Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-sh8wx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-20T21:56:32.379Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Multitrophic interactions and management of the diamondback moth: a review

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 July 2009

Robert H.J. Verkerk  and
Denis J. Wright
Robert H.J. Verkerk
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, UK
Denis J. Wright*
Affiliation:
Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, UK
*
Dr D. J. Wright, Department of Biology, Imperial College at Silwood Park, Ascot, Berkshire, SL5 7PY, UK.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The diamondback moth, Plutella xylostellaLinnaeus (Yponomeutidae), remains one of the most serious pests of crucifers in many parts of the world, particularly in South East Asia. This paper reviews the wide array of strategies which have been used in attempts to control P. xylostella over the last 40 years and consolidates the fragmented and sometimes hard-to-access literature on two and three level trophic interactions (e.g. host plant—herbivore, herbivore—natural enemy and host plant-herbivore—natural enemy interactions) involving the pest. Special reference is made to studies and examples from South East Asia, and in particular Malaysia, where P. xylostella and its primary parasitoids have been well studied owing to the great economic significance of the pest in this region. It is suggested that a multitrophic approach to research may assist in the development of more sustainable methods for the management of P. xylostella and overcome some of the problems inherent with insecticide-intensive methods.

Type
Review Article
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 86 , Issue 3 , June 1996 , pp. 205 - 216
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1996

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbas, M.S.T. (1988) Biological and ecological studies on Diade-gma semiclausum Hellén (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a larval parasite of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera, Plutellidae) in Egypt. Anzeiger für Schadlingskunde Pflanzenschutz, Unweltschutz 61, 1–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abdul, Kadir H.B. (1992) Potential of several baculoviruses for the control of diamondback moth and Crocidolomia binotalis on cabbages. pp. 185–192 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, Tainan, Taiwan, 10–14 December, 1990. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Abdul, Kadir H.B. & Payne, C.C. (1989) Relationship of Plutella xylostella nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) to NPV of Galleria mellonella. journal of Invertebrate Pathology 53, 113–116.Google Scholar
Abro, G.H. (1985) Varietal resistance and insecticide efficacy against the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. 159 pp. PhD Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Abro, G.H. & Wright, D.J. (1989) Host plant preference and the influence of different cabbage cultivars on the toxicity of abamectin and cypermethrin against Plutella xylostella (Lepi-doptera: Yponomeutidae). Annals of Applied Biology 115, 481–487.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andrews, K.L. (1984) Plutella: su reconocimiento y control. El manejo integrado de plagas invertebradas en cultivos agronomicos, horticolas y frutales en la Escuela Agricola Panamericana. Zamorana, Honduras 11, 37–38.Google Scholar
Beck, N.G. & Cameron, P.J. (1990) Comparison of lepidopteran pest populations and their parasitoids in three vegetable brassicas. pp. 21–25in Proceedings of the 43rd New Zealand Weed and Pest Control Conference. Palmerston North, New Zealand, NZ Weed and Pest Control Society.Google Scholar
Biever, K.D., Hostetter, D.L. & Kern, J.R. (1994) Evolution and implementation of a biological control–IPM system for crucifers: 24-year case history. American Entomologist 40, 103–108.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bryant, J.E. (1994) Application strategies for Bacillus thuringiensis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 49, 65–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chew, F.S. (1977) Coevolution of pierid butterflies and their cruciferous food plants. II. The distribution of eggs on potential food plants. Evolution 31, 568–579.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiu, S.C. & Chien, C.C. (1972) Observations on Apanteles plutellae Kurdjumov, a larval parasite of diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella Linnaeus). Plant Protection Bulletin of Taiwan 14, 145–152.Google Scholar
