No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
The use of animal excreta as feeds for livestock
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 27 February 2018
Extract
The recycling of nutrients from animal excreta has occurred naturally for a very long time. For centuries scavenging pigs and poultry consumed undigested grain from cattle manure. More recently, however, interest in large-scale recycling of animal manures has arisen from a need to reduce the problems of pollution associated with large, intensive livestock units. To date the development of the use of animal excreta as feeds for livestock has been largely confined to those countries in which many thousands of livestock are kept on relatively small areas of land, for example the beef feedlots of the USA.
The trend towards increased size of livestock unit is universal. In England and Wales the number of large livestock holdings increased three-fold in the period 1967 to 1977 (Table 1). There is little doubt that this trend will continue, as farmers strive towards achieving greater economies of scale. In consequence, there is increasing need to develop methods to utilize the manure produced from large livestock units in ways which do not give rise to environmental pollution.
- Type
- Research Article
- Information
- BSAP Occasional Publication , Volume 3: By-Products and Wastes in Animal Feeding , 1980 , pp. 45 - 60
- Copyright
- Copyright © British Society of Animal Production 1980
References
REFERENCES
Anthony, W. B.
1968. Wastelage — a new concept in cattle feeding. J. Anim. Sci.
27:289 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Anthony, W. B.
1970. Feeding value of cattle manure for cattle. J. Anim. Sci.
30: 274–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, W. B.
1971a. Animal waste value — nutrient recovery and utilization. J. Anim. Sci.
32: 799–802.Google Scholar
Anthony, W.B.
1971b. Cattle manure as a feed for cattle. In Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement. Proc. int. Symp. Livstk Wastes. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs, St. Joseph, Michigan, pp. 293–296.Google Scholar
Bandel, L. S. and Anthony, W. B.
1969. Wastelage — digestibility and feeding value. J. Anim. Sci.
28: 152 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Battacharya, A. N. and Taylor, J. R.
1975. Recycling animal waste as a feedstuff: a review. J. Anim. Sci.
41: 1438–1457.Google Scholar
Berger, J. C. A., Kornegary, E. T., Fontenot, J. P. and Webb, K. E. Jr.
1978. Digestibility of ensiled swine waste and ground corn grain by gilts. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. pp. 460–461 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Bucholtz, H.F., Henderson, H.E., Thomas, J. W. and Zindel, H. C.
1971. Dried animal waste as a protein supplement for ruminants. In Livestock Waste Management and Pollution abatement. Proc. int. Symp. Livstk Wastes. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs, St. Joseph, Michigan, pp. 308–310.Google Scholar
Bullock, S.
1978. Report on a tour to the USA to study the recycling of animal wastes as feedingstuffs, Nuffield Farming Scholarships.Google Scholar
Caswell, L. F., Webb, K. E. Jr. and Fontenot, J. P.
1977. Fermentation, nitrogen utilization, digestibility and palatability of broiler litter ensiled with high moisture corn grain. J. Anim. Sci.
44: 808–813.Google Scholar
Coffey, M. T., Seerley, R. W. and McCampbell, H. C.
1978. Addition of poultry manure in growing and finishing swine diets. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. p. 461 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Cross, D. L. and Jenny, B. F.
1975. Efficacy of turkey litter silage for dairy heifers. J. Anim. Sci.
41: 240 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Diggs, B. G., Baker, B. Jr. and James, F. C.
1965. Value of pig faeces in swine finishing rations. J. Anim. Sci.
24: 291 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Drake, C. L., McClure, W. H. and Fontenot, J. P.
1965. Effects of level and kind of broiler litter for fattening steers. J. Anim. Sci.
24: 879 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
El-Sabban, F. F., Bratzler, J. W., Long, T. A., Freer, D. E. H. and Gentry, R. F.
1970. Value of processed poultry waste as a feed for ruminants. J. Anim. Sci.
31: 107–111.Google Scholar
Flegal, C. J., Sheppard, C. C. and Dorn, D. A.
1972. The effects of continuous recycling and storage on nutrient quality of dehydrated poultry waste. Proc. Cornell Agr. Waste Mgmt Conf. pp. 295–299.Google Scholar
Flegal, C. J. and Zindel, H. C.
