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Bharata's Concept of Sādhāraṇa
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 24 December 2009
Extract
Many of the concepts of Indian music commonly prevalent in Bharata's time, and expressed quite succinctly in his Nāṭyaśāstra, have subsequently been confused by later writers. Even now, several modern writers are still in some doubt as to the nature of the ancient parent scales, the sa-grāma and the sa-grāma. The fundamental difficulty hinges around the location of the svara (note) in relation to its śrutis (component intervals). Contrary to Western practice, the interval is considered to precede the note, so that the four śrutis of sa are located between sa and the ni below it.
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- Information
- Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 21 , Issue 1 , February 1958 , pp. 54 - 60
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- Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1958
References
page 54 note 1Madhyamagrāme tu śruty-apakṛṡṭaḥ pañcamaḥ kāryaḥ. (Bharatanāṭyaśāstra (Kashi Sanskrit Series, No. 60), 318.)
page 54 note 2Ṣaḍjagrāmaḥ pañame svacaturthaśrutisaṃsthite svopāntyaśrutisaṃsthe 'smin madhyamagrāma iṡyate. (Saṅgīta-ratnākara (Adyar Library Series, No. 30), 99–100.)
page 54 note 3āsām ṡaḍjaniṡādadhaivatapañcamamadhyamagāndhārarṡabhāh ṡaḍjagrāme. (Nāṭyaśāstra, prose after śloka 28.)
madhyamagrāme tu … āsāṃ madhyamagāndhāndhārarṡabhaṡaḍjaniṡādadhaivatapañcamāḥ. (Nāṭyaśāstra, prose after śloka 30.)
madhyamasthdnasthāṡadjena mūrcchanārabhyate ‘grimā. (Saṇgīta-ratnākara, I, iv, ś1. 12.)
madhyamadhyamam ārabhya sauvīrī mūrcchanā bhavet. (Saṇgīta-ratnākara, I, iv, ś1. 13.)
page 54 note 4sādhāraṇaṃ nāmāntarasvaratā. (Nāṭyaśāstra, prose before śl. 33.)
page 54 note 5chāyāsu bhavati śītaṃ prasvedo bhavati cātapasthasya na ca nāgato vasanto na ca niḥśeṡaḥ śiśirakālaḥ. (Nāṭyaśāśāstra, śl. 33, p. 321.)
page 55 note 1tatra dviśrutiprakarṡaṇān niṡādādyah kākalīsañjño niṡādo na ṡaḍjab. dvābhyām antarasvaratvāt sādhāraṇatvaṃ pratipadyate. evam gāndhāro 'py antarasvarasañjño gāndhāro na madhyarnaḥ. (Nāṭyaśāstra, prose, p. 321.)
page 55 note 2svarasādhāraṇaṃ dvividhaṃ dvaigrämīkyam. kasmāt? ṡaḍjagrāme ṡaḍjasādhāraṇaṃ madhyamagrāme madhyamasādhāraṇam. sādhāraṇo 'tra svaraviśeṡa iti. (Nātyaśastra, prose on p. 321.)
page 56 note 1dvividhaikamūrcchanāsiddhih, tatra dviśrutiprakarṡād dhaivalīkṛte gāndhāre mūrcchanāgrāmayor anyataratvam; tadvaśān madhyamādayo yathāsankhyena niṡāḍādimatvaṃ pratipādyante. (Nāṭyaśāstra, prose after śl. 31, p. 320.)
page 56 note 2iti ṡaḍjasādhāraṇam evaṃ madhyamagrāme asya tu prayogasauhṡmyāt kaiśikaṃ nāma niṡpadyate. (Nāṭyaśāstra, prose after ś1. 33, p. 321.)
page 56 note 3niṡādo yadi ṡaḍjasya śrutim ādyām samāśrayet rṡabhas tv antimāṃ, proktaṃ ṡaḍjasdāhāraṇaṃ tadā. madhyamasyāpi gapayor evaṃ, sādhāraṇaṃ matam sādhāraṇaṃ madhyanmsya madhyamagramagāṃ dhruvam. sādhāraṇe kaiśike te keśāgravadaṇutvataḥ. (Saṅgīta-ratnākara, I, v, ślokas 7, 8, 9.)
page 56 note 4kaiśike kākalītve ca niṡādas tricatuḥśirutiḥ sādhārarṇe triśrutiḥ, syad antaratve catuḥśrutiḥ gāndhāra iti …. (Saṅgīta-ratnākara, I, iii, ślokas 45 and 42.)
page 57 note 1asyālpaniśādagāndhārāsu jātiṡu prayogaḥ. (Nāṭyaśāstra, prose before śl. 34.) antarasvarasaṃyogo nityam ārohisaṃśrayaḥ kāryas tv alpo viśeṡeṇa nāvarohī kadācana kriyamāṇo 'varohī syīd alpo vā yadi vā bahuḥ jātirāgaṃ, śrutiṃ caiva nayante tv antarasvarāḥ. (Nāṭyaśātra, ślokas 34, 35.)
page 58 note 1ṡāḍavoḍuvitasañjñitāḥ pūrṇāḥ sādhāraṇkṗtāś ceti caturvidhāś caturdaśa mūrcchanāḥ. (Nāḍyaśāstra, prose before śloka 31.)
page 58 note 2sādhāraṇakṛtāś caiva kākalīsamalankṛtāḥ antarasvarasaṃyuktā mūrcchanā grāmayor dvayoḥ. (Nāṭyaśāstra, śloka 32, p. 320.)
page 58 note 3caturdhā tāḥ prthak śuddhāḥ kākalikalitās tathā sānlarās taddvayopetāḥ ṡaṭpañcāśad ilīritāḥ. (Saṅgīta-ratnākara, I, iv, śloka 16.)
page 59 note 1svarasādhāraṇagatās tisro jneyās tu jātavaḥ madhyamā pañcamī caiva ṡaḍjamadhyā tathaiva ca. (Nāaśāstra, śloka 36.)