Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-9q27g Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-23T07:22:52.147Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Political and Social Aspects of Islamic Religious Endowments (awqāf): Saladin in Cairo (1169–73) and Jerusalem (1187–93)

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2009

Yehoshuՙa Frenkel
Yehoshuՙa Frenkel
Affiliation:
University of Haifa.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The Ayyubid Sultan Salāḥ al-Dīn (Saladin) used the pious endowment (waqf, pl. awqāf; alternatively ḥubs, hubūs, pi. aḥbās) as a major instrument in his efforts to gain political and military control over Egypt and Syria. In pursuit of this aim, he systematically converted properties belonging to his enemies into awqāf. The present study investigates some of the legal and social aspects of Saladin's waqf policy in the territories conquered by his armies. Here, I examine Saladin's endowment policy and his political aims from the viewpoint of the Sultan and his court. I will not reflect on the motives of the beneficiaries, those people of religion (al-mu῾ammamūn; literally ‘ the turbaned’) who co-operated with him, even though ‘ mingling with the monarch’ (malik or sultān) apparently clashed with some of the principles stipulated in guides for Suḟi novices.

Type
Articles
Information
Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies , Volume 62 , Issue 1 , January 1999 , pp. 1 - 20
Copyright
Copyright © School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London 1999

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References and Abbreviations

ՙAbbās, Iḥsan. ‘Rihlat Ibn al-ՙArabī ilā al-mashriq kamā ṣawwaraha qānūn al-ta՚wīl’, Al-Abḥath [Beirut], 21, 1968, 59–91.Google Scholar
Ṣāliḥ, Abū the Armenian = Churches and monasteries of Egypt and some neigḣbouring countries attributed to Abu Salih the Armenian, ed. and tr. Evetts, B. T. A.. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1895.Google Scholar
Shāma, Abū, al-Rahmān, ՙAbd. Kitāb al-Rawdatayn fīakhbār al-dawlatayn al-nuriyya wa'l salāḥhiyya, ed. Ahmad, Muḥammad Ḥilmi M.. Cairo: Lajnat al-ta՚llf wa՚1-nashr, 1956–1962.Google Scholar
Al-ՙAlamī, Aḥmad. Waqfiyyat Salaḥ al-Din. Jerusalem: Idārāt al-awqāf al-ՙāmma, 1981.Google Scholar
Al-ՙAlamī, Ahmad (comp.). Waqfiyyāt al-maghāriha. Jerusalem: Da'irat al-awqāf al-ՙāmma, 1981.Google Scholar
Al-ՙArif, ‘Arif. al-Mufassal fī ta'ïkh al-Quds. Jerusalem: Matbaՙat al-Maՙrif, 1961.Google Scholar
Al-ՙAsalī, Kāmil Jamīl. Ma'āhid al-ՙilm fī bayt al-maqdis. Amman: Jāmՙiyat ՙummāl al-maṭābiՙ al-taՙāwuniyya, 1981.Google Scholar
Al-ՙAsalī, Kāmil Jamīl. Watha՚iq maqdisiyya la՚rikhiyya Vol. 1. Amman: Matba ՙat al-tawfīq, 1983.Google Scholar
Al-ՙAsalī, Kāmil Jamīl. Mawsim al-nabī Musa fī Filasṭīn, Amman: Manshūrāt al-jāmiՙa alurduniyya, 1990.Google Scholar
Ashtor, E. ‘An essay on the diet of the various classes in the medieval Levant’, in Fprster, R. and Ranum, O. (ed.), Biology of man in history: selections from the Annales: Économies, Societés et Civilisations. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1975.Google Scholar