Chow, Y.S. (1992) Disruption effect of the synthetic sex phero-mone and its analogues on diamondback moth, pp. 105–108 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Chua, T.H. & Ooi, P.A.C. (1986) Evaluation of three parasites in the biological control of diamondback moth in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, pp. 173–184 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth management: proceedings of the first international workshop. 11–15 March, 1985, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Taiwan, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Davis, A.J. (1987) Effects of experiences and kairomones on searching behaviour of Diadegma eucerophaga (Ichneumonidae) for Plutella xylostella (Plutellidae) on Brassica plants. Medelingen van de Faculteit Landbouwwetenschappen. Rijksuniversiteit, Gent 52, 403–411.Google Scholar
Dickson, M.H. & Eckenrode, C.J. (1975) Variation in Brassica oleracea resistance to cabbage looper and imported cabbage worm in the greenhouse and field. journal of Economic Entomology 68, 757–760.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickson, M.H. & Eckenrode, C.J. (1980) Breeding for resistance in cabbage and cauliflower to cabbage looper, imported cabbageworm and diamondback moth. journal of the American Society of Horticultural Science 105, 782–785.Google Scholar
Dickson, M.H., Eckenrode, C.J. & Lin, J. (1992) Breeding for diamondback moth resistance in Brassica oleracea, pp. 137–143 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests; proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Dickson, M.H., Shelton, A.M., Eigenbrode, S.D., Vamosy, M.L. & Mora, M. (1990) Breeding for resistance to diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, in cabbage. HortScience 25, 1643–1646.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eigenbrode, S.D. & Shelton, A.M. (1992) Resistance to diamond-back moth in Brassica: Mechanisms and potential for resistant cultivars, pp. 65–74 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Eigenbrode, S.D., Shelton, A.M. & Dickson, M.H. (1990) Two types of resistance to the diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in cabbage. Environmental Entomology 19, 1086–1090.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, P.R. & Hardman, J.A. (1988) Investigations of the resistance of cabbage cultivars and breeders lines to insect pests at Wellesbourne, pp. 99–105 in Cavalloro, R. & Pelerents, C. (Eds) Progress on pest management in field vegetables: proceedings CEC/IOBC experts' group meetings, Rennes, 20–22 November 1985. Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema.Google Scholar
Endersby, N.M. & Morgan, W.C. (1991) Alternatives to synthetic chemical insecticides for use in crucifer crops. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 8, 33–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Endersby, N.M., Morgan, W.C., Stevenson, B. & Waters, C.T. (1992) Alternatives to regular insecticide applications for control of lepidopterous pests of Brassica oleracea var. capitata. Biological Agriculture and Horticulture 8, 189–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, S.H. & Ho, K.K. (1971) A preliminary study on the life history of Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. and the effects of different insecticides to it. Plant Protection Bulletin of Taiwan 13, 156–161.Google Scholar
Feeny, P. (1976) Plant apparency and chemical defense. pp. 1–40 in Wallace, J.W. & Mansell, R.L. (Eds) Biochemical interaction between plants and insects. New York, Plenum Press.Google Scholar
