Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-17T15:55:57.210Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Seasonal trends, sampling plans and parasitoid complex of the Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae), in Mediterranean citrus groves

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  22 October 2014

M.T. Martínez-Ferrer ,
J.M. Campos-Rivela  and
M.J. Verdú
M.T. Martínez-Ferrer*
Affiliation:
IRTA Amposta. Carretera de Balada Km 1. E-43870 Amposta, Tarragona, Spain
J.M. Campos-Rivela
Affiliation:
IRTA Amposta. Carretera de Balada Km 1. E-43870 Amposta, Tarragona, Spain
M.J. Verdú
Affiliation:
Departamento de Entomología, Centro de Protección Vegetal. Instituto Valenciano de Investigaciones Agrarias (IVIA). Ctra. Moncada-Náquera, km 4.5. E-46113 Moncada, Valencia, Spain
*
*Author for correspondence Phone: +34 977 26 70 26 ext. 1829 E-mail: teresa.martinez@irta.cat
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Seasonal trends and the parasitoid complex of Chinese wax scale (Ceroplastes sinensis) was studied from July 2010 to February 2013. Six commercial citrus groves located in northeastern Spain were sampled fortnightly. Chinese wax scale completed a single annual generation. Egg oviposition started in May and continued until mid-July. Egg hatching began in mid-June, and in the first quarter of August, the maximum percentage of hatched eggs was reached. In the same groves, the parasitoid species of C. sinensis were determined together with their seasonal trends, relative abundance and occurrence on C. sinensis. Four hymenoptera were found parasitizing C. sinensis, mainly on third instars and females: Coccophagus ceroplastae (Aphelinidae), Metaphycus helvolus (Encyrtidae), Scutellista caerulea (Pteromalidae) and Aprostocetus ceroplastae (Eulophidae). The most abundant species was A. ceroplastae, corresponding to 54% of the parasitoids emerged. Coccophagus ceroplastae and M. helvolus represented 19%, whereas S. caerulea comprised 8% of the total. This study is the first published record of C. ceroplastae in Spain and the first record of M. helvolus on C. sinensis in Spain. Concerning the economical thresholds normally used, sampling plans developed for the management of C. sinensis in citrus groves should target population densities of around 12–20% of invaded twigs, equivalent to 0.2–0.5 females per twig. The sample size necessary to achieve the desired integrated pest management precision is 90–160 twigs per grove for the enumerative plan and about 160–245 twigs per grove for the binomial plan.