Al-Asyūṭī, Shams al-Dīn Muḥammad. Jawāhir al-ՙuqūd wa-muՙīn al-qadā't wa'l muwaqqՙīn wa'lshuhūd, ed. al-Ṣabban, Muḥammad Surūr. Cairo, 1374/1955 [new ed., Asՙad ՙAbd al-Hamid M. al-Ṣa’adani. Beirut: Dār al-kutub al-ՙilmiyya, 1996.]Google Scholar
Al-Azadī, ՙAlī Ibn Zāfir. Akhbār al-dūwal al-munqati'a, ed. Ferre, André. Cairo: IFAO, 1972.Google Scholar
Al-Jawdharī al-ՙAzīzī, Abū ՙAlī al-Manṣur. Sīrat al-Ustādh Jawdhar, ed. Husayn, Muḥammad Kāmil and ՙAbd al-Hādi Sha ՙīra, Muhammad. Cairo, 1954.Google Scholar
French transl. Canard, M., Al-Judhari: vie de I'Ustadh Jaudhar. Algiers: Publications de l'lnstitut d'Etudes Orientales de la Faculté de Lettres d'Alger, 2me série, t. 20, 1958.]Google Scholar
Benoit, P. ‘Découvertes archéologiques autour de la Piscine de Bethésda’, in Jerusalem through the ages: The 25th Archaeological Convention (October 1967). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1968: 48*–57*.Google Scholar
Bilge, Mustafa. ‘A waqf of a madrasa in Jerusalem’, in The third International Conference on Bilad al-Sham: Palestine (19–24 April 1980), Vol. 1: Jerusalem. Amman: University of Jordan, 1983.Google Scholar
Bulliet, R. W.Islam: the view from the edge. New York: University of Columbia Press, 1994.Google Scholar
Cahen, Cl. ‘L'évolution de l'iqtaՙ du IXe au XIIIe siècle’, Annales: Économies, Societés et Civilisations, 8, 1953, 25–52 [repr. in idemCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Les peuples musulmans dans l'histoire médiévale. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1977].Google Scholar
Cahen, Cl. ‘Le régime des impôts dans le Fayyūm Ayyūbide’, Arabica, 3, 1960, 8–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahen, Cl. ‘Contribution á l'étude des impôts dans l'Égypt médiévale’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 5, 1962, 244–278.Google Scholar
Cahen, Cl., ‘ L'Émigration persane des origines de l'lslam aux Mongols’, La Persia nel Medioevo. Rome: Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1971, 181–193 [repr. in idemGoogle Scholar
Les peuples musulmans dans I'histoire médiévale. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1977].Google Scholar
Cahen, Cl., Ragib, Yusuf and Taher, Mustafa Anouar, ‘L'Achat et le waqf d'un grand domaine Egyptian par la vizir Fatimide Talāīՙ b. Ruzzīk: contribution à une publication des waqfs égyptiens médiévaux’, Annales Islamologiques, 14, 1978, 59–126.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cahen, Cl. ‘Réflexions sur le waqf ancien’, Studia Islamica, 14, 1961, 37–56 [repr. in idemCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Les peuples musulmans dans I'histoire médievale. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1977].Google Scholar
Cahen, Cl. Orient et Occident au temps des Croisades. Paris: Aubier Montaigne, 1983.Google Scholar
Canard, M. ‘Un vizir chrétien a l'époque fatimite: l'Arménien Bahrām’, Annales de l'lnstitut d'Études Orientales de la Faculté des Leltres d'Alger, 12, 1954, 88–111. [repr. in idemGoogle Scholar
Miscellanea Orientalia, London: Variorum Press, 1973].Google Scholar
Canard, M. ‘Notes sur les Arméniens en Égypte a l'époque fátimite’, Annales de I'Institut d'Études Orientales de la Faculté des Lettres d'Alger, 13, 1955. 143–158 [repr. in idemGoogle Scholar
Miscellanea Orientalia, London: Variorum Press, 1973].Google Scholar
