¹ To be sure, the business historian should find familiarity with this material rewarding. Most of the pertinent publications on the entrepreneur and entrepreneurial profit are cited in the list of references to Chapter I of my book, History of American Business Leaders, I (Ann Arbor, 1940), 161Google Scholar ff. Moreover, an unpublished bibliography of German publications on the entrepreneur for the period 1939-1948, compiled in Germany for the Research Center in Entrepreneurial History, is in the latter's files.

² The reader should guard against a misunderstanding. This survey aims at revealing the outlines of a scientific development, and is not meant to be a bibliography or to supplement the bibliographies already existing in the field. Titles of books are given only by way of examples, and it is not claimed that always the most important title has been selected to illustrate a point. Completeness has been attempted only with regard to the early publications in each field.

Bibliographical references are to *Corsten, H., Hundert Jahre Deutscher Wirtschaft in Fest-und Denkschriften, eine Bibliographie. Kölner Bibliographische Arbeiten herausgegeben von H. Corsten und E. Walb, II (Köln, 1937Google Scholar); and Bücherei des Reichsbankdirektoriums, *Katalog der Fest-und Denkschriften wirtschaftlicher Betriebe (Dr. Hjalmar Schacht Sammlung), Stand vom 1. Dezember 1936 (Berlin, 1936Google Scholar). This item will be quoted as Schacht Collection.

The asterisk before certain book titles designates items that are to be found in the Harvard libraries—the Business School Library containing the great majority. The many stars that will be found below testify to the excellence of the collections. Biographical data are taken from Wer ist's? Zeitgenossenlexikon (4th ed., Leipzig, 1909Google Scholar) or from Kürschner's Deutscher Gelehrtenkalender (7th ed., Berlin, 1950Google Scholar).

³ Years ago I used the copy in the erstwhile Staatsbibliothek in Berlin. One is now known to exist in the Sächsische Landesbibliothek in Dresden, and a photostat of it has been secured by Baker Library.

What an achievement this publication was can be gauged through comparison with an item published a few years earlier to celebrate an anniversary of the Hamburger Bank, namely, *Der zweyten Säcular-Feyer der Hamburger Bank am 22. Februar 1819 gewidmet (Hamburg, gedruckt bei Johann August Meissner [1819Google Scholar]). This item is a poem in the contemporary pompous style. Obviously nobody hit on the idea to celebrate the event by writing the bank's most interesting history.

⁴ According to information received from Dr. Wolfgang Zorn, of Augsburg, the old editions of Meyers Konversations-Lexikon report that in 1830 he was forced out among other reasons because he took too much interest in his private affairs (“zu grosse Wahrnehmung seiner Privatinteressen”). See also von Weber, Karl, “Detlev Graf von Einsiedel, Königl. Sächsischer Cabinets-Minister” in Archiv für die Sächsische Geschichte, I (1863), 58Google Scholar ff., 129 ff., especially 63, 64, 185 ff.

⁵ Pages 489-505. A microfilm is in Baker Library, Harvard University.

⁶ Ibid., 489. The passage reads in the original: “Möchten wir doch auch von andern wichtigen Unternehmungen im Gewerbefache die Geschichte haben! Sie dient zur Aufmunterung und begründet des Landes Segen! … [Es] ist doch schon verdienstlich, Männer zu erwähnen und hier als Beispiele nützlicher Staatsbürger aufzustellen, die sich nach Kräften um das Gewerbewesen und durch dieses um das ganze Vaterland verdient gemacht haben.”

⁷ Corsten, op. cit., nos. 1975, 1434, 246, 436. Wachler's book is not included in Corsten's bibliography. It is not accessible to me, but, as far as I remember, the author was a Prussian mining official who took pride in an achievement. The name might indicate that he was a son of the renowned Breslau historian, Ludwig Wachler (1767-1838).

⁸ There is a *second edition of this item, one of 1854, in which Rother's preface is omitted and the documentary section shortened.

⁹ About Stillich, see below page 20. The quotation is in the preface of vol. I of his series to be cited on that page too. See also the similar criticism of another contemporary, Kuske, Bruno, in Zeitschrift für die Gesamten Staatswissenschaften, LXIX (1913), 278Google Scholar n.

¹⁰ See page 24.

