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American Railroads and Agricultural Extension, 1900-1914: A Study in Railway Developmental Techniques*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 July 2012

Roy V. Scott
Roy V. Scott
Affiliation:
Professor of History, Mississippi State University
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Abstract

Professor Scott illustrates how railroads came to undertake the furtherance of agricultural education as a part of their business activities and, in some instances, pioneered projects that subsequently became widely copied models in the field.

Type
Research Article
Information
Business History Review , Volume 39 , Issue 1: Special Transportation Issue , Spring 1965 , pp. 74 - 98
Copyright
Copyright © The President and Fellows of Harvard College 1965

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References

1 Andrews, Frank, “Railroads and Farming,” United States Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Statistics, Bulletin 100 (Washington, 1912), pp. 7–8Google Scholar; Wallaces' Farmer (Des Moines), vol. XXXV (March 18, 1910), p. 481; American Bankers' Association, Proceedings, 1913 (New York, 1913), p. 224; College Farmer (Columbia, Mo.), vol. IX (October, 1912), p. 14.

2 Outstanding in this regard are Gates, Paul Wallace, The Illinois Central Railroad and Its Colonization Work (Cambridge, Mass., 1934)CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Overton, Richard C., Burlington West: A Colonization History of the Burlington Railroad (Cambridge, Mass., 1941).CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also Clark, Ira G., Then Came the Railroads (Norman, 1958), pp. 208–215, 275–80, 300–311Google Scholar; Corliss, Carlton J., Main Line of Mid-America: The Story of the Illinois Central (New York, 1950), pp. 292–300, 420–22Google Scholar; Lemly, James H., The Gulf, Mobile, and Ohio (Homewood, 1953), pp. 72–76, 259–61.Google Scholar

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4 The Nation's Agriculture (Fort Wayne, Ind.), vol. XI (June, 1936), p. 4.

5 United States Department of Agriculture, Yearbook of Agriculture, 1940 (Washington, 1940), pp. 253–54.Google Scholar The standard account of the formation and early years of the land-grant colleges is Ross, Earle D., Democracy's College: The Land-Grant Movement in the Formative Stage (Ames, 1942).Google Scholar See also Eddy, Edward D., Colleges for Our Land and Time: The Land-Grant Idea in American Education (New York, 1956), pp. 46–81.Google Scholar

6 Scott, Roy V., “Farmers' Institutes in Louisiana, 1897–1906,” Journal of Southern History, vol. XXV (February, 1959), pp. 73–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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8 Ibid., pp. 132–37. An excellent study of Knapp is Bailey, Joseph C., Seaman A. Knapp: Schoolmaster of American Agriculture (New York, 1945).Google Scholar For the General Education Board's part, see Fosdick, Raymond B., Adventure in Giving: The Story of the General Education Board (New York, 1962).Google Scholar

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13 General Passenger Agent, Illinois Central Railroad, to J. C. Hardy, July 8, 1903, C. E. Jackson to Hardy, June 24, 1902, George H. Smith to J. A. Turnipseed, July 31, 1903, Smith to R. P. Wright, August 8, 1903, J. C Hardy Correspondence; Scott, Roy V., “Pioneering in Agricultural Education: Oren C. Gregg and Farmers' Institutes,” Minnesota History, vol. XXXVII (March, 1960), p. 21Google Scholar; Nebraska Farmers' Institutes, First Annual Report (Lincoln, Nebraska, 1906), p. 27.Google Scholar

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16 Southern Farm Gazette (Starkville, Mississippi), vol. VIII (February 1, 1903), p. 1; M. V. Richards to James Wilson, February 1, 1904, George H. Lee to Wilson, June 20, 1905, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture (National Archives, Washington).

17 W. B. Kniskner to James Wilson, December 1, 1903, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LXII (August 28, 1912), p. 372; F. B. Mumford to C. H. Eckles, January 11, 1913, Missouri Agricultural College Papers; Corn (Waterloo, Iowa), vol. I (June, 1912), pp. 108, 114.

18 F. B. Mumford to B. W. Redfeam, October 28, 1910, Missouri Agricultural College Papers; Missouri Farmer (Columbia), vol. IV (June, 1912), p. 20Google Scholar; Railway Age Gazette (Chicago), N.S., vol. LII (January 5, 1912), p. 29; Montana Farmers' Institutes, Eleventh and Twelfth Annual Reports, 1912–1914, p. 10.

