Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-07T11:12:16.010Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Temple of Claudius at Colchester Reconsidered*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  09 November 2011

P. J. Drury
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

The recognition by R. E. M. Wheeler in 1920 that the massive Norman keep at Colchester encapsulated the podium of the Temple of Claudius stimulated Dr P. G. Laver, his collaborator in an earlier study of the colonia, to excavate in and around the keep during the 1920's and 30's. Some of the results were published by the late Rex Hull in Roman Colchester (1958). At the time of Hull's death in 1976, the writer was preparing the drawings to accompany a paper which included a summary report by Hull on the excavations undertaken within and south of the keep by Laver, assisted by E. J. Rudsdale, in 1931–3. Subsequently much additional information about these excavations came to light in Colchester Museum. This raised a number of important questions, which led in 1977 to one of Laver's trenches in the sub-crypt being re-opened and extended, and the cutting of a trench in front of the keep. Mrs B. R. K. Niblett (née Dunnett) also made available the results of her excavations on the west side of the Temple precinct in 1964 and 1969. The evidence from these sources relevant to the history of the site in the Roman period is presented here; and in conjunction with previously published material has been used as the basis of a re-appraisal of its development, summarized in TABLE I. A similar study of the post-Roman history of the site has recently appeared. Much of the discussion is necessarily speculative, being intended primarily to advance hypotheses which may be tested in future excavations and by further analysis of the surviving structures.

Type
Articles
Information
Britannia , Volume 15 , November 1984 , pp. 7 - 50
Copyright
Copyright © P. J. Drury 1984. Exclusive Licence to Publish: The Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 ‘Roman Colchester’ JRS ix (1919), 139–69.Google Scholar

2 ‘Colchester Castle: some unpublished notes and observations’ Colchester Museum archives.

3 Drury, P. J., ‘Aspects of the Origins and Development of Colchester Castle’ Arch Journ. cxxxix (1982), 302–419.Google Scholar

4 More details of the excavations, and full descriptions of the post-Roman features, are given in Drury, ibid.

5 For possible signs of the use of an iron bar as a lever against the edge of the raft, see ibid, 310.

6 A version of FIG. 4 was previously published by Hull as Roman Colchester (Soc. Antiq. Res. Rept. xx, 1958), fig. 85.Google Scholar

7 Possibly because they were noted as containing ‘fragments of late sherds': Drury, , op. cit. (note 3), 313.Google Scholar

8 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 167.Google Scholar

9 ibid.

10 For details see Drury, , op. cit. (note 3), 315.Google Scholar

11 For some inexplicable reason, Hull, (op. cit. (note 6), 167) suggests that the attempt to reach the bottom of the keep wall was abandoned at a depth of 20 ft. 6 in. (6–25 m).Google Scholar

12 Its location is shown as ‘N’ in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), fig. 82.Google Scholar

13 Kindly identified by Richard Reece as of Constantine II (copy of LRBCI 63) and an Urbs Roma (copy as LRBCI 51; mint mark illegible).

14 op. cit. (note 6), fig. 82 and pp. 175–7.

15 The slight asymmetry implied by Hull, (op. cit. (note 6), 171) is erroneous.Google Scholar

16 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 176 and pl. xxvi, cGoogle Scholar; Drury, , op. cit. (note 3), 330–1.Google Scholar

17 ‘Excavations on the south side of the temple precinct at Colchester, 1964’ Trans. Essex Arch. Soc, ser 3, iii, 115–30.

18 L34 is equivalent to Hebditch's Layers 4 and 5, and L35 seems similar to his L6 south of the arcade (ibid, fig. 4).

19 For a full plan, and the post-Roman features generally, see Drury, , op. cit. (note 3), 339–41 and fig. 16.Google Scholar

20 For the post-Roman aspects of these sites see Niblett, in Drury, , op. cit. (note 3), 342–7.Google Scholar

21 Thanks are due to the owners of the site, the Colchester Borough Council, for permission to excavate, and to the then Ministry of Public Building and Works who financed the excavation. The administration of the excavation was shouldered by the officers of the Colchester Excavation Committee, to whom the writer extends her sincere thanks.

22 This is marked on the 1878 1: 500 OS plan in Colchester Museum, and was published by Laver in Trans. Essex Arch. Soc. NS ix (1905), 122–5.Google Scholar

23 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 180–4Google Scholar; Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 122. Both suggest a post-Boudican date for the construction of the precinct.Google Scholar

24 cf. Hull, M. R., ‘The St Nicholas Church Site, Colchester’ Trans. Essex Arch. Soc. NS xxv (1960), 301–28, at pp. 323–4.Google Scholar

25 Unfortunately now lost, but including a late Cam f218 with stabbed shoulder and false cordons, and Cam f266.

26 Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 127, fig. 5.10.Google Scholar

27 Thanks are due to the associate architects, Messrs Stanley Bragg and Kenneth Cheeseman, for permission to excavate, and to the then Ministry of Public Building and Works who financed the excavations.

