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¹² Clementine Averill, “Letter from a Factory-Girl to Senator Clemens,” dated Lowell, 6 March 1850, and published in New York Tribune, quoted by Robinson, Harriet H., Loom and Spindle, or Life Among the Early Mill Girls (New York, 1898), 194–5Google Scholar; also Miles, Henry A., Lowell, As It Was, and As It Is (Lowell, 1845), pp. 114–5Google Scholar; Bartlett, Vindication, 21–22.

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¹⁶ [Bigelow], Review of “An Address …,” p. 21; Robinson, Loom and Spindle, 194–5.

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²⁸ Shlakman, Economic History of a Factory Town; Green, Holyoke; Knowlton, Evelyn H., Pepperell's Progress: History of a Cotton Textile Company, 1844–1945 (Cambridge, 1948), 58–66, 153–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Norton, Nancy P., “Labor in the Early New England Carpet Industry,” Bulletin of the Business Historical Society, XXVI (1952), 19–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁰ Bill presented to Charles Cochran by John Gebbie, solicitor, of Glasgow, Box LW-1, Lyman Mills Papers.

³¹ Ledger LH-1, ibid.

³² The entries for earnings in Ledger LH-1 have been checked against the entries in the payroll ledgers (Payroll Ledgers LX-2, LX-3, LY-1, Lyman Mills Papers), and have been confirmed in every case.

³³ Income spent to repay a debt is obviously equivalent to savings, in the sense that it is withheld from current consumption.

³⁴ Statement signed by Christina McKimm et al., 16 July 1853, Box LW-1, Lyman Mills Papers.

³⁵ Receipts for these drafts are in Box LW-1, ibid.

³⁶ Hansen, Marcus Lee, The Atlantic Migration, 1607–1860 (Cambridge, 1940), 281–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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³⁹ Ware, Early New England Cotton Manufacture, 209. The Amoskeag Company recruited skilled weavers in England as early as 1865. See Creamer, Daniel, “Recruiting Contract Laborers for the Amoskeag Mills,” Journal of Economic History, I (1941), 42–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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⁴² DeWitt, Francis, Statistical Information Relating to Certain Branches of Industry in Massachusetts, for the Year Ending June 1, 1855 (Boston, 1856), 220Google Scholar; Warner, Oliver, Statistical Information Rehting to Certain Branches of Industry in Massachusetts, for the Year Ending May 1, 1865 (Boston, 1866), 252.Google Scholar

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⁴⁴ J. T. Davis to Stephen Holman, 24 Oct. 1857, Box LW-1, ibid.

⁴⁵ Quoted by Green, Holyoke, 60.

⁴⁶ David Daig to Stephen Holman, 10 April 1856, Box LW-1, Lyman Mills Papers.

⁴⁷ George Brown to Stephen Holman, 3 Feb. 1857, ibid.

⁴⁸ Payroll Ledger LY-2, ibid.

⁴⁹ Mrs. Hugh Bowie to Stephen Holman, 19 June 1856, Box LW-1, ibid.

⁵⁰ Jane Wallace to Stephen Holman, 2 Dec. 1857, ibid.

⁵¹ David Daig to Stephen Holman, 10 Apr. 1856, ibid.

⁵² Jane Wallace to Stephen Holman, 2 Sept. 1857, ibid.

⁵³ Gilbert Wilson to Stephen Holman, 3 Sept. 1858, ibid.

⁵⁴ Printed circulars of Enoch Train & Company and its Boston agents, ibid.

⁵⁵ This tax had a tortuous history. The Passenger Act of 1837 in Massachusetts provided for a head tax on alien passengers. This tax was stricken down by the U. S. Supreme Court on 7 Feb. 1849 (Smith vs. Turner and Norria vs. City of Boston, 48 US 282, 7 Howard 283, 12 L.Ed. 702). Massachusetts then passed a new act requiring the master, owner or consignee of every ship bringing alien passengers to the state to post a bond of $1,000 for each such person which would be forfeited if the person became a public charge at any time during his life. In the case of able-bodied aliens, this bond could be commuted by payment of a head tax of $2.00 for each alien. The shipping companies, rather than post the impossible aggregate of bonds, paid the commutation fee whenever they were permitted to do so (Hale, Letters on Irish Emigration, 24–27). A similar act in New York was declared unconstitutional by the U. S. Supreme Court in 1875 (Henderson et al. vs. Mayor of New York et al., 92 US 259).