Feeny, P. (1977) Defensive ecology of the Cruciferae. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 64, 221–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feeny, P. (1983) Co-evolution in plants and insects. pp. 167–185 in Whitehead, D.L. & Bowers, W.S. (Eds) Natural products for innovative pest management. New York, Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Fitton, M. & Walker, A. (1992) Hymenopterous parasitoids associated with diamondback moth: the taxonomic dilemma. pp. 225–232 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop. 10–14 Dec. 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Taipei, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Fox, L.R., Letourneau, D.K., Eisenbach, J. & Van Nouhuys, S. (1990) Parasitism rates and sex ratios of a parasitoid wasp: effects of herbivore and plant quality. Oecologia 83, 414–419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furlong, M.J. (1993) Studies on acylurea resistance in diamondback moth and effects of teflubenzuron on two larval parasitoids. 146 pp. PhD Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Furlong, M.J. & Pell, J.K. (1994) The development of a novel strategy for the control of Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) using sex pheromones and the fungus Zoophthora radicans (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) pp. 397–398 in Rajan, A. & Ibrahim, Y.B. (Eds) Plant protection in the tropics: proceedings of the fourth international conference on plant protection in the tropics. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia Plant Protection Society.Google Scholar
Furlong, M.J. & Wright, D.J. (1993) Effect of the acylurea insect growth regulator teflubenzuron on the endo-larval stages of the hymenopteran parasitoids Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum in a susceptible and an acylurea-resistant strain of Plutella xylostella. Pesticide Science 39, 305–312.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furlong, M.J. & Wright, D.J. (1994) Examination of stability of resistance and cross-resistance patterns to acylurea insect growth regulators in field populations of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, from Malaysia. Pesticide Science 42, 315–326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Furlong, M.J., Verkerk, R.H.J. & Wright, D.J. (1994) Differential effects of the acylurea insect growth regulator teflubenzuron on the adults of two endolarval parasitoids of Plutella xylostella, Cotesia plutellae and Diadegma semiclausum. Pesticide Science 41, 359–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gupta, P.D. & Thornsteinson, A.J. (1960) Food plant relationships of the diamondback moth (Plutella maculipennis (Curt.)) II. Sensory relationship of oviposition of the adult female. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 3, 305–314.Google Scholar
Happe, M., Kirchoff, K., Wassenger-Wittlich, G. & Madel, M. (1988) The biology of the parasitic wasp Diadegma semiclausum Hellén (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) and its host Plutella xylostella Curtis (Lepidoptera; Yponomeutidae). Mitteilungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Allgemeine und Angewandte Entomologie 6, 146–149.Google Scholar
Hardy, J.E. (1938) Plutella maculipennis Curt., its natural and biological control in England. Bulletin of Entomological Research 29, 343–372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillyer, R.J. & Thorsteinson, A.J. (1969) The influence of the host plant or males on ovarian development or oviposition in the diamondback moth Plutella maculipennis (Curt.). Canadian Entomologist 47, 805–816.Google Scholar
Ho, T.H. (1965) The life-history and control of the diamondback moth in Malaya: Bulletin No. 118. 26pp. Malaysia, Division of Agriculture.Google Scholar
Holling, C.S. (1959) Some characteristics of simple types of predation and parasitism. Canadian Entomologist 91, 385–398.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Iqbal, M., Verkerk, R.H.J., Furlong, M.J., Ong, P-C., Syed, A.R. & Wright, D.J. (1995) Evidence for resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) subsp. Kurstaki HD-1, Bt subsp. aizawai and abamectin in field populations of the diamond-back moth from Malaysia. Pesticide Science (in press).Google Scholar
Jangi, M.S., Ibrahim, A.G., Liau, S.S., Lim, G-S., Lim, G.T., Mohamed, M.S. & Ooi, P.A.C. (1991) Biological control in Malaysia: insects and other pests. 110pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute.Google Scholar
Jusoh, M.Md., Loke, W.H., Syed, A.R. & Tyre, M. (Eds) (1992) Training manual on integrated pest management of diamondback moth on cabbage in Malaysia. 68 pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute.Google Scholar