Chabot, I. B. (ed.), Anonymi auctoris chronicon ad Annum Christi 1234 partinens. (CSCO, 81, 82.) Louvain: 1916. [ English transl.Google Scholar
Tritton, A. S. and Gibb, H. A. R., ‘The First and Second Crusades from an Anonymous Syriac Chronicle’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1933, 69–101; 273–305.]Google Scholar
Clermont-Ganneau, Ch. Archeological Researches in Palestine during the years 1873–1874. London: Committee of the Palestine Exploration Fund, 1899.Google Scholar
Cohen, A.Jewish Life under Islam: Jerusalem in the sixteenth century. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Daftary, F.The Ismāՙīlīs: their history and doctrines. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990.Google Scholar
Dajani-Shakeel, H. ‘Al-Quds: Jerusalem in the consciousness of the counter-crusader’, in Goss, V. P. (ed.), The meeting of two worlds. Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications, 1986, 201–222.Google Scholar
Deguilhem, R. (ed.). Le Waqf dans l'espace islamique: outil de pouvoir socio-politique, [ = A1-Waqf fi 'l-ՙālam al-islāmī]. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1995.Google Scholar
Denoix, S.Décrire le Caire (Fusṭāṭ-Misr) d'après Ibn Duqmāq et Maqrīzī. Cairo: IFAO, 1992.Google Scholar
Deroche, F. ‘Collections de manuscripts anciens du Coran a Istanbul’, in Éludes médiévales et patrimoine Turc. [Festschrift M. K. Atatürk.] Paris: CNRS, 1983.Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A. S.Saladin. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Ehrenkreutz, A. S. ‘Saladin's coup d'état in Egypt’, in Hanna, S. A. (ed.), Medieval and Middle Eastern studies in honor of Aziz Suryal Atiya. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972.Google Scholar
Elisseeff, N.Nur ad-Din: un grand prince musulman de Syrie au temps des Croisades, Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1967.Google Scholar
Fernandes, L. ‘The foundation of Baybars al-Jashankir: its waqf, history and architecture’, Muqarnas, 4, 1987, 21–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fernandes, L.The evolution of a Sufi institution in Mamluk Egypt: the Khanqah. Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1988.Google Scholar
Frantz-Murphy, G.The agrarian administration of Egypt from the Arabs to the Ottomans. (Suppl. Annales Islamologiques. Cahier no. 9.) Cairo: IFAO, 1986.Google Scholar
Gabrieli, F. (tr.), Arab historians of the Crusades. [English transl. E. T. Costello.] London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1969.Google Scholar
Gaudefroy-Demombynes, M. ‘Une lettre de Saladin au Calife Almohade’, in Mélanges René Basset: Études nord-africaines et orientales. Paris: Ernest Leroux, 1925: II, 279–304.Google Scholar
Gibb, H. A. R.The Life of Saladin from the works of ‘Imād ad-Dīn and Bahd' ad-Dīn, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1973.Google Scholar
Gibb, H. A. R.Saladin: studies in Islamic history. [Collected articles, ed. Ibish, Y..] Beirut: Arab Institut for Research, 1974.Google Scholar
Gil, M.A History of Palestine 634–1099. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992.Google Scholar