19 Burt, Jesse C., “History of the Nashville, Chattanooga, and St. Louis Railway, 1873–1916” (Ph.D. Thesis, Vanderbilt University, 1950), pp. 117–18Google Scholar; E. D. Comstock to James Wilson, March 2, July 7, 1903, L. Trice to Wilson, June 8, 1903, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture; Corliss, Illinois Central, p. 299; Southern Farm Magazine (Baltimore), vol. VII (March, 1899), pp. 16–17; J. F. Merry to James Wilson, February 12, 1903, Records of the Office of the Secretary of Agriculture.

20 Madill, A. J., History of Agricultural Education in Ontario (Toronto, 1930), p. 151Google Scholar; Erickson, T. A., My Sixty Years with Rural Youth (Minneapolis, 1956), pp. 44–45Google Scholar; Scott, Roy V., “Railroads and Farmers: Educational Trains in Missouri, 1902–1914,” Agricultural History, vol. XXXVI (January, 1962), pp. 5–6.Google Scholar

21 Wallaces' Farmer, vol. XXX (February 10, 1905), p. 176; ibid., vol. XXXIII (December 25, 1908), p. 1599; Ritland, Everett G., “The Educational Activities of Perry G. Holden in Iowa” (M. A. Thesis, Iowa State University, 1941), pp. 13–14Google Scholar; Morgan, Barton, Extension Service of Iowa State College (Ames, 1934), p. 24n.Google Scholar

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23 Breeders' Gazette, vol. XLVII (February 8, 1905), p. 264.

24 North Dakota Farmers' Institute, Annual, 1905 (Fargo, n.d.), p. 3Google Scholar; Wallaces' Farmer, vol. XXX (May 26, 1905), p. 708; Willard, Julius T., A History of the Kansas State College of Agriculture and Applied Science (Manhattan, Kan., 1940), p. 165.Google Scholar

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28 Breeders' Gazette, vol. LV (June 30, 1909), pp. 1452–53; “Agricultural Demonstration Trains of the University of California,” University of California Chronicle, vol. XI (April, 1909), pp. 186–187; Cornell Countryman (Ithaca), vol. VI (January, 1909), pp. 116–19.

29 Breeders' Gazette, vol. LXII (November 6, 1912), p. 988.

30 Ibid., vol. LV (March 17, 1909), p. 654; Kimball's Dairy Farmer (Waterloo, Iowa), vol. XI (April 15, 1913), p. 242; Wallaces' Farmer, vol. XXXVIII (October 24, 1913), p. 1459; Illinois Central Railroad, Organization and Traffic of the Illinois Central System (Chicago, 1938), p. 244.Google Scholar

31 Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LIII (November 29, 1912), p. 1058; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LIX (March 15, 1911), p. 705.

32 Kimball's Dairy Farmer, vol. XI (May 15, 1913), p. 292; Southern Farm Gazette, vol. XI (October 1, 1906), p. 9.

33 Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. XLVI (June 11, 1909), p. 1224; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LIX (February 22, 1911), p. 502; Scott, “Educational Trains in Missouri,” p. 10.

34 F. B. Mumford to W. J. Stone, March 28, 1910, Missouri Agricultural College Papers; Southern Planter (Richmond), vol. LXXII (June, 1911), p. 700Google Scholar; Mississippi Agricultural and Mechanical College, Biennial Report, 1908–1909, p 93; Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LII (March 8, 1912), p. 443.

35 Missouri Ruralist (Kansas City, Mo., February 3, 1912), p. 4; Hamilton, John, “Farmers' Institute and Agricultural Extension Work in the United States in 1913,” United States Department of Agriculture, Bulletin 83 (Washington, 1914), p. 2Google Scholar; Farm, Stock, and Home (Minneapolis), vol. XXIX (July 1, 1913), p. 491; Kimball's Dairy Farmer, vol. XI (May 15, 1913), p. 292.