Kartosuwondo, U. & Sunjaya, (1991) Potential role of wild crucifers in the preservation of Diadegma eucerophaga Horst. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae), a parasite of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Biotropica 4, 31–40.Google Scholar
Keinsmeesuke, P., Vattanatangum, A., Sarnthou, O., Sayampol, B., Miyata, T., Saito, T., Nakasuki, F. & Sinchaisri, N. (1992) Life table of diamondback moth and its egg parasite Trichogrammatoidea bactrae in Thailand, pp. 309–315 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Klemm, U. & Schmutterer, H. (1993) Effects of neem preparations on Plutella xylostella L. and its natural enemies of the genus Trichogramma. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkrankheiten und Pflanzenschutz 100, 113–128.Google Scholar
Legaspi, B.A.C. Jr. (1984) A comparative study of the foraging behaviour of two species of Diadegma (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) attacking the diamond-back moth. 285 pp. PhD Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Legaspi, B.A.C. Jr. (1986) Host discrimination in two species of ichneumonid wasps, Diadegma spp., attacking larvae of Plutella xylostella. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 41, 79–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, G-S. (1986) Biological control of diamondback moth, pp. 159–172 in Talekar, N.S. & Griggs, T.D. (Eds) Diamond-back moth management: proceedings of the first international workshop, 11–15 March, 1985, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Lim, G-S. (1982) The biology and effects of parasites on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. 317 pp. PhD Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Lim, G-S. (1992) Integrated pest management of diamondback moth: practical realities, pp. 565–576 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Lim, G-S. & Ko, W.W. (1975) Apanteles plutellae Kurdj., a newly recorded parasite of Plutella xylostella (L.) in Malaysia. MARDI Research Bulletin 3, 94–95.Google Scholar
Lim, G-S. & Yusoh, M.R. (1992) Cotesia plutellae: importance, biology and mass rearing, pp. 15–23 in Jusoh, M.Md., Loke, W.H., Syed, A.R. & Tyre, M. (Eds) Training manual on integrated pest management of diamondback moth on cabbage in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute.Google Scholar
Lin, J., Eckenrode, C.J. & Dickson, M.H. (1983) Variation in Brassica oleracea resistance to diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 76, 1423–1427.Google Scholar
Lloyd, D.C. (1940) Host selection by hymenopteran parasites of the moth Plutella maculipennis. Proceedings of the Royal Society, London (B) 128, 451–484.Google Scholar
Loke, W.H., Lim, G-S., Syed, A.R., Abdul, Aziz A.M., Rani, M.Y., Jusoh, M.Md., Chea, U.B. & Fauziah, I. (1992) Management of diamondback moth in Malaysia: Development, implementation and impact. pp. 529–539 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 Dec., 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Taipei, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Louda, S.M. (1986) Insect herbivory in response to root cutting and flooding stress on a native crucifer under field conditions. Acta Oecologica Generalis 7, 37–53.Google Scholar
Maa, C.J.W., Chen, Y.W., Ying, Y.J. & Chow, Y.S. (1987) Effect of environmental factors on male adult catch by synthetic female sex pheromone trap of diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, in Taiwan. Bulletin of the Institute of Zoology, Academia Sinica 26, 257–269.Google Scholar
May, R.M. & Hassell, M.P. (1981) The dynamics of multipara-sitoid-host interactions. American Naturalist 117, 234–261.Google Scholar
McCloskey, C. & Isman, M.B. (1993) Influence of foliar gluco-sinolates in oilseed rape and mustard on feeding and growth of the Bertha armyworm, Mamestra configura Walker. Journal of Chemical Ecology 19, 249–266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McGaughey, W.H. (1994) Problems of insect resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 49, 95–102.Google Scholar