¹¹ Baker Library possesses Ehrenberg's copy of the Thünenarchiv, a copy with blank leaves interspersed, containing numerous handwritten notes by Ehrenberg. The fact that the program was written in 1903/04 is taken from those notes. For the program, see vol. I (1905/06), 10-15, 23; and for further programmatic discussions, vol. IV, no. 1 (1912), 4 ff. Vol. IX, no. 4 (1922) contains on 429 ff. an obituary, and on 464 ff. a bibliography of Ehrenberg's writings.

¹² Ibid., I, 279 ff.

¹³ Ibid., I, 454 ff., “Arbeitszeit der Kontore.”

¹⁴ Ibid., I, 38 ff.

¹⁵ Ibid., I, 320 ff., “Der Gesichtskreis eines deutschen Fabrikarbeiters.”

¹⁶ The later volumes deal increasingly with agriculture and contain little that is of interest in the present context. One of those items is Seemann's, Erich “Aufgaben und Lage des Schiffskapitains in früherer Zeit und in der Gegenwart” in vol. VI (1915), 463Google Scholar ff.

¹⁷ Once Schmoller is mentioned in this context at all, one has an even greater obligation to point to Werner Sombart and Max Weber. Sombart's *Der Moderne Kapitalismus and *Die Juden und das Wirtschaftsleben (regardless of well-known shortcomings) were and remain much more important for the business historian than Schmoller's *Grundriss, while Max Weber's *Protestant Ethics and the Spirit of Capitalism is an indispensable basis for the student of the businessman's mind, by reason both of its method and its content. But, as in the case of Schmoller, one cannot claim these scholars as ancestors of business history.

¹⁸ It may be mentioned in passing that in the preface to vol. XXII (1933) Matschoss stressed the importance of the creative personality in the field.

¹⁹ This handbook was bitterly attacked and criticized because of alleged unreliability and superficiality by Franz Maria Feldhaus in the pamphlet “Offener Brief an Herrn Dr.- Ing. ehr. Conrad Matschoss, Professor für Geschichte der Technik an der Technischen Hochschule zu Berlin-Charlottenburg, über sein Buch “Männer der Technik,” Verlag des Vereins Deutscher Ingenieure, Berlin 1925 (Eberswalde, 1925Google Scholar). But the articles on industrialists, which interest us, were not under attack. The two men seem to have had their private feud.

²⁰ See Corsten, op. cit., nos. 142, 476, 737, 1096a. The first item is in the John Crerar Library, Chicago, and the fourth in the New York Public Library and that of the Smithsonian Institution. The third does not seem to exist in America. Feldhaus also wrote the biography of a manufacturer *Carl Bamberg. Ein Rückblick auf sein Wirken und auf die Feinmechanik, ed. by the Askania-Werke Bamberg-Werke, A. G. (Berlin-Friedenau, 1929Google Scholar).

²¹ The following information on Wilhelm Berdrow, who is still living, was received by the Seminar für Wirtschaftsgeschichte und Wirtschaftsraumlehre der Universität Köln from Herr Eduard Meyer, Essen-Hügel, and transmitted through Dr. Wolfgang Zorn. The assistance has been appreciated.

²² In fact, there were no specialized economic historians in Germany at that time, only historical economists and historians interested in some aspects of the economic life of the past, especially the Middle Ages.

²³ See the Zeitschrift, LXIX (1913)Google Scholar.

²⁴ Kuske's program seems similar to that of Stillich, to be noted shortly: see below, page 20.

²⁵ For this item see below page 49; and for the preceding, Kuske's paper, especially pages 267, 277, 278, 280, 281.

²⁶ See Kürschners Deutscher Gelehrtenkalender (7th ed., Berlin, 1950Google Scholar).

²⁷ Schacht Collection, 86.

²⁸ See Corsten, op. cit., nos. 421, 504.

²⁹ This firm issued an English firm history as early as 1925. It is available in Baker Library. The German edition is cited by Corsten under no. 2793.

³⁰ For the last two items, see ibid., nos. 2615 and 3956a.

³¹ One might also compare the publication of a type foundry of 1894, cited above, page 6, with one of another enterprise in the same line of 1937 to get the right perspective. The latter is *Bauer, Konrad P., Werden und Wachsen einer deutschen Schriftgiesserei; zum hundertjährigen Bestehen der Bauerschen Giesserei, Frankfurt a. M. 1837-1937 (Frankfurt, 1937Google Scholar).