36 Missouri Agricultural College Farmer (Columbia), vol. VII (April, 1910), p. 17; F. B. Mumford to A. W. Douglas, March 25, 1910, Missouri Agricultural College Papers; James Withycombe to E. W. Allen, February 9, 1909, Records of the Office of Experiment Stations (National Archives, Washington); Bryan, Enoch A., Historical Sketch of the State College of Washington (Spokane, 1928), p. 535.Google Scholar

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38 “Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LII (March 22, 1912), p. 695; Council of North American Grain Exchanges, Crop Improvement Committee, Proceedings of a Meeting in Chicago, February 8, 1911 (n.p., n.d.)” p. 102; University Missourian (Columbia, March 21, 1910), p. 1.

39 True, “History of Agricultural Extension Work,” p. 30; Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, Proceedings, 1912, pp 217, 222; L. H. Bailey to I. H. Shoemaker, March 29, 1912, Bailey Papers; Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LI (December 1, 1911), p. 1143; Railway Development Association, Proceedings of the Seventh Annual Meeting, 1913, p. 7Google Scholar; ibid., Proceedings of the Semi-Annual Meeting, 1914, p. 38.

40 B. Irby to W. O. Atwater, January 8, November 21, 1890, Office of Experiment Stations Records; Railway Development Association, Proceedings of the Semi-Annual Meeting, 1914, pp. 38–40Google Scholar; Fullerton, Edith L., The Lure of the Land (New York, 1906), pp. 5–8Google Scholar; Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. XLVII (October 29, 1909), p. 789; Fruit Grower and Farmer (St. Joseph, Mo.), vol. XXIII (October, 1912), p. 466.

41 Southern Planter, vol. LXVIII (June, 1907), pp. 561–62; ibid., vol. LXXI (June, 1910), pp. 661–62; Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. XLVII (October 1, 1909), p. 606; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LVII (April 27, 1910), p. 1036.

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44 Railway Age, vol. XXXII (December 27, 1901), p. 761; ibid., vol. XXXIII (January 31, 1902), p. 142; H. T. French to A. C. True, February 12, 1898, B. Campbell to H. T. Newcomb, February 7, 1898, True to Campbell, February 16, 1898, Campbell to True, March 30, 1898, Office of Experiment Stations Records; Southern Farm Magazine, vol. VI (January, 1899), p. 25.Google Scholar

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47 Arkansas Farmer and Homestead (Little Rock), vol. XIV (January 18, 1913), p. 13; Fruit Grower and Farmer, vol. XXIV (March, 1913), p. 227; Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LIV (January 31, 1913), p. 218.

48 Breeders' Gazette, vol. LXIII (July 3, 1912), p. 27; Railway Development Association, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, 1915, p. 39; ibid., Proceedings of the Semi-Annual Meeting, 1914, pp. 30–32; Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LI (November 10, 1911), p. 969. The Frisco claimed to have 93 demonstration plots in Missouri and Oklahoma in 1913. See Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LVI (May 22, 1913), p. 1128.

49 Breeders' Gazette, vol. LXVI (November 5, 1914), p. 773Google Scholar; ibid., vol. LX (November 8, 1911), p. 948; Hunter, , North Dakota's Land-Grand College, p. 53Google Scholar; North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station, Seventeenth Annual Report, 1907 (Fargo, 1907), pp. 13–14.Google Scholar

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52 Seaman A. Knapp to B. T. Galloway, November 9, 1904, November 29, 1905, July 29, 1906, Bureau of Plant Industry Records.

53 Railway Development Association, Proceedings of the Annual Meeting, 1915, p. 53Google Scholar; Frank Anderson to F. B. Mumford, January 3, 1913, Missouri Agricultural College Papers; Fruit Grower and Farmer, vol. XXIV (March, 1913), p. 227.Google Scholar In the cases of the Rock Island and Santa Fe, the railroads combined with the United States Department of Agriculture to pay the agents' salaries, but the agents worked under the direct supervision of the state agricultural college.