⁵⁶ Carey, H. C., Essay on the Rate of Wages … (Philadelphia, 1835), 88n.Google Scholar

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⁵⁸ The word “town” is used of course in its New England sense, not in the more general sense of an urban community.

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⁶⁰ This factor does not greatly affect any specific entry.

⁶¹ In addition to the 66 women included in Table 2, Table 3 covers the following groups: (a) 33 women weavers, 11 piecers, and 7 fly-frame girls, who arrived in Holyoke about 1 June, 1854; (b) 34 persons (of whom 29 were women weavers), who arrived in Holyoke in late October, 1855.

⁶² In the usual modern terminology, these jobs would be designated foreman, assistant foreman, slasher tender, and loomfixer.

⁶³ In the Pepperell mills at Biddeford, Maine, from 1870 to 1920, the managerial ranks — agents, superintendents, overseers — “stayed with the company for long periods.” Knowlton, Pepperell's Progress, 153. The writer found a similar result in a study of the managerial ranks in the anthracite industry in 1902; see an article based on this research which will appear soon in the Journal of Economic History.

⁶⁴ Massachusetts House Document No. 50, 1845, reprinted in Commons, John R.et al., editors, A Documentary History of American Industrial Society (Cleveland, 1910), VIII, 146.Google Scholar

⁶⁵ Miles, Lowell, 194.

⁶⁶ Ibid., 165–91.

⁶⁷ Green, Holyoke, 28–29n, 41–44.

⁶⁸ Mary Morrison to Stephen Holman, 28 May 1856, Box LW-1, Lyman Mills Papers.

⁶⁹ Knowlton, Pepperell's Progress, 59.

⁷⁰ This account is based on several memoranda in the Miscellaneous administrative papers, Vol. 19, Hamilton Mfg. Co. Papers, Baker Library, Harvard University.

⁷¹ Register LA-1, Lyman Mills Papers.

⁷² Quoted by Green, Holyoke, 48–49.

⁷³ Jane Wallace to Stephen Holman, 8 Dee. 1858, Box LW-1, Lyman Mills Papers.

⁷⁴ Same to same, 9 Oct. 1858, ibid.

⁷⁵ Memorandum labeled “Mr. Mills letter of instructions to me when going to New York to make arrangements for DeWylder [?],” ibid.

⁷⁶ A. G. Goodwin to Stephen Holman, 16 Nov. 1854, ibid. Goodwin was superintendent of the Office of the Commissioner of Alien Passengers in Boston.

⁷⁷ Bartlett, Vindication, 14.

⁷⁸ Lowell, John A., “Patrick Tracy Jackson,” in Hunt, Freeman, ed., Lives of American Merchants, 2 vols. (New York, 1858), I, 564–5Google Scholar. Compare Chancellor Harper's comment that the free laborer “may change his employer if he is dissatisfied with his conduct towards him; but this is a privilege he would in the majority of cases gladly abandon, and render the connection between them indissoluble.” [Harper, Williamet al.], The Pro-Slavery Argument (Philadelphia, 1853), 52–53.Google Scholar

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⁸⁰ Montgomery, James, A Practical Detail of the Cotton Manufacture of the United States of America … (Glasgow, 1840), 56–57Google Scholar, Montgomery, a native of Glasgow, was brought to the United States in 1837 as superintendent of the York Mfg. Co. at Saco, Maine.

⁸¹ Carey, Essay on the Rate of Wages, 78–79.

⁸² Appleton, Nathan, Introduction of the Power Loom, and Origin of Lowell (Lowell, 1858), 32.Google Scholar

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⁸⁴ Shlakman, Economic History of a Factory Town, 121–3.

⁸⁵ Ware, The Industrial Worker, 134.

⁸⁶ Abbott, Women in Industry, 129, 131.