1971. Dehydrated poultry waste as a feedstuff in poultry rations. In Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement. Proc. int. Symp. Livstk Wastes. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs, St. Joseph, Michigan, pp. 305–307.Google Scholar
Fontenot, J. P., Webb, K. E. Jr., Harmon, B. W., Tucker, R. E., and Moore, W. E. C.
1971. Studies of processing, nutritional value, and palatability of broiler litter for ruminants. In Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement. Proc. int. Symp. Livstk Wastes. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs, St. Joseph, Michigan, pp. 301–304.Google Scholar
Goering, H. K. and Smith, L. W.
1977. Composition of corn plant ensiled with excreta or nitrogen supplements and its effect on growing wethers. J. Anim. Sci.
44: 452–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harmon, B. G., Day, D. L., Jensen, A. H. and Baker, D. H.
1972. Nutritive value of aerobically-sustained swine excrement. J. Anim. Sci.
33:1149 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Harmon, B. G., Day, D. L., Baker, D. H. and Jensen, A. H.
1973. Nutritive value of aerobically or anaerobically processed swine waste. J. Anim. Sci.
37: 510–513.Google Scholar
Harmon, B. W., Fontenot, J. P. and Webb, K. E. Jr.
1975. Ensiled broiler Utter and corn forage. 1. Fermentation characteristics. J. Anim. Sci.
40: 144–155.Google Scholar
Harpster, H. W., Long, T. A., Lalonde, C. M. and Saylor, W. W.
1975. Nutritive value of ensiled cattle waste. J. Anim. Sci.
41:240–241 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Harpster, H. W., Long, T. A., and Wilson, L. L.
1978. Comparative value of ensiled cattle waste for lambs and growing-finishing cattle. J. Anim. Sci.
46: 238–248.Google Scholar
Hopkins, J. R., Evans, E. D. and Parkin, R. J.
1977. Feed potential of ensiled broiler litter for young beef cattle. Rep. MAFF, ADAS, Yorks/Lancs Region, 10., 1977.Google Scholar
Hopkins, J. R., Panes, J. J., Evans, E. D. and Parkin, R. J.
1978. Feed potential of ensiled broiler litter for beef cattle. Rep. MAFF, ADAS, Yorks/Lancs Region, 04, 1978.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. R.
1972. Digestibility of feedlot waste. Okla. Agric. Exp. Stn. Misc. Public, No. 87.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. R., Panciera, R., Jordan, H. and Shuyler, L. R.
1975a. Nutritional, pathological and parasitological effects of feeding feedlot waste to cattle. In Managing Livestock Wastes. Proc. 3rd int. Symp. Livstk Wastes. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs, pp. 203–205.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. L., Wilk, J. C. and Rakes, A. H.
1975b. Refeeding value of screened dairy manure solids. J. Anim. Sci.
41:241 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Kali, J., Merril, W. G., Lake, G. B. and Coppock, C. E.
1975. Feeding dairy cattle complete rations based on corn silage or field crop residues and poultry or cattle manure. Anim. Sci. Mim. No. 27, Cornell Univ.
09., 1975.Google Scholar
Koeing, S. E., Hatfield, E. E. and Spears, J. W.
1978. Animal performance and microbial adaptation of ruminants fed formaldehyde-treated poultry waste. J. Anim. Sci.
46: 490–498.Google Scholar
Loehr, R. F.
1974. Agricultural Waste Management. Academic Press, New York and London.Google Scholar
Lowman, B. G. and Knight, B. W.
1970. A note on the apparent digestibility of energy and protein in dried poultry excreta. Anim. Prod.
12:525–528.Google Scholar
Mercio, T. A. P. and Johnson, W. L.
1978. Digestibility and intake of rations with fresh, ensiled or NaOH-treated screened manure solids. Ann. Meet. Am. Soc. Anim. Sci. p. 463 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food. 1969. Agricultural Statistics, England and Wales 1967/78. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Newton, G. L., Utley, P. R., Ritter, R. J. and McCormick, W. C.
1977. Performance of beef cattle fed wastelage and digestibility of wastelage and dried waste diets. J. Anim. Sci.
44: 447–451.Google Scholar
Noland, P. R., Ford, B. F. and Ray, M. L.
1955. The use of ground chicken litter as a source of nitrogen for gestating-lactating ewes and fattening steers. J. Anim. Sci.
14: 860–865.Google Scholar
Oliphant, J. M.