Gilbert, J. E. ‘Institutionalization of Muslim scholarship and professionalization of the ‘Ulamā’ in medieval Damascus’, Studia Islamica, 52, 1980, 105–134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grohmann, A.Arabic papyri in the Egyptian Library. 6 vols. Cairo: Egyptian Library Press, 1934–1962.Google Scholar
Guellil, G. L.Damaszener Akten des 8/14 Jahrhunderts nach at-Tarsusis Kitāb al-I'lām, Bamberg: Aku, 1988.Google Scholar
Hallaq, W. B. and Little, D. P. (ed.), Islamic studies presented to Charles J. Adams. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Halm, H.Die Ausbreitung der Šaftՙitischen Rechtsschule von den Anfangen bis zum 8/14 Jahrhundert. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert, 1974.Google Scholar
Halm, H. ‘The re-establishment of Sunni Fiqh in Jerusalem under Ayyubid rule’. The third International Conference on Bilad al-Sham: Palestine (19–24 April 1980): Vol. 1: Jerusalem. Amman: University of Jordan, 1983.Google Scholar
Hein, H. A. ‘Beiträge zur Ayyubidschen Diplomatik’. Ph.D. thesis, Albert und Ludwigs Universität zu Freiburg im Breisgau, 1968.Google Scholar
Al-Ḥusayni, Muḥammad Asՙad. Al-Manhal al-ṣāfi fī 'l-waqf wa-ahkāmihi. Jerusalem: Wakalat Abū ՙArafa, 1982.Google Scholar
al-Zāhir, Ibn ՙAbd. Al-Rawḍa al-bahiyya al-zāhira fī khiṭaṭ al-muՙiziyya al-Qāhira, ed. Sayyid, Ayman Fu'ād. Cairo: Dār al-ՙArabiyya, 1996.Google Scholar
al-Wafā', Ibn Abī, al-Dīn, Muhyial-Qādir, ՙAbdAl-Qurashī, . Al-Jawāhir al-mudiyya fī tabaqāl al-hanafiyya, ed. al-Hilu, ՙAbd al-Fattaḥ Muḥammad. 5 vols. Cairo: Hajar, 1993.Google Scholar
al-Athīr, Ibn. al-Kāmil fi 'l-ta'rīkh. Beirut: Dār Sadir, 1966.Google Scholar
Firkāḥ, Ibn, Bāՙith al-nufūs, ed. Matthews, C. O., ‘The Kitāb bāՙitu-n-nufūs of Ibnu-l-Firkāḥ՚, Journal of the Palestine Oriental Society, 14, 15, 1934, 1935, 284–293; 51–87.Google Scholar
Jamal al-Dīn, Ibn al-JawzI. Fadā՚il al-Quds, ed. Jabbūr, J. S.. Beirut: Dār al-Afaq al-Jadida, 1979.Google Scholar
Jubayr, Ibn. Rihla, ed. Wright, W.. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1907 [English transl.Google Scholar
Broadhurst, R. J. T., The travels of Ibn Jubayr, London: Jonathan Cape, 1952].Google Scholar
Khaldūn, Ibn. al-Muqaddima, ed. Quatremère, M., Prolegomènes d'Ebn Khaldoun. Paris, 1858 [English transl.Google Scholar
Rosental, F., The Muqadimmimah: an introduction to history, 2nd ed., Bollinger Series, 44. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1967].Google Scholar
Khaldūn, Ibn. al-Taՙrīf bi-Ibn Khaldūn, ed. Tanji, M.. Cairo: Lajnat al-Taՙrif wa՚l Nashr, 1951.Google Scholar
Khallikān, Ibn. Wafayāt al-aՙyān wa-anbā' abnā' al-zamān, ed. ՙAbbās, Iḥsan. Beirut: Dār al-Thaqafa, 1968–1972.Google Scholar
al-Ma՚mūn, Ibn. Akhbār misr. ed. Sayyid, Ayman Fu՚ād. Cairo: IFAO, 1983.Google Scholar
Ibn Mammati, Asՙad. Kitāb qawānīn al-dawāwīn, ed. ՙAtiya, ՙAziz. Cairo: Al-Jamՙiyya al-ziraՙiyya al-malikiyya, 1943 [repr. Cairo: Madbuli, 1996].Google Scholar
Muyassar, Ibn. al-Muntaqa min akhbār miṣr, ed. Sayyid, Ayman Fu'ād. Cairo: IFAO, 1981.Google Scholar
Ibn Shaddad, Baha՚ al-Dīn Yūsuf. al-Nawādir al-sultāniyya wa'l mahāsin al-yusufiyya: sīrat Salāh al-Dīn ed. al-Shayyāl, Jamāl al-Dīn. Cairo: Al-Mu'asasa al-Miṣriyya al-ՙāmma li՚l ta՚lif, 1964.Google Scholar