³² *Brandt, Otto H., Die Fugger, Geschichte eines deutschen Handelshauses (Jena, 1928Google Scholar); *Ortner, Eugen, Glück und Macht der Fugger, der Aufstieg der Weber von Augsburg, 5th ed. (München, 1943Google Scholar), and Die Weltmacht der Fugger, die Fürsten der Kaufleute (München, 1941Google Scholar); *Hering, Ernst, Die Fugger (Leipzig, 1944Google Scholar).

³³ Vol. I contains monographs on the Hörder Bergwerks- und Hüttenverein, the Ilseder Hütte und Peiner Walzwerk, the Dortmunder Union, the Phoenix Aktien Gesellschaft, and the Vereinigte Königs- und Laurahütte. Vol. II includes the Bergwerksgesellschaft Hibernia, the Gelsenkirchener Bergwerks A. G., the Kölner Bergwerksverein, the Bergwerks A. G. Konsolidation, the Bergwerksgesellschaft Dahlbusch, and the Königsborn A. G. für Bergbau, Salinen und Solbadbetrieb. For the following presentation, see the prefaces of the volumes.

Similar to Stillich's studies but referring to the eighteenth century and dealing with an entire local industry from the business-historical point of view is *Stieda's, Wilhelm book Die Anfänge der Porzellanfabrikation auf dem Thüringer Walde, Beiträge zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte Thüringens, I (Jena, 1902Google Scholar).

³⁴ See footnote 72.

³⁵ Incidentally, in this country nobody's awareness for the possibilities of putting firm histories to such use was keener than that of Joseph Schumpeter; see Business Cycles (New York, 1939), I, 222Google Scholar.

³⁶ To be sure, there is a problem as to how much of such material survived World War II.

³⁷ To give the exact number of listed items, one would have to examine carefully each page, since, under numerous entries, there are insertions under the letters a, b, c, and d. The result of that procedure would mean very little, since the bibliography is not complete. I myself know a certain number of items which were inadvertently omitted, and if an individual researcher, who is not a bibliographer, hits on such omissions, one must suspect that there are a good many more. In the preparation of the ensuing distribution of the listed items I have tried to catch the insertions, but the appendix of about 100 items is not classified and the class not always certain from the title. Thus the figures will contain small errors.

³⁸ The John Crerar Library in Chicago owns a good deal of histories of German industries, but very few German business-historical items. The library has kindly provided Baker Library with a list of its pertinent holdings.

³⁹ See, for example, XXVII (1854), 625 ff. (on the Erie Railroad); 690 ff. (on the Georgia Railroad); XXVIII (1855), 89 ff. (on the Reading Railroad).

⁴⁰ There was published in 1870 also a very thin historical sketch, History of the Granite Railway Company … (Boston, 1870Google Scholar).

⁴¹ As to these sketches, see Larson, Guide to Business History, nos. 822 and 823.

⁴² This item appears erroneously as a bank in the Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration's bibliography, to be quoted forthwith.

⁴³ A List of Business Histories and Biographies in the Business Library, Dun & Bradstreet, Inc., September 1, 1949.

⁴⁴ The article entitled “Biographische Nachrichten über das Haus Rothschild” is accessible in von Gentz, Friedrich, *Schriften, ein Denkmal, edited by Schlesier, Gustav (Mannheim, 1838-1840), Part V, 113Google Scholar ff.

⁴⁵ The second, “vervollständigte” edition exists in Widener Library.

⁴⁶ Corsten, op. cit., no. 2885.

⁴⁷ In fact only one other item (to be found as no. 2882 in Corsten's bibliography) antedates the twentieth century, namely, Verein der Industriellen des Regierungsbezirks Cöln, Eugen Langen, Gedächtnisrede van … Hegener (Berlin, 1896Google Scholar).

⁴⁸ Corsten, op. cit., nos. 2812, 2818, 2819, 2864, 2887.

⁴⁹ This item is not available. I used it more than twenty years ago and can no longer remember if it was an independent or a paid job.

⁵⁰ Corsten, op. cit., nos. 2843, 2869, 2870, 2872, 2882, 2919. Harkort was one of the earliest German industrialists.

⁵¹ Incidentally, there are not only autobiographies of German business leaders, but also 28 autobiographies of German workers. See *Trunz, Cecilia A., Die Autobiographieen von deutschen Industriearbeitern, Freiburg, Ph.D. Thesis, 1934Google Scholar. It might be an attractive little research job to find out what these workers thought about entrepreneurship and individual businessmen.