1974. Feeding dried poultry waste for intensive beef production. Anim. Prod.
18: 211–217.Google Scholar
Oltjen, R. R. and Dinius, D. A.
1976. Processed poultry waste compared with uric acid, sodium urate, urea and biuret as nitrogen supplements for beef cattle fed forage diets. J. Anim. Sci.
43: 201–208.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Orr, D. E., Miller, E. R., Ky, P. E., Bergen, W. G. and Ullrey, D. E.
1971. Recycling of dried waste in swine. J. Anim. Sci.
33:1152 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Perez-Aleman, S., Dempster, D. C., English, P. R. and Topps, J. H.
1971. A note on dried poultry manure in the diet of the growing pig. Anim. Prod.
13: 361–364.Google Scholar
Robertson, A. M.
1977. Farm Wastes Handbook. Scottish Farm Buildings Investigation Unit. p. 24.Google Scholar
Runkle, D. S. and Hatfield, E. E.
1975. Chemically-treated feedlot waste in steer rations. J. Anim. Sci.
41: 416 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Schake, L. M., Pinkerton, B. W., Donnell, C. E., Riggs, J. K. and Lichtenwalner, R. E.
1977. Utilization of cattle excrement for growth and maintenance of beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci.
45: 166–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, L. W.
1973. Nutritive evaluations of animal manures. In Processing Agricultural and Municipal Wastes (ed. Inglett, G. E.) pp. 55–74. Avi. Publ. Corp. Westpoint, Connecticut, USA.Google Scholar
Smith, L. W. and Fries, G. F.
1973. Dehydrated poultry manure as a crude protein supplement for lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci.
56: 668 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Smith, L. W., Goering, H. K. and Gordon, C. H.
1970. Digestibility of chemically-treated faeces. J. Anim. Sci.
31: 1205–1209.Google Scholar
Smith, L. W., Goering, H. K. and Gordon, C. H.
1971. Nutritive evaluations of untreated and chemically-treated dairy cattle wastes. In Livestock Waste Management and Pollution Abatement. Proc. int. Symp. Livstk Wastes. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs, pp. 314–318.Google Scholar
Tagari, H., Levy, D., Holzer, Z. and Ilan, D.
1976. Poultry litter for intensive beef production. Anim. Prod.
23: 317–327.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. W., Yu, Y., Tinnimitt, P. and Zinder, H. C.
1972. Dehydrated poultry waste as a feed for milking cows and growing sheep. J. Dairy Sci.
55: 1261–1265.Google Scholar
Tinnimitt, P., Yu, Y., McGuffe, Y. K. and Thomas, J. W.
1972. Dried animal waste as a protein supplement for sheep. J. Anim. Sci.
35:431–435.Google Scholar
United States Department of Health Education and Welfare, Food and Drug Administration. 1977. Recycled animal waste. Federal Register 42: 64662–64675.Google Scholar
Van Soest, P. J. and Mertens, D. R.
1974. Composition and nutritive characteristics of low quality cellulosic wastes. Fedn. Proc. Fedn. Am. Socs. exp. Biol.
33: 1942–1944.Google Scholar
Vetter, R. L. and Burroughs, W.
1974. Nutritive value of cattle excreta ensiled and fed to feedlot cattle prior to the finishing period. AS Lflt R. 195. Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
Vetter, R. L. and Burroughs, W.
1975. Feeding value of excreta-stover silage and corn-residue silage for beef cows. AS Lflt R. 217, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
Vetter, R. L. and Christensen, R. D.
1973. Feeding value of animal waste nutrients from a cattle confinement oxidation ditch system. AS Lflt R. 182, Iowa State Univ., Ames, Iowa.Google Scholar
Whippel, R.
1971. 28% ‘Saffe’ protein from broiler litter. Broiler Industry, 01, 1971 p. 38.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, J. M., Cook, J. E. and Pain, D. F.
1978. The nutritive value of wastelage-ensiled mixtures of cattle manure and forage. Anim. Prod.
26: 377 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Yeck, R. G., Smith, L. W. and Calvert, C. C.
1975. Recovery of nutrients from animal wastes—an overview of existing options and potentials for use in feed. In Managing Livestock Wastes. Proc. 3rd int. Symp. Livstk Wastes. Am. Soc. Agric. Engrs, pp. 192–196.Google Scholar