Shaddād, Ibn, ‘Izz al-Dīn Muhammad al-Halabī. al-Aՙlāq al-khatīra fī dhikr umara' al-shām wa'Ijazīra, ed. Sourdel, D.. Damascus: Institut Français de Damas, 1953.Google Scholar
Ṭuwayr, Ibn. Nuzhat al-muqlatayn fī akhbār al-dawlatayn, ed. Sayyid, Ayman Fu՚ād. Beirut: Franz Steiner, 1992.Google Scholar
Ibn Wāsil, Jamāl al-Dīn. Mufarrij al-kurūb fī akhbār banī Ayyūb, ed. Al-Shayyāl, . 5 vols. Cairo: Wizarat al-thaqafa, 1953–1977.Google Scholar
Ibn al-Wāsiṭī, al-Ghāzī. ‘Kitāb Radd ՙalā ahl al-dhimma’, ed. and tr. Gottheil, R., ‘An answer to the dhimmis’, Journal of the American Oriental Society, 41, 1921, 383–417.Google Scholar
Al-ՙImad, L. S.The Fatimid Vizierate (969–1172). Berlin: Klaus Schwarz, 1990.Google Scholar
Ipsirli, Mehmed and al-Tamimi, Mohammed Da՚oud. The Muslim pious foundations and real estates in Palestine according to the sixteenth century Ottoman Tahrir registers [ = Awqāf wa-māl al-muslimin fī filaṭīn.] Istanbul: IRCICA, 1982.Google Scholar
Al-Isfahānī, ‘Imād al-Dīn. al-Fath al-qussīfī ‘l-fath al-qudsī, ed. Landberg, de. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1888. [French transl.Google Scholar
Massé, H., Conquête de la Syrie et de la Palestine par Saladin (519–597/1125–1201), Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1972.]Google Scholar
Khan, G. ‘A Document of appointment of a Jewish leader in Syria issued by al-Malik al-Afdal ‘All in 589/1193’, in Ragib, Y. (ed.), Documents de I'Islam médiéval. Paris: IFAO, 1991: 97–116.Google Scholar
Khan, G.Arabic legal and administrative documents. (Cambridge Genizah Series, 10.) Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993.Google Scholar
Layish, A. ‘Waqfs and Sufi monasteries in the Ottoman policy of colonization’, BSOAS, 50/1, 1987, 61–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiser, G. ‘The restoration of Sunnism in Egypt: madrasas and mudarrisun 495–647/1101–1249’. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Michigan, Ann-Arbor, 1977.Google Scholar
Leiser, G. ‘Hanbalism in Egypt before the Mamuks’, Studia Islamica, 54, 1981, 155–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiser, G. ‘The madrasa and the Islamization of the Middle East: the case of Egypt’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 22, 1985, 29–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leiser, G. ‘Notes on the madrasa in medieval Islamic society’, The Muslim World, 76, 1986, 16–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lev, Y.State and society in Fatimid Egypt. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewis, B. (ed. and tr.). Islam, from the Prophet Muhammad to the capture of Constantinople. New-York: Harper & Row, 1974.Google Scholar
Little, D. P. ‘The significance of the Haram documents for the study of medieval Islamic history’, Der Islam, 57, 1980, 189–219 [repr. in idemCrossRefGoogle Scholar
History and historiography of the Mamluks, London: Variorum Press, 1986].Google Scholar
Little, D. P. ‘Six fourteenth century purchase deeds for slaves from al-Haram aš-Šarīf’, Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 131, 1981 295–337 [ repr. in idemGoogle Scholar
History and historiography of the Mamluks, London: Variorum Press, 1986].Google Scholar
Little, D. P. ‘Two fourteenth-century court records from Jerusalem concerning the disposition of slaves by minors’, Arabica, 29, 1982, 16–49 [repr. in idemCrossRefGoogle Scholar