28 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 147Google Scholar; Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 123Google Scholar; Dunnett, B. R. K.. ‘Excavations in Colchester, 1964–8’ Trans. Essex Arch. Soc, ser 3, iii (1971), 100.Google Scholar

29 Kindly identified by Richard Reece as of Constantine I, a.d. 310–15 (RIC 6 Lon 147), unstratified, and of the House of Constantine, a.d. 350–60 (LRBCII 25; fallen horseman) from T3, Norman rampart.

30 Crummy, P., ‘Colchester: The Roman Fortress and the Development of the Colonia’ Britannia viii (1977), esp. 70–1.Google Scholar

31 Britannia xi (1980), 378Google Scholar; N. Smith, ‘New excavation under the Co-op’ Catalogue (Newsletter of the Friends of the Colchester Archaeological Trust) v.

32 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 74–5.Google Scholar

33 Cotton in ibid., 180.

34 ibid., 115 and fig. 37.

35 The plan of the ‘mithraeurri’ is taken from Crummy, P., ‘The temples of Roman Colchester’ in Rodwell, W. J. (ed.), Temples Churches and Religion: Recent Research in Roman Britain BAR 77 (1980), fig. 11.20.Google Scholar

36 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 30), 86.Google Scholar

37 Strabo, IV.3, 2; Frere, S. S., Britannia (1967), 323Google Scholar; Grenier, A., Manuel d'archeologie Gallo-Romaine iv (1960), 506.Google Scholar

38 Britannia iii (1972), 164–81; iv (1973), 264–5.Google Scholar

39 ibid., iii (1972), 166.

40 Tacitus, , Annals, XIV. 31, 6.Google Scholar

41 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 162–8.Google Scholar

42 Wheeler, R. E. M., ‘The Vaults under Colchester Castle: A further note’ JRS x (1920), 89.Google Scholar

43 But note that Hebditch, (op. cit. (note 17), esp. 122)Google Scholar has since shown that the primary phase of the architectural screen defining the temenos on the south is similarly free of reused material, although there is some in the north-east corner of the temenos buildings (Cotton, in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 181).Google Scholar

44 Dunnett, B. R. K., op. cit. (note 28), 98Google Scholar ; Crummy, P., ‘Insula 30’ Trans. Essex Arch. Soc, ser 3, iii (1971), 107–11.Google Scholar

45 Hull, , op. cit. (note 23), 310.Google Scholar

48 Dunnett, , op. cit. (note 28), 87.Google Scholar

47 Wheeler, R. E. M., ‘An Insula of Roman Colchester’ Trans. Essex Arch. Soc. NS xvi (1921), 7–41Google Scholar, esp. 10, 17 and fig. 3; see also Wheeler, and Laver, , op. cit. (note 1), 149.Google Scholar

48 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 44), fig. 42:10, 21, 35.Google Scholar

49 By Philip Laver; Colchester Museum archives.

50 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 44), fig. 42:5.Google Scholar

51 ibid., 42:24, 41.

52 Hull, , op. cit. (note 23), 317.Google Scholar

53 Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 117 and fig. 2.Google Scholar

54 Cotton, in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 184.Google Scholar

55 op. cit. (note 17), drawing on earlier reports.

56 In unpublished excavations for the Morant Club by Philip Laver, recorded in a manuscript report and Laver's diary (1 December 1921), both in Colchester Museum archives.

57 Laver, diary (see note 56), 3 September 1930.

58 Dunnett, , op. cit. (note 28), 85–9.Google Scholar

59 Cotton, in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 180–9.Google Scholar

60 Laver, , op. cit. (note 21).Google Scholar

61 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 179.Google Scholar

62 See note 60.

63 Cotton, in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 180–9 and fig. 81.Google Scholar

64 Personal communication.

65 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 44), fig. 42, no. 2.Google Scholar

66 On his map of Roman Colchester, Hull places it on the south side of the former St. James' parish hall (op. cit. (note 6), pl. xli.129), rather than on the south side of the rear entrance to the bus garage, as his text (ibid. 73) states; presumably the line was also misplaced in its east-west position. Crummy, (op. cit. (note 44), fig. 42:18) follows Hull's map.Google Scholar

67 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 44), fig. 42:4.Google Scholar

68 op. cit. (note 47), 17.