⁵² The second edition of Gotzkowsky's recollections contains a second part whose authorship seems to be doubtful. It deals with the publisher Daniel Christian Hechtels, who did business first in Frankfurt/Main, later in Magdeburg, and still later in Helmstedt. The item is a very poor performance, although one can get glimpses of the difficulties with which publishers were faced at the time of political upheavals. One episode in it deserves mention: a publisher who could not sell a certain book tried to bribe the censor to forbid it under some trumped-up pretext, in the hope that this action would have the consequence of whetting the public's appetite for the item.

Another eighteenth-century autobiography which has just come to my attention is Greiner, Gotthelf, Lebensbeschreibung des … zu Limbach, Erfinder des Thüringer Porzellans, 1732-1797. Kulturhistorische Bilder aus dem Meininger Oberlande (Hildburghausen, 1876Google Scholar).

⁵³ Incidentally, articles on Strousberg are to be found in Stahl und Eisen, XXX (1910), 2036Google Scholar ff., and XXXI (1911), 967 ff.; and in Matschoss' Beiträge (see page 11), XIV (1924), 65 ff.; a few notes on him are in Fürstenberg's recollections (see below, page 40).

⁵⁴ Corsten, op. cit., nos. 2895, 2828, 2833, 2814, 2922, 2841; as to Breuninger, see above, page 18, and for an item by Körting, see page 11.

⁵⁵ The corresponding American item, Hunt's, FreemanLives of American Merchants, appeared in New York in 1858Google Scholar.

⁵⁶ Similar ideas can be found expressed in a low-class American publication of the 1870's: “There is no school like that of biography for obtaining [an] education” with regard to proper “business habits.” “The study of biography … is one of the most potent means of stimulating youthful effort.” See McCurdy, H. C., Win who Will or the Young Man's Key to Fortune … (Philadelphia, 1872), 43, 56Google Scholar; the pamphlet contains a section of businessmen's biographies.

⁵⁷ See above, page 32.

^57a Karl Demeter has pointed out that German book dealers enjoyed a higher social status than other merchants; see “Die soziale Schichtung des Deutschen Parlamentes seit 1848…” in Vierteljahrsschrift für Sozial- und Wirtschaftsgeshichte, XXXIX (1952/1953), 19Google Scholar.

⁵⁸ Woermann, the founder of a shipping line; Duisberg, the leading man in the I. G. Farbenindustrie; Meier, the great Hanseatic merchant and statesman; and Lüderitz, Hanseatic merchant and colonial pioneer.

⁵⁹ A few more items may be analyzed in passing: Herre, Paul in Schöpferisches Alter … (Leipzig, 1939Google Scholar) deals with men and women who were active and creative until late in their lives. Of 14 chapters, one is devoted to engineers and business leaders. The presentation is so sketchy and superficial that the value for business historians is zero. Baumgardt, Rudolf, Das Fundament … (Berlin, 1941Google Scholar) deals with creative Germans of the nineteenth century. Thirty-two persons are treated of whom six are industrialists. Again, maybe one should say, of course, we find Krupp and Siemens, and in addition Duisberg, Harkort, Borsig (the Berlin locomotive builder), and Schichau (the East Prussian machine manufacturer and shipbuilder).

The extent to which Krupp's reputation with the public was built up in the Nazi era can be seen from the fact that in a collective biography by Wolfgang Loeff published in Stuttgart in 1944, entitled Männer deutscher Geschichte, he appears beside Bismarck, Moltke, Hindenburg, and Admiral Scheer.

⁶⁰ See “[Däbritz, Walter], 75 Jahre Verein deutscher Eisenhüttenleute, 1860-1935 (Düsseldorf, 1935), 101, 102Google Scholar. This item is a reprint from Stahl und Eisen, LV (1935), 1,251Google Scholar ff. The above reference is on pp. 1,351-52. Incidentally, there are in that Festschrift numerous biographical sketches of iron producers, including business leaders in the field; they are easily found, inserted as their names are at the top of the pages, separate from the text.

⁶¹ The author has wondered for years if it would not be possible in America to arrange for meetings of economic and business historians with genealogists for the purpose of inducing the latter to look out for material in which historians are interested and to present it in a suitable form. Here is a wide field for cooperative research.

⁶² See also Corsten, op. cit., nos. 2811, 2813, 2817, 2824, 2848, 2850, 2854, 2859, 2863, 2867, 2897, 2901, 2906, 2925.

⁶³ Wiedenfeld himself described the project in an essay entitled, “Deutsche Wirtschaftsführer,” which appeared in *Von deutscher Art (Festgabe für Ludwig Siebert), Deutsche Akademie, 1939, pp. 90 ff. and in another entitled, “Deutsche Führer von Staat und Wirtschaft” in Zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Unternehmung (for this item, see footnote 72).

