25 (28)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 309-313.

39. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 15 (14–15)Google Scholar, 18 (98-99), 29 (7-8); Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 313-314.

40. A.N. Jannaris, ‘Κατεπάνω-Capitano-Capitain’, BZ 2 (1901) passim.

41. This service is known from the texts of the Rila and Vitoša charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 27 (54)Google Scholar, 29 (9); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramola, 52 (54)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 314-317.

42. Lascaris, , Vatopedskata gramota, 5 (7, 10–11)Google Scholar; Andreev, , Vatopedskata gramola, 193 (7, 10–11)Google Scholar, v. ibidem, 157-160; Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 15 (14)Google Scholar, 18 (98-99), 25 (38), 29 (7-8); Dujčev, Rilskata gramota, 52.

43. Lascaris, Vatopedskata gramota, 35; Andreev, Vatopedskata gramota, 157-160; Andreev, ‘Sluzhbite na provincialnoto upravlenie …’, 8; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 350-352.

44. See the texts of the Rila and Vitoša charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 27 (54)Google Scholar, 29 (9); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (54)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 355-357.

45. Dujčev, Rilskata gramota, 64.

46. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 27 (53 sq.)Google Scholar; Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (53 sq.)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 372-374.

47. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 18 (100)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 374-379.

48. See. ‘πρωτοϊερακάρκκ’ in Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 138 (29)Google Scholar, 184 (10-13).

49. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 18 (100)Google Scholar, 25 (29), 27 (55), 29 (10); Lascaris, , Vatopedskata gramola, 5 (10), 40–41 Google Scholar; Andreev, Vatopedskata gramota, 153-154, 193 (10); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (55)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 370-372.

50. Novaković, , Zakonski spomenici srpskih drzhava …, 609, 620 Google Scholar.

51. See the very interesting correspondence between Fr. Dölger and M. Lascaris in: Lascaris, Vatopedskata gramota, 40-41.

52. Iv. Biliarsky, ‘Le rite de couronnement …’, 134-135; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 148-156.

53. M. Popruženko, Sinodik carja Borisa, Odessa, 1898, 80; Biliarsky, ‘Le rite de couronnement …’, 106 (note 215).

54. Goar, J., Έυχολόγιον sive rituale Graecorum … (Venetiis MDCCXXX) 730 Google Scholar; Arranz, M., J., S. ‘Couronnement royanl et autres promotions de cour. Les sacrements de l’institution de l’ancien Euchologe constantinopolitan’, Orientalia Christiana Periodica 56 (1990) 103 sqGoogle Scholar.

55. Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 153-154.

56. Oikonomidès, , Les listes …, 97, 293 Google Scholar. The same in the treatise of Pseudo Codinos — Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 137 (11)Google Scholar, 175 (20-22).

57. Malingoudis, Ph., Die mittelalterlichen kyrillischen Inschriften der Haemus-Halbinsel, Teil, I, Die bulgarischen Inschriften (Thessaloniki 1979) 103 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 177-81.

58. Oikonomidès, Les listes…, 305-306; Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 138 (2), 157 Google Scholar (15 sq.), 207 sq.; Guilland, , Recherches…, I, 237–241 Google Scholar.

59. On the institution of voevoda v.: Petrov, P., Grozdanova, E., ‘Woiwode in mittelalterlichen Balkanländer und im Osmanischen Reich’, Etudes historiques 9 (1979) 99–127 Google Scholar; Bogdan, I., Originea voievodatului la romàni (Bucarest 1902)Google Scholar [= Analele Academiei Romane, Memoriile sectiuni istorice, III, t. 24, 191–207 Google Scholar]; Vîrtosu, E., Titulutura domnilor si asocierea la domnie in Tara românească si Moldova (pînă la secolul al XVI-lea) (Bucarest 1960) 105 Google Scholar sq.; Institutii feudale dîn tările române, Dictionar (Bucarest 1988) 168 sq.; Wojciechowski, Z., L’Etat polonais au moyen Age. Histoire des institutions (Paris 1949) 243 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 201-207, 270-286.

60. Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 270 sq.

61. A corresponding case in the very different German milieu is the term of ‘herzog’.

62. The term is cited only in the Life of St. Philothea of patriarch Euthymius — v. Biliarsky, Iv., ‘Les institutions de la Bulgarie médiévale: taïnik-mystikos’, BS 53, 1 (1992) 53–56 Google Scholar; idem, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 237-239.

63. Oikonomidès, Les listes …, 324; Verpeaux, , Pseudo Kodinos, 138 (11)Google Scholar, 160 (11 sq.), 179 (5-6); Guilland, R., ‘Etudes sur l’histoire administrative de l’Empire byzantin. Le mystique, ό μυστικός’, REB 26 (1969) 279–296 CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Magdalino, P., ‘The Not-so-secret Function of the Mystikos’, REB 42 (1984) 229–240 CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

64. In the Virginska and Mračka charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgurskih carej, 18 (100)Google Scholar, 25 (26, see and 31); Lascaris, , Vatopedskata gramota, 5 (13), 41–42 Google Scholar; Andreev, , Vatopedskata gramota, 193 (13), 102–103 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 353-355.