Morallo-Rejesus, B. (1986) Botanical insecticides against the diamondback moth, pp. 241–255 in Talekar, N.S. & Griggs, T.D. (Eds) Diamondback moth management: proceedings of the first international workshop, 11–15 March, 1985, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Muniappan, R. & Marutani, M. (1992) Pest management for head cabbage production on Guam, pp. 541–549 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14, December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Mustata, G. (1992) Role of parasitoid complex in limiting the population of diamondback moth in Moldovia, Romania. pp. 203–212 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Nayar, J.K. & Thornsteinson, A.J. (1963) Further investigations into the chemical basis of insect-host plant relationships in an oligophagous insect, Plutella maculipennis (Curt.). Canadian Journal of Zoology 41, 923–929.Google Scholar
Nemoto, H. (1993) Mechanism of resurgence of the diamond-back moth, Plutella xylostella (L.) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Japanese Agricultural Research Quarterly 27, 27–32.Google Scholar
Nemoto, H., Yano, E. & Kiritani, K. (1992) Pheromonal control of diamondback moth in the management of crucifer pests, pp. 91–97 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Ohbayashi, N., Shimizu, K. & Nagata, K. (1992) Control of diamondback moth using synthetic sex pheromones, pp. 99–104 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Ohno, T., Asayama, T. & Ichikawa, K. (1992) Evaluation of communication disruption method using synthetic sex pheromone to suppress diamondback moth infestations, pp. 109–115 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Ooi, P.A.C. (1979) Hyperparasites of Apanteles plutellae Kurdj. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) in Cameron Highlands, Malaysia. Malaysian Agricultural Journal 52, 77–84.Google Scholar
Ooi, P.A.C. (1980) Laboratory studies of Diadegma eucerophaga (Hym.: Ichneumonidae), a parasite introduced to control Plutella xylostella (Lep.: Yponomeutidae) in Malaysia. Entomophaga 25, 249–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, P.A.C. (1986) Diamondback moth in Malaysia, pp. 25–34 in Talekar, N.S. & Griggs, T.D. (Eds) Diamondback moth management: proceedings of the first international workshop, 11–15 March, 1985, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Ooi, P.A.C. (1988) Laboratory studies of Tetrastichus sokolowski. Entomophaga 33, 145–152.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ooi, P.A.C. (1992) Role of parasitoids in managing diamondback moth in the Cameron Highlands, Malaysia, pp. 255–262 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Pell, J.K., Wilding, N., Player, A.L. & Clark, S.J. (1993) Selection of an isolate of Zoophthora radicans (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales) for biocontrol of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae). Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 61, 75–80.Google Scholar
Pla, D.A. (1982) New food-plant of Plutella maculipennis Lepidoptera: Plutellidae. Ciencia y Tecnica en la Agricultura 5, 48–53.Google Scholar
Poelking, A. (1992) Diamondback moth in the Philippines and its control with Diadegma semiclausum pp. 271–278 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Price, P.W. (1986) Ecological aspects of host plant resistance and biological control: interactions among three trophic levels, pp. 11–30 in Boethel, D.J. & Eikenbary, R.D. (Eds) Interactions of Plant Resistance and Parasitoids and Predators of Insects. Chichester, UK, Ellis Horwood Ltd.Google Scholar
Radcliffe, E.B. & Chapman, R.K. (1966) Varietal resistance to insect attack in various cruciferous crops. Journal of Economic Entomology 59, 120–125.Google Scholar
Rahn, R. (1988) Detection of movements of oligophagous Lepidoptera between host plant sowings by means of sexual traps with specific reference to Plutella xylostella and Brassica species, in Cavallaro, R. & Pelerents, C. (Eds) Progress on Pest Management in Field Vegetables: proceedings of the CEC/IOBC Experts' Group Meeting, Rennes, 20–22 November, 1985. Rotterdam, A.A. Balkema.Google Scholar
Rai, J.P.N. & Tripathi, R.S. (1985) Effect of herbivory by the slug, Marialla dussumieri, and certain insects on growth a competitive success of two sympatric annual weeds. Agricultural Ecosystems and Environment 13, 125–137.Google Scholar