54 Progressive Farmer and Southern Farm Gazette, vol. XXVII (February 17, 1912), p. 235; Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LII (January 5, 1912), p. 28; ibid., vol. LVII (November 13, 1914), p. 909; Railway Development Association, Proceedings of the Semi-Annual Meeting, 1914, pp. 27–29.Google Scholar

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56 B. H. Gitchell to L. H. Bailey, November 29, 1910, Gitchell to G. A. Cullen, September 6, 1910, Bailey Papers; Burritt, M. C., The County Agent and the Farm Bureau (New York, 1922), p. 160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

57 B. H. Gitchell to L. H. Bailey, December 4, 1910, R. A. Pearson to Bailey, February 14, 1911, W. J. Spillman to Bailey, February 27, 1911, Bailey Papers; N. A. Cobb to G. A. Cullen, March 28, 1911, Bureau of Plant Industry Records; Simons, Lloyd R., “New York State's Contribution to the Organization and Development of the County Agent-Farm Bureau Movement,” Cornell Agricultural Extension Bulletin 993 (Ithaca, New York, 1957), pp. 5–7.Google Scholar

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59 Cornell Countryman, vol. XI (January, 1914), pp. 128–129; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LXIV (December 4, 1913), p. 1084; Fruit Grower and Farmer, vol. XXIV (February, 1913), p. 132; B. T. Galloway to G. A. Cullen, June 28, 1912, Bureau of Plant Industry Records.

60 Jones, C. Clyde, “A Survey of the Agricultural Development Program of the Chicago, Burlington and Quincy Railroad,” Nebraska History, vol. XXX (September, 1949), pp. 238–39Google Scholar; J. B. Lamson to F. B. Mumford, January 28, 1913; Missouri Agricultural College Papers; B. T. Galloway to W. J. Spillman, March 21, 1914, Lisle Morrison to James E. Jones, July 1, 1914, Bureau of Plant Industry Records.

61 Stockbridge, Frank P., “The North Dakota Man Crop,” World's Work (New York), vol. XXV (November, 1912), pp. 84–85Google Scholar; Better Farming Association of North Dakota, Second Annual Report (n.p., 1913), p. 30.

62 Ibid., First Annual Report, p. 6.

63 Ibid., pp. 9–18; Thomas P. Cooper to B. T. Galloway, March 25, 1912, Bureau of Plant Industry Records; True, “History of Agricultural Extension Work,” pp. 85–86; Better Farming Association of North Dakota, Second Annual Report, p. 30.

64 Thomas P. Cooper to B. T. Galloway, December 29, 1911, January 13, 1912, October 24, 1913, Galloway to W. J. Spillman, January 31, 1912, Spillman to Cooper, March 8, 1912, Cooper to W. A. Taylor, April 15, 1913, Bureau of Plant Industry Records; Wallaces' Farmer, vol. XXXVIII (November 14, 1913), p. 1559Google Scholar; Hunter, North Dakota's Land-Grant College, p. 61.

65 McNelly, C. L., The County Agent Story: The Impact of the Extension Work on Farming and Country Life (Anoka, Minn., 1960), pp. 19–20Google Scholar; True, “History of Agricultural Extension Work,” p. 76; Kimball's Dairy Farmer, vol. XI (March 15, 1913), p. 175; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LXII (November 27, 1912), p. 1170.

66 Erickson, Rural Youth, p. 57; Missouri Ruralist, June 8, 1912, p. 6; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LXV (May 21, 1914), p. 1104; Southern Planter, vol. LXXI (July, 1910), p. 758.

67 Hamilton, John and Stedman, J. M., “Farmers' Institutes for Young People,” United States Department of Agriculture, Office of Experiment Stations, Circular 99 (Washington, 1910), p. 23Google Scholar; Council of North American Grain Exchanges, Crop Improvement Committee, Proceedings of a Meeting in Chicago, February 8, 1911, p. 58.

68 Eddy, Colleges for Our Land and Time, p. 140.

69 Council of North American Grain Exchanges, Crop Improvement Committee, Proceedings of a Meeting in Chicago, February 8, 1911, pp. 5, 9–15; Railway Development Association, Proceedings of the Fifth Annual Convention, 1911, pp. 5–8Google Scholar; MeNelly, County Agent Story, p. 19; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LXII (November 6, 1912), p. 964.

70 H. H. Gross to L. H. Bailey, September 21, 1911, Bailey Papers; Gross, H. H., The National Soil Fertility League (Chicago, 1911), pp. 11, 12, 21Google Scholar; Breeders' Gazette, vol. LX (September 6, 1911), p. 374; ibid., vol. LXI (January 17, 1912), p. 130; ibid., vol. LXI (May 15, 1912), p. 1150; Railway Age Gazette, N. S., vol. LV (November 28, 1913), p. 1006.