Keywords

soft scalesCoccophagus ceroplastaeMetaphycus helvolusScutellista caeruleaAprostocetus ceroplastae
Type
Research Papers
Information
Bulletin of Entomological Research , Volume 105 , Issue 1 , February 2015 , pp. 70 - 81
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2014 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bliss, C.I. & Fisher, R.A. (1953) Fitting the negative binomial distribution to biological data. Biometric 9, 176–200.Google Scholar
BOJA – Boletín Oficial de la Junta de Andalucía (2002) Consejería de Agricultura y Pesca. 113, 15294.Google Scholar
BORM – Boletín Oficial de la Región de Murcia (2012) Consejería de Medio Ambiente, Agricultura y Agua. 100, 18393.Google Scholar
Campos-Rivela, J.M., Martínez-Ferrer, M.T. & Fibla-Queralt, J.M. (2012) Population dynamics and seasonal trend of California red scale (Aonidiella aurantii Maskell) in citrus in Northern Spain. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research 10 (1), 198–208.Google Scholar
Del Guercio, G. (1900). Osservacioni intorno ad una nuova cocciniglia nociva agli agrumi in Italia ed al modo di immunizzare la parte legnosa delle piante contro la puntura delle coccinigle in generale e di distruggerle. Bolletino della Societá Entomologica Italiana 32, 229–252.Google Scholar
DOGC – Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya (2013) Direcció General de Producció i Industria Agroalimentàries. Annexos NT Producció Integrada en Cítrics.Google Scholar
DOGV – Diari Oficial de la Generalitat Valenciana (2012) Normas para la producción integrada en cítricos, en el ámbito de la Comunidad Valenciana. 6766, 12264.Google Scholar
Flint, M.L., Kobbe, B., Clark, J.K., Dreistadt, S.H., Pehrson, J.E., Flaherty, D.L., O'Connell, N.V., Phillips, P.A. & Morse, J.G. (1991). Integrated Pest Management for Citrus. 2nd edn. Oakland, CA, University of California.Google Scholar
Freeborn, S.B. (1931) Citrus scale distribution in the Mediterranean Basin. Journal of Economic Entomology 25(5), 1025–20131.Google Scholar
García-Marí, F., Costa, J. & Ferragut, F. (1994) Plagas Agrícolas. 2nd edn. España, Phytoma.Google Scholar
Gerrard, D.J. & Chiang, H.C. (1970) Density estimation of corn rootworm egg population based upon frequency of occurrence. Ecology 51, 237–245.Google Scholar
Gómez-Clemente, F. (1927) La caparreta blanca en los naranjales de Castellón. Boletín de Patología Vegetal 2, 14–23.Google Scholar
Green, R.H. (1970) On fixed precision level sequential sampling. Researches on Population Ecology 12, 249–241.Google Scholar
Guerrieri, E. & Noyes, J. (2000) Revision of European species of genus Metaphycus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea: Encyrtidae) parasitoids of scale insects (Homoptera: Coccoidea). Systematic Entomology 25, 147–222.Google Scholar
Hayat, M. (1998) Aphelinidae of India (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea): a taxonomic revision in Gupta, V. (Ed) Memoirs on Entomology, International. vol. 13, 422pp. Florida, USA, Associated Publishers.Google Scholar
Hutchins, S.H. (1994) Techniques for sampling arthropods in integrated pest management in Pedigo, L.P. & Buntin, G.D. (Eds) Handbook of Sampling Methods for Arthropods in Agriculture. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, pp. 73–97.Google Scholar
Jones, V.P. (1994) Sequential estimation and classification procedures for binomial counts in Pedigo, L.P. & Buntin, G.D. (Eds) Handbook of Sampling Methods for Arthropods in Agriculture. Boca Raton, FL, CRC Press, pp. 175–205.Google Scholar
Katsoyannos, P. (1996) Integrated Insect Pest Management for Citrus In Northern Mediterranean Countries. 8, St. Delta Str. GR-145 61 Kiphissia, Athens, Greece, Benaki Phytopatological Institute, 110 pp.Google Scholar
Kono, T. & Sugino, T. (1958) On the estimation of the density of rice stems infected by the rice stem borer. Japanese Journal of Applied Entomology and Zoology 2, 184–188.Google Scholar
Kuno, E. (1986) Evaluation of statistical precision and design of efficient sampling for the population estimation based on frequency of occurrence. Researches on Population Ecology 28, 305–319.Google Scholar
Limón, F., Meliá, A., Blasco, J. & Moner, P. (1976) Estudio de la distribución, nivel de ataque, parásitos y predadores de las cochinillas lecaninas (Saissetia oleae Bern y Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio) en los cítricos de la provincia de Castellón. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal y Plagas 2, 263–276.Google Scholar
Llorens, J.M. (1990) Homoptera I: cochinillas de los cítricos y su control biológico. Valencia, Spain, Ed. Pisa Ediciones.Google Scholar
Lo, P.L. (2004). Toxicity of pesticides to Halmus chalybeus (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and the effect of three fungicides on their densities in a citrus orchard. New Zealand Journal of Crop and Horticultural Science, 32, 69–76.Google Scholar
Moreno, R. & Garijo, C. (1980) Dinámica de poblaciones de Saissetia oleae Colv. (Hom., Coccidae) sobre cítricos. Comparación de diversos métodos de muestreo para esatimar la densidad de adultos a nivel de árbol. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal y Plagas 6, 75–94.Google Scholar
Muzaffar, N. & Ahmad, R. (1977) A note on Saissetia privigna (Hem.: Coccidae) in Pakistan and the breeding of its natural enemies. Entomophaga 22, 45–46.Google Scholar
Nachman, G. (1984) Estimates of mean population density and spatial distribution of Tetranychus urticae (Acarina: Tetranychidae) and Phytoseiulus persimilis (Acarina: Phytoseiidae) based upon the proportion of empty sampling units. Journal of Applied Ecology 21, 903–913.Google Scholar
Panis, A. (1977) Lecaninos (Homoptera, Coccoidea, Coccidae) dentro de un plan de lucha integrada en la citricultura mediterránea. Boletín de Sanidad Vegetal y Plagas 3, 111–119.Google Scholar
Qin, T., Gullan, P.J., Beattie, G.A.C., Trueman, J.W.H., Cranston, P.S., Fletcher, M.J. & Sands, D.P.A. (1994) The current distribution and geographical origin of the scale insect pest Ceroplastes sinensis (Hemiptera: Coccidae). Bulletin of Entomological Research 84, 541–549.Google Scholar
Ripollés, J.L. (1986) La lucha biológica: utilización de entomófagos en la citricultura española. Parasitis 86. Genève, CH, Integrated Pest Management in Citrus.Google Scholar
Ripollés, J.L., Marsá, M. & Martínez, M. (1995) Desarrollo de un programa de control integrado de las plagas de los cítricos en las comarcas del Baixebre i Montsiá. Levante Agrícola 332, 232–249.Google Scholar
SAS Institute Inc. (2009). SAS/STAT® 9.2 User's Guide. Cary, NC, USA, SAS Institute Inc. Google Scholar
Schaalje, G.B., Butts, R.A. & Lysks, T.J. (1991) Simulation studies of binomial sampling: a new variance estimator and density predictor, with special reference to the Russian wheat aphid (Homoptera: Aphididae). Journal of Economic Entomology 84, 140–147.Google Scholar
Smith, D., Beattie, G.A.C. & Broadley, R. (1997) Citrus Pests and Their Natural Enemies: Integrated Pest Management in Australia. Brisbane, Australia, Horticultural Research and Development Corporation and Queensland Department of Primary Industries.Google Scholar
Snowball, G.J. (1970). Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Homoptera: Coccidae), a wax scale new to Australia. Journal of the Australian Entomological Society 9, 57–64.Google Scholar
Southwood, T.R.E. & Henderson, P.A. (2000) Ecological Methods. 3rd edn. Oxford, Blackwell Science Ltd.Google Scholar
Stathas, G.J., Kavallieratos, N.G. & Eliopoulos, P.A. (2003) Biological and ecological aspects of Chinese wax scale, Ceroplastes sinensis Del Guercio (Hemiptera: Coccidae): a two year study from Central Greece. Australian Journal of Entomology 42, 271–275.Google Scholar
Taylor, L.R. (1961) Aggregation, variance and the mean. Nature 189, 732–735.Google Scholar
Tena, A., Soto, A. & García-Marí, F. (2008). Parasitoid complex of black scale Saissetia oleae on Citrus and Olives: parasitoid species composition and seasonal trend. Biocontrol 53, 473–487.Google Scholar
Wilson, L.T. & Room, P.M. (1983) Clumping patterns of fruit and arthropods in cotton, with implications for binomial sampling. Environmental Entomology 12, 50–54.Google Scholar