65. In the Vatopedi, Virginska, Mračka, Rila and Vitoša charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 18 (100)Google Scholar, 25 (29), 27 (55), 29 (10); Lascaris, , Vatopedskata gramota, 5 (9), 36 Google Scholar; Andreev, , Vatopedskata gramota, 153, 193 Google Scholar (9); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (55)Google Scholar, 63; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 357-361.

66. Oikonomidès, N., Fiscalité et exemption fiscale à Byzance (IXe-XIe siècles) (Athènes 1996) 74–75 Google Scholar, 127-128.

67. Gautier, P., ‘Diatribes de Jean I’Oxite contre Alexis Ier Comnène’, REB 28 (1970) 31 CrossRefGoogle Scholar et notes 19 et 20; Oikonomidès, Fiscalité et exemption fiscale …, 128. Thus I would like to join these data to my text on the ‘desetkar’ in Bulgaria — v. Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 357 sq.

68. We know this service from the text of the Rila and Vitoša charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 27 (54)Google Scholar, 29 (9); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (54)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 361-364 with the cited previous literature. Thus I would like to ameliorate my text (cited above) on this institution.

69. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 23 (50, 58)Google Scholar.

70. Oikonomidès, Fiscalité et exemption fiscale …, 103-104.

71. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 18 (100)Google Scholar, 25 (29), 27 (57), 29 (11), 121, 146; Lascaris, , Vatopedskata gramota, 5 (9–10)Google Scholar, 39-40; Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (57), 64 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 379-382.

72. Cited in the Virginska and Mračka charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 18 (100)Google Scholar, 25 (30); Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 391-392.

73. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 15 (14–15)Google Scholar, 18 (98-99); Ivanov, Bulgarski starini iz Makedonia, 412. The data of Serbian sources are much more abundant — v.: Novaković, Zakonski spomenitsi …, 105, 107, 108, 109, 177, 182, 255, 260, 310, 312, 389, 424, 453, 455, 456, 471, 473, 494, 601, 614, 616, 620, 662, 680, 683, 704, 720, 759.

74. Vasmer, M., Etymologicheskij slovar russkogo jazyka, t. II, 266 Google Scholar.

75. Petrov, P., Grozdanova, E., ‘Mittelalterlische balkanämter und Titel im osmanischen Orts- und Selbsverwaltungssystem’, Etudes balkaniques 4 (1978) 95 Google Scholar sq.; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 296-303.

76. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 29 (11)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 321-323.

77. Biliarsky, Iv., ‘Trois institutions méconnues de la Bulgarie médiévale: varnichij, varar’, povar”, Ricerche slavistiche 4 (1994) 100–102 Google Scholar.

78. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 15 (14–15)Google Scholar, 18 (98-99); Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 335-336.

79. Cited in the Virginska, Mračka, Rila and Vitoša charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 18 (99)Google Scholar, 19 (101-102), 25 (29), 27 (53-54); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramola, 53 (53–54)Google Scholar; Andreev, , Vatopedskata gramota, 193 (9–10)Google Scholar; Oikonomidès, , Fiscalité et exemption fiscale, 99, 103 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 364-366.

80. Cited in the Rila and Vitoša charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 27 (56)Google Scholar, 29 (12); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, s. 52 (56), 65 Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 366-368.

81. Cited in the Mračka and Rila charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 25 (30)Google Scholar, 27 (57); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (57)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 368-370.

82. Cited in the Mračka and Rila charters — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 25 (29)Google Scholar, 27 (57); Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (57)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 382.

83. Cited only in the Rila charter — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 27 (57)Google Scholar; Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (57)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, ‘Trois institutions méconnues …’, 98 sq.; idem, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 383-384.

84. Cited only in the Mračka charter — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 25 (29)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, ‘Trois institutions méconnues …’, 102-103; idem, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 384-385.

85. Cited only in the Rila charter — Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 27 (57)Google Scholar; Dujčev, , Rilskata gramota, 52 (57)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 392-393.

86. Mladenov, S., ‘Kâm etimologičnoto objasnenie na dumata <boljarin>’, Jubileert sbornik v čest na S. S. Bobčev (Sofia 1921) 109–116 Google Scholar.

87. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 29 (11)Google Scholar.

88. Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 323-325.

89. Il’inskij, , Gramoty bolgarskih carej, 15 (15)Google Scholar; Biliarsky, Institutiite na srednovekovna Bulgaria, 333-335.

90. Biliarsky, Iv., ‘Les circonscriptions administratives en Bulgarie au 13e siècle’, Σύμμεικτα 13 (1999) 177–202 Google Scholar and especially 190-192.

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102. Here I do not wish to discuss the extent to which the administrative system of Constantinople had influenced that of the First Bulgarian Empire after the Conversion. This influence surely existed (we have evidence on the services and titles such as ‘voevoda’, ‘candidatus’, etc.) But this influence was certainly not as clear as during the age of the Second empire.