⁶⁴ Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, II (1949-1950), p. 100Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ A translation of Wiedenfeld's questionnaire is reprinted in Appendix I to this report.

⁶⁶ See, for example, 4 thed. (Leipzig, 1926), 12 ff.

⁶⁷ “Neue Aufgaben der Betriebswirtschaftslehre” in Betriebswirtschaftliche Beiträge, no. 1 (1947), 6Google Scholar.

⁶⁸ An early attempt in the field should be mentioned: *Redlich, Friedrich Alexander, Sitte und Brauch des livländischen Kaufmanns in Veröffentlichungen der volkskundlichen Forschungsstelle am Herderinstitut zu Riga, III (Riga, 1935Google Scholar). The study, which deals with mores and customs of medieval merchants in Riga, Reval and Dorpat in the Balticum, was accepted as a doctoral thesis in Göttingen in 1934. It contains some interesting material. But at the same time it is a pity that the author did not have any business-historical training. He could have done a most valuable and much better job.

⁶⁹ In the 1930's and 1940's Dr. Fritz Hellwig took a good deal of interest in the problem of business archives. Having prepared himself for an academic career, he was in those years at various times a chamber-of-commerce official in Saarbrücken, a librarian of the Saarwirtschaftsarchiv, and an official of a branch of the association of German steel producers. In 1951 he became the manager of the newly founded Deutsches Industrie Institut in Cologne. (The notes were taken from The Bulwark, edited by Vivian Stranders, August, 1951, page 11.)

^69a The archive of the once famous Berlin banking house of S. Bleichröder is now privately owned and in New Rochelle, N. Y.

⁷⁰ As to the operations of this archive, see Archivalische Zeitschrift, XLIV (1936), 105Google Scholar ff.

⁷¹ See *Hellwig, Fritz, Das Saarwirtschaftsarchiv. Würdigung und Aufgabe, no. 6 of the series Saarwirtschaftsfragen (Saarbrücken-Völklingen, 1938Google Scholar).

⁷² See my report in Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, II (1949/1950), 102Google Scholar. The German sources are *Deutsche Gesellschaft für Dokumentation, Die Dokumentation und ihre Probleme (Leipzig, 1943) containing, on pages 85Google Scholar ff., Wilhelm Gülich's “Die Dokumentation in den gesamten Staats- und Wirtschaftswissenschaften” and, still more to the point, on pages 97 ff. a paper of Fritz Hellwig, “Die Einrichtung von Wirtschaftsarchiven,” which includes a bibliography on the subject. Similar is the latter's treatment of the subject in “Über die Erfassung und Sichtung von Quellen zur Geschichte des Unternehmertums” in *Schriften der Akademie für Deutsches Recht, Gruppe Wirtschaftswissensehaften, no. 5, entitled Zur Wirtschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Unternehmung (Berlin, 1942Google Scholar). See also in the same booklet the papers by Clemens Bauer “Grundsätzliches zur Frage der Wirtschafts-Archive” and by Ernst Zipfel “Über Archivpflege in der Wiretchaft.”

⁷³ See above, page 36.

⁷⁴ Obviously I am not inclined to accept risk-bearing as the decisive element in entrepreneurship.

⁷⁵ See above, page 51.

⁷⁶ *Der Aufstieg des Hauses Rothschild, 1770-1830 (Leipzig, 1927Google Scholar) and *Das Haus Rothschild zur Zeit seiner Blüte, 1830-1871 (Leipzig, 1928Google Scholar). The archive of the Frankfurt and Naples Rothschild houses was deliberately destroyed by the owners as early as 1902; see Archivalische Zeitschrift, XLIV (1936), 114Google Scholar.

⁷⁷ The data contained in the latter item I have tried to extract in the paper, “Jewish Enterprise and Prussian Coinage in the Eighteenth Century,” in Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, III (1950/1951), 161Google Scholar ff.

⁷⁸ Footnote 2, page 2.

⁷⁹ Vol. II, article “Mercantile Accountantship.”

⁸⁰ “Wirtschaftsakten in England” in *Archivalische Zeitschrift, XLIV (1936), 131Google Scholar ff., especially 134, 135.

⁸¹ London, 1933.