History and historiography of the Mamluks, London: Variorum Press, 1986].Google Scholar
Little, D. P.A catalogue of the Islamic documents from al-Haram aš-Šarif in Jerusalem. (Beiruter Texte und Studien, Bd. 29.) Beirut: Orient Institut der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, 1984.Google Scholar
Little, D. P. ‘The nature of khanqahs, ribats and zawiyas under the Mamluks’, in Hallaq, W. B. and Little, D. P. (ed.), Islamic studies presented to Charles J. Adams. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1991.Google Scholar
Lyons, M. C. and Jackson, D. E. P.Saladin: the politics of the Holy War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982.Google Scholar
Madelung, W. ‘The spread of Maturidism and the Turks’, Adas do IV Congresso de Estudos Arabes e Islamicos, Coimbra-Lisboa 1968. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971: 146–164.Google Scholar
Makdisi, G.The rise of Colleges: institutions of learning in Islam and the West. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Al-Makhzūmī, Abū'l-Hasan ‘Alī. Kitāb al-Minhāj fī ՙilm kharāj miṣsr, ed. Cahen, Cl. and Ragib, Yusuf. Cairo: IFAO, 1986.Google Scholar
Al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn. al-Mawā'iz wa'l-i’tibār bi-dhikr al-khitat wa'l athār. Bülāq, 1853.Google Scholar
Al-Maqrīzī, Taqī al-Dīn. Kitāb al-Sulūk li-maՙrifat duwal al-mulūk, ed. Ziyada, M. M.. Cairo: Maṭbaՙat jamՙiyat Fu՚ād al-awwal, 1934–1958.Google Scholar
Al-Maqrīzī, Taqi al-Dīn. Ittiՙāż al-hunafā՚ bi-akhbār al-a'imma al-fātimiyin al-khulafā', ed. Aḥmad, Muḥammạd ḥilmi M.. Cairo: Dār al-Taḥrir, 1973.Google Scholar
Massignon, L. ‘Document sur certains waqfs des lieux saints de l'lslam’, Revue des Études Islamiques, 19, 1951, 73–126.Google Scholar
Mayer, H. E.Bistümer, Klöster und Stifte im Königreich Jerusalem. Stuttgart: A. Hiersemann, 1977.Google Scholar
Moberg, A. ‘Zwei ägyptische Waqf-Urkunden aus dem Jahre 691/1292’, Le Monde Oriental, 12, 1918, 1–61.Google Scholar
Mujīr al-Dīn, al-ՙUlaymī al-Hanball. al-Uns al-jalīl bi-ta'rikh al-Quds wa'l Khalīl. Amman: Maktabat al-muhtasib, 1973Google Scholar
Nābulsī, ՙUthman. ‘Kitāb Luma' al-qawānīn al-mudiyyya fī dawanin al-diydr al-misriyya’, ed. Becker, C. and Cahen, Cl., Bulletin d'Études Orientales, 16, 1958–1960, 119–134; 1–78 (Arabic).Google Scholar
Nabulsī, ‘Uthmān. ‘Tajrīd sayf al-himma’= ‘Histoires Coptes d'un cadi médiéval, extraits du Kitāb tajrīd saïf al-himma ḍe ՙUthmān al-Nābulsī’, ed. Cahen, Cl.. Bulletin de I'Institut François d'Archéologie Oriental, 59, 1960, 133–150.Google Scholar
al-Mulk, Niżām. Siyar al-Mulūk, ed. Darke, H.. Tehran: Bongah Tarjime va-Nashr Kitāb, 1962 [transl.Google Scholar
Darke, H., The Book of government or Rules for kings, London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1960].Google Scholar
Petry, C. F.The civilian elite of Cairo in the later Middle Ages, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1981.Google Scholar
Powers, D. S. ‘Revenues of public waqfs in sixteenth century Jerusalem’, Archivum Ottomanicum, 9, 1984, 163–202.Google Scholar
Prawer, J.Crusader institutions. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1980.Google Scholar