Reed, D.W., Pivnick, K.A. & Underhill, E.W. (1989) Identification of chemical oviposition stimulants for the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, present in three species of Brassicae. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata 53, 277–286.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Renwick, J.A.A., Raadke, C.D., Sachdev-Gupta, K. & Stadler, E. (1992) Leaf surface chemicals stimulating oviposition by Pieris rapae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) on cabbage. Chemoecology 3, 33–38.Google Scholar
Robinson, R.A. (1991) The controversy concerning vertical and horizontal resistance. Revista Mexicana de Fitopatologia 9, 57–63.Google Scholar
Rowell, B., Jeerakan, A. & Wimol, S. (1992) Crucifer seed crop pests, parasites and the potential for IPM in northern Thailand, pp. 551–563 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Rushtapakornchai, W., Vattanatangum, A. & Saito, T. (1992) Development and implementation of the yellow sticky trap for diamondback moth control in Thailand, pp. 523–528 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Schalk, J.M., Shephard, B.M. & Stoner, K.A. (1993) Response of caterpillar pests and the parasite Diadegma insulare to collard cultivars and a pyrethrin insecticide. Horticultural Science 28, 308–310.Google Scholar
Shelton, A.M., Hoy, C.W., North, R.C., Dickson, M.H. & Barnard, J. (1988) Analysis of resistance in cabbage varieties to damage by Lepidoptera and Thysanoptera. Journal of Economic Entomology 81, 634–640.Google Scholar
Shelton, A.M., Robertson, J.L., Tang, J.D., Perez, C., Eigenbrode, S.D., Preisler, H.K., Wilsey, W.T. & Cooley, R.J. (1993a) Resistance of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) to Bacillus thuringiensis subspecies in the field. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 697–705.Google Scholar
Shelton, A.M., Wyman, J.A., Cushing, N.L., Apfelbeck, K., Dennehy, T.J., Mahr, S.E.R. & Eigenbrode, S.D. (1993b) Insecticide resistance of diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) in North America. Journal of Economic Entomology 86, 11–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Siemonsma, J.S. & Kasem, Piluek (Eds) (1993) Plant resources of South-East Asia: no. 8 – vegetables. 415 pp. Wageningen, Pudoc Scientific Publishers.Google Scholar
Srinivasan, K. & Krishna, Moorthy P.N. (1991) Indian mustard as a trap crop for management of major lepidopter-ous pests on cabbage. Tropical Pest Management 37, 26–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stoner, K.A. (1990) Glossy leaf wax and plant resistance to insects in Brassica oleracea under natural infestation. Environmental Entomology 19, 730–739.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Syed, A.R. (1992a) Insecticide resistance in diamondback moth in Malaysia, pp. 437–442 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Syed, A.R. (1992b) Biology and mass rearing of Diadegma semiclausum and Diadromus collaris. pp. 25–32 in Jusoh, M.Md., Loke, W.H., Syed, A.R. & Tyre, M. (Eds) Training manual on integrated pest management of diamondback moth in cabbage in Malaysia. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute.Google Scholar
Syed, A.R. & Loke, W.H. (1995) Development and challenges in the pest management of vegetables: seminar on development and challenges in pest management in Malaysia, 28 March 1995, Air Kerch, Melaka. 33 pp. Kuala Lumpur, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute and Malaysian Plant Protection Society.Google Scholar
Tabashnik, B.E. (1994) Evolution of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis. Annual Review of Entomology 39, 47–79.Google Scholar
Tabashnik, B.E., Cushing, N.L., Finson, N. & Johnson, M.W. (1990) Field development of resistance to Bacillus thuringiensis in diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae). Journal of Economic Entomology 83, 1671–1676.Google Scholar
Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) (1992) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 11–15 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. 603 pp. Shanhua, Taiwan, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Talekar, N.S. & Griggs, T.D. (Eds) (1986) Diamondback moth management: proceedings 1st international workshop, 11–15 March 1985, Tainan, Taiwan. 471 pp. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Talekar, N.S., Lee, S.T. & Huang, S.W. (1986) Intercropping and modification of irrigation method for the control of diamond-back moth, pp. 145–151 in Talakar, N.S. & Griggs, T.D. (Eds) Diamondback moth management: proceedings of the first international workshop, 11–15 March 1985, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Talekar, N.S. & Yang, J.C. (1991) Characteristics of parasitism of diamondback moth by two larval parasites. Entomophaga 36, 95–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Talekar, N.S. & Yang, J.C. (1993) Influence of crucifer cropping system on the parasitism of Plutella xylostella (Lep., Yponomeutidae) by Cotesia plutellae (Hym., Braconidae) and Diadegama semiclausum (Hym., Ichneumonidae). Entomophaga 38, 541–550.Google Scholar
Talekar, N.S., Yang, J.C. & Lee, S.T. (1992) Introduction of Diadegma semiclausum to control diamondback moth in Taiwan, pp. 263–270 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Thornsteinson, A.J. (1953) The chemotactic responses that determine host specificity in an oligophagous insect (Plutella maculipennis (Curt.) Lepidoptera). Canadian Journal of Zoology 31, 52–72.Google Scholar
Traynier, R.M.M. & Truscott, J.W. (1991) Potent natural egg-laying stimulant for cabbage butterfly Pieris rapae. Journal of Chemical Ecology 17, 1371–1380.Google Scholar
VanEtten, C.H., Daxenbichler, M.E., Williams, P.H. & Kwolek, W.F. (1976) Glucosinolates and derived products in cruciferous vegetables. Analysis of the edible part from twenty-two varieties of cabbage. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry 24, 452–455.Google Scholar
VanEtten, C.H. & Tookey, H.L. (1979) Chemistry and biological effects of glucosinolates. pp. 471–501 in Rosenthal, G.A. & Janzen, D.H. (Eds) Herbivores: their interaction with secondary plant metabolites. New York, Academic Press.Google Scholar
van Loon, J.J.A., Blaakmeer, A., Griepink, E.G., van Beek, T.A., Schoonhoven, L.M. & de Groot, A. (1992) Leaf surface compound from Brassicae oleracea (Cruciferae) induces oviposition by Pieris brassicae (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). Chemo-ecology 3, 39–44.Google Scholar
Varley, G.C., Gradwell, G.R. & Hassell, M.P. (1974) Interpretation of winter moth life tables, pp. 10–32in Insect population ecology – an analytical approach. Berkeley, University of California Press.Google Scholar
Venkatraman, T.V. (1964) Experimental studies on super-parasitism and multiparasitism in Horogenes cerophaga (Grav.) and Hymenobosmina rapi (Cam.), the larval parasites of Plutella maculipennis (Curt.). Indian Journal of Entomology 26, 1–32.Google Scholar
Verkerk, R.H.J. (1995) Studies on interactions between diamondback moth, host plants, endolarval parasitoids and selective toxicants. 244 pp. PhD Thesis, University of London.Google Scholar
Verkerk, R.H.J. & Wright, D.J. (1993) Biological activity of neem seed kernel extracts and pure azadirachtin against larvae of Plutella xylostella L. Pesticide Science 37, 83–91.Google Scholar
Verkerk, R.H.J. & Wright, D.J. (1994a) Interactions between the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. and glasshouse and outdoor-grown cabbages. Annals of Applied Biology 125, 477–488.Google Scholar
Verkerk, R.H.J. & Wright, D.J. (1994b) The potential for induced extrinsic host plant resistance in IRM strategies targeting the diamondback moth. pp. 457–462in Proceedings Brighton Crop Protection Conference: Pests and Diseases – 1994. Farnham, British Crop Protection Council.Google Scholar
Vet, L.E.M. & Dicke, M. (1992) Ecology of infochemical use by natural enemies in a tritrophic context. Annual Review of Entomology 37, 141–172.Google Scholar
Wakisada, S., Tsukuda, R. & Nakasuki, F. (1992) Effects of natural enemies, rainfall, temperature and host plants on survival and reproduction of the diamondback moth, pp. 15–26 in Talekar, N.S. (Ed.) Diamondback moth and other crucifer pests: proceedings of the second international workshop, 10–14 December, 1990, Tainan, Taiwan. Shanhua, Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center.Google Scholar
Wright, D.J. & Verkerk, R.H.J. (1995) Integration of chemical and biological control systems for arthropods: evaluation in a multitrophic context. Pesticide Science 44, 207–218.Google Scholar