⁸² “When the firm becomes a pub,” by Froome, Derek in The Director. The Journal of the Institute of Directors, III (Apr., 1952Google Scholar). Professor Thomas S. Ashton has been kind enough to make a proof of this paper available to the author.

⁸³ For the following see the *Reports of the Council for the Preservation of Business Archives, eight of which have been published so far.

⁸⁴ Quoted from the Sixth Report (1950), 3.

⁸⁵ Seventh Report, 3, 4. One should compare these passages with the German program of the 1930's which is reported in Appendix II.

⁸⁶ Early British entrepreneurial biographies are those by Samuel Smiles (1812-1904), for example, the books on George Moore, James Nasmyth, Josiah Wedgwood, and others.

⁸⁷ See Landes, David, “French Entrepreneurship and Industrial Growth in the Nineteenth Century,” in Journal of Economic History, IX (1949/1950), 45CrossRefGoogle Scholar ff.; and idem, “Entrepreneurial Research in France,” in Explorations in Entrepreneurial History, III (1950/51), 24 ff.

⁸⁸ See page 39.

⁸⁹ The sample used in the following analysis is based on titles collected by David Landes in the course of his studies on French economic history. His cooperation, which included assistance in analyzing the material, has been highly appreciated. Additional titles were derived from the catalogues of Widener and Baker Libraries, from *Henri Sée, Histoire Economique de la France. Les Temps modernes (1789-1914) (Paris, 1942Google Scholar) and Dunham, Arthur L., “The Economic History of France, 1815-1870” in Journal of Modern History, XXI (1949), 121CrossRefGoogle Scholar ff. See also Sawyer, John E., “The Entrepreneur and the Social Order, France and the United States” in Men in Business (Cambridge, Mass., 1952), 7Google Scholar ff.

⁹⁰ With regard to French collective biographies, the student should realize that titles referring to “ouvriers,” “artisans,” and “inventeurs” may disguise items on businessmen. Of course, the use of such terms for businessmen is significant in itself.

⁹¹ As to the collection of, and the earliest attempts at preserving, business records in France, a reference to Sabbe's report in Archivalische Zeitschrift, XLIV (1936), 116, 122Google Scholar, must suffice.

⁹² *Le marché de changes de Paris à la fin du XVIIIè siècle (1778-1800) … (Paris, 1937Google Scholar); *Les Compagnies financières à Paris ä la fin du XVIIIè siècle, 3 vols. (Paris, 1940-1942Google Scholar); *Les Manieurs d'argent à Paris à la fin du XVIIIè siècle (Paris, 1943Google Scholar); *Les Faux-monnayeurs sous la révolution française (Paris, 1946Google Scholar). Other books of Bouchary are counted at their proper places.

⁹³ As to the countries not treated in this report, samples of Swiss and Dutch firm histories available at Baker Library seem to indicate that they follow approximately the German pattern. A greater number of firm histories seem to have been written in the Scandinavian countries. Some of them are rather voluminous and gorgeously laid out and printed. Lack of knowledge of the Scandinavian languages makes an analysis of this material impossible for this author.

⁹⁴ As to the theory of generations, see my book History of American Business Leaders (Ann Arbor, 1940), 22Google Scholar ff.

⁹⁵ The words “berufsständische und marktwirtschaftliche Formen” are not exactly translatable, but the transposition shows what is meant.

⁹⁶ In the heading of the item the Deutsche Akademie is characterized as. “Akadcmie zur wissenschaftlichen Erforschung und Pflege des Deutschtums.” The phrase has been omitted as untranslatable.

⁹⁷ See also the following important papers in Archivalische Zeilschrift, XLIV (1936Google Scholar): Karl Demeter, “Private Wirtschaftsarchive in Berlin”; Etienne Sabbe, “Wirtschafts-Archive”; and A. V. Judges, “Wirtschaftsakten, ihre Sicherung und Benützung in England.” Demeter's paper presents a very sad picture as to Berlin which will have become even sadder after World War II. Sabbe's paper, published also in Les Archives, Bibliothèques et Musées de Belgique, XI (1934), 7Google Scholarff., contains much valuable information and noteworthy titles. Judge's paper reports on the beginnings in England of interest in business records and the foundation of the Council for the Preservation of Business Archives.

⁹⁸ An Industrie- und Handelskammer corresponds roughly to a chamber of commerce, except that the German organizations are semi-public and have many official functions.

⁹⁹ It must be understood that this is not a literal translation of the Aufgaben der Werksarchive (cited above as item 4), but a paraphrase understandable to American readers.