Al-Qalqashandī, Aḥmad. Subḥ al-aՙshā fī ṣināՙat al-inshaՙ, IV. Cairo: Dār al-kutub al-Miṣriya, 1924.Google Scholar
Rabiՙ, M. Hassanayn. ‘Hujjat tamlāk wa-waqf’, Al-Majalla al-Ta'rikhīyya al-Miṣriyya, 12, 1964–1965, 191–202.Google Scholar
Rabie, H. ‘The size and value of the iqtaՙ in Egypt 564–741/1169–1341’, in Cook, M. (ed.), Studies in the economic history of the Middle East. London: Oxford University Press, 1970.Google Scholar
Rabie, H.The financial system of Egypt A.H. 564–741/A.D. 1169–1341. (London Oriental Series, Vol. 15.) London: Oxford University Press, 1972.Google Scholar
Répertoire Chronologique d'Épiġraphie Arabe. Cairo: IFAO, 1937.Google Scholar
Richards, D. S. ‘Saladin's hospital in Jerusalem: its foundations and some later archival material’, in ‘Athamina, Khalil and Heacock, Roger (ed.), The Frankish wars and their influence on Palestine: selected papers presented at Bir Zeit University's International Academic Conference. Birzeit University, 1994.Google Scholar
Runciman, S.A history of the Crusades. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971.Google Scholar
Saarisalo, A. ‘A Waqf-document from Sinai’, Studia Orientalia [Helsinki], 5/1, 1933.Google Scholar
Al-Sālim, ՙAbd al-ՙAzīz. Ta'rīkh al-iskandariya wa-ḥaḍaratiha fī al-ՙasr al-islāmī. Alexandria: Mu'asasat shabāb al-jamiՙa, 1982.Google Scholar
Al-Samarqandī, Abū Layth, Tanbīh al-ghāfitīn. Cairo: Dar Ihya al-Kutub, n.d.Google Scholar
Al-Samarqandī, Abū Nasr Ahmad b. Muḥammad. Kitāb al-Shurūt wa'l wathā'iq, ed. al-Harithi, Muḥammad Jasim. Baghdad, 1988.Google Scholar
Sato, Tasugitaka. State and rural society in Medieval Islam: sultans, muqta's and fallahun. Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayyid, Ayman Fu'ād. al-Dawla al-fāṭimiyya fī Miṣr. Cairo: Dar al-Misriyya al-lubnaniyya, 1992.Google Scholar
Schacht, J. ‘Early doctrines on Waqf’, in Mélanges Fuad Köprülü. Istanbul: Osman Yalcm Matbâsi, 1953.Google Scholar
Schaeffer, K. S. ‘Jerusalem in the Ayyubid and Mamluk eras’. Ph.D. thesis, New York University, 1985.Google Scholar
Sharon, M. ‘A waqf inscription from Ramlah’, Arabica, 13, 1966, 76–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Shayyal, Jamal al-Dīn. A’lām al-Iskandariya. Cairo: Dar al-Maՙarif, 1965.Google Scholar
Sivan, E. ‘Le caractère sacré de Jérusalem dans l'lslam aux xiie-xiiie siècles’, Studia Islamica, 27, 1967, 149–182.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivan, E. ‘Notes sur la situation des Chrétiens a l'époque ayyubide’, Revue de I'Histoire des Religions, 172, 1967, 117–130.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sivan, E. ‘Refugiés Syro-Palestiniens au temps des Croisades’, Revue des Études Islamiques, 35, 1967, 135–147.Google Scholar
Sivan, E.L'lslam et la Croisade: idéologic et propagande dans les réactions musulmanes aux Croisades, Paris: Librarie d'Amérique et d'Orient, 1968.Google Scholar
Sourdel, D. ‘Les professeurs de madrasa à Alep’, Bulletin d'Études Orientaux, 13, 1951, 85–116.Google Scholar
Sourdel, D. ‘Réflexions sur la diffusion de la madrasa en orient du xie au xiiie siècle’, Revue des Études Islamiques, 44, 1976, 165–184.Google Scholar
Sourdel, J. and D., ‘Biens fonciers constitutes waqf en Syrie fatimide pour une famille de sharifs damascains’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 15, 1972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sourdel, J. and D., ‘Trois actes de vente damascains du ive/xe siecle’, Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 8, 1965.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephan, St. H. ‘An endowment deed of Khasseki Sultan, dated the 24th May 1552’, The Quarterly of the Department of Antiquities in Palestine, 10, 1942, 170–194.Google Scholar
Stern, S. M. (ed.) Documents from Islamic chanceries. First Series. (All Souls Studies, 3.) Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1966.Google Scholar
Stern, S. M. (ed.), Fātimids decrees: original documents from the Fāṭimid chanceries. London: Faber and Faber, 1964.Google Scholar
Stern, S. M. ‘Petitions from the Ayyubid period’, BSOAS, 27/1, 1964, 1–32. [ repr. in idemCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coins and documents from the medieval Middle East. London: Variorum Reprints, 1986.]Google Scholar
Stern, S. M. ‘Two Ayyubid decrees from Sinai’, in idem (ed.), Documents from Islamic chanceries. Oxford: Bruno Cassirer, 1965 [repr. in idemGoogle Scholar
Coins and documents from the Medieval Middle East. London: Variorum Reprints, 1986].Google Scholar
Al-Subkī, ՙAIT Taqī al-Dīn. al-Fatāwā. 2 vols. Cairo: Matba ՙat al-kudsi, 1355/1936.Google Scholar
Sublet, J. ‘Le Séquestre sue les jardins de la Ghouta (Damas 666/1267)’, Studia Islamica, 43, 1976, 81–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Al-Suhrawardi, Abū Najīb ՙAbd al-Raḥmān. Kitāb Adab al-murīdin, ed. Milson, M.. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press, 1978.Google Scholar
Al-Sulamī, Muhammad Abū ՙAbd al-Raḥmān. Jawāmiՙ adab al-ṣūfiyya, ed. Kohlberg, E.. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press, 1976.Google Scholar
Al-Sulamī, Muḥammad Abū ‘Abd al-Raḥman. Kitāb Adab al-suḥba, ed. Kister, M. J.. Jerusalem: Israel Oriental Society, 1954.Google Scholar
Al-Suyūṭ¯, Jalāl al-Dīn. ḥusn al-muhaḍara fī ta'rīkh Miṣr wa'l Qāhira, ed. Ibrahīm, Muḥammad Abū '1-Faḍl. Cairo: 1387/1968.Google Scholar
Tabba, Y. ‘Monuments with a message: propagation of Jihad under Nur a-Din’, in Goss, V. P. (ed.), The meeting of two worlds, Kalamazoo, Mich.: Medieval Institute Publications, 1986: 223–240.Google Scholar
Al-Tahawī, Aḥmad. al-Shurūṭ al-saghīr, Baghdad: Matbaՙat al-ՙAni, 1972.Google Scholar
Munqidh, Usāma Ibu. Kitāb al-Iՙtibār՚, ed. al-Samarrā'ī, Qāsim. Riyad, 1987. [English trans.Google Scholar
Hitti, P., An Arab-Syrian gentleman and warrior, New York: Columbia University Press, 1929; repr. London: Tauris, 1987.]Google Scholar
Van Berchem, M.Materiaux pour un Corpus Inscriptionum Arabicum; 2ème Partie: Syrie du Sud. T. I, Jérusalem Ville. Cairo, 1922.Google Scholar
Vincent, L. H. and Abel, F. M., Jérusalem Nouvelle. Paris: J. Gabalda, 1922–1926.Google Scholar
Wiet, G. ‘Les inscriptions de Saladin’, Syria, III, 1922, 307–328.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wiet, G. ’Les inscriptions du mausolée de Shafi‘Ī’, Bulletin de l'lnstitut d'Égypte, 15, 1933, 167–185.Google Scholar
Ziadeh, N. A.Urban life in Syria under the early Mamluks. Beirut: AUB Press, 1953.Google Scholar