69 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 63.Google Scholar

70 Not displaced to one side, as once appeared to be the case (Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 183).Google Scholar

71 Smith, C. Roach, ‘On Roman Remains at Colchester’ Journ. British Arch. Assn. ii (1847), 29–45.Google Scholar

72 Cotton, in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 189.Google Scholar

73 ibid., 179.

74 ibid., 175–6; and p. 15 here.

75 op. cit. (note 35), 243–8.

76 D. E. Strong, ‘The Monument’ in Cunliffe, B. W., Excavations at Richborough v (Soc. Antiq. Res. Rept.23, 1968), 40–73, esp. 42, 67, and pl. xxva.Google Scholar

77 op. cit. (note 1), 147–8, with plan.

78 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), fig. 96.Google Scholar

79 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 30), 85 and fig. 1.Google Scholar

80 See, e.g., the town plans in Wacher, J., The Towns of Roman Britain (1974).Google Scholar

81 Hurst, H., ‘Excavations at Gloucester, 1968–71: First Interim Report’ Ant. Journ. lii (1972), 24–69, esp. figs. 5–6CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Heighway, C. and Garrod, P., ‘Excavations at nos. 1 and 30 Westgate Street, Gloucester: The Roman Levels’ Britannia xi (1980), 73–114, esp. fig. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

82 Jones, M. J. and Gilmour, B. J. J., ‘Lincoln, Principia and Forum: A Preliminary Report’ Britannia xi (1980), 61–72, esp. fig. 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

83 Bidwell, P. T., Roman Exeter, Fortress and Town (1980), figs. 7, 27.Google Scholar

84 op. cit. (note 30), 82–5.

85 Dunnett, B. R. K., ‘Excavations on North Hill, Colchester’ Arch. Journ. cxxiii (1967), 27–61, at pp. 39–40.Google Scholar

86 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 150.Google Scholar

87 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 30), fig. 1.Google Scholar

88 Bidwell, , op. cit. (note 83), fig. 28.Google Scholar

89 Jones, and Gilmour, , op. cit. (note 82), fig. 5.Google Scholar

90 Hurst, , op. cit. (note 81), fig. 6.Google Scholar

91 Boon, G. C.Silchester: The Roman Town of Calleva (1974), fig. 13.Google Scholar

92 Atkinson, D., Report on Excavations at Wroxeter, 1923–7 (1942), pl. 73.Google Scholar

93 Richmond, I. A., ‘Roman Essex’ in VCH Essex iii (1963), 9.Google Scholar

94 Wacher, , op. cit. (note 80), 105–8.Google Scholar

95 Crummy, P., ‘The Roman Theatre at Colchester’ Britannia xiii (1982), 299–303. My interpretation of Hull's notes in Colchester Museum concerning earlier discoveries on this site, incorporated in FIG. II, differs slightly from Mr Crummy's.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

96 Frere, , op. cit. (note 37), 208–9.Google Scholar

97 Rodwell, W. J., ‘Trinovantian Towns and their Setting’ in Rodwell, W. J. and Rowley, R. T. (eds.), The Small Towns of Roman Britain BAR 15 (1975), 85–102, esp. 93–4.Google Scholar

98 Identified by Dr R. M. Luff among bones of Lepus, Sus, OvisjCapra and Bos from Hebditch's L19.

99 Dr W. J. Rodwell, personal comment.

100 Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), Periods 3–4, pp. 118–20, 122–3.Google Scholar

101 In Hull, , op. cit. (note 6).Google Scholar

102 Smith, , op. cit. (note 77), 37; the woodcut shows that they are secondary.Google Scholar

103 op. cit. (note 23), 313–4.

101 ibid., 314.

105 ibid., 325–6.

106 Dunnett, , op. cit. (note 28), 98.Google Scholar

107 ibid., 100.

108 But what is likely to be the same level has been observed a little further north, under Culver Street: Crummy, , op. cit. (note 44), 107.Google Scholar

109 ibid., 110.

110 op. cit. (note 17), 123.

111 Dunnett, , op. cit. (note 28), 103Google Scholar; Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 214.Google Scholar

112 Britannia xiii (1982), 302.Google Scholar

113 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 168.Google Scholar

114 For which see Renn, D. F., Norman Castles in Britain (1968).Google Scholar

115 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), figs. 83–4.Google Scholar

116 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 35), 243–50.Google Scholar

117 These were superimposed by Scarff on a south elevation of the keep; Drury, , op. cit. (note 3), fig. 8.Google Scholar

118 Diary (see note 56), 18 February 1922.

119 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 167 and pl. xxxi.Google Scholar

120 L40, perhaps upcast from foundations.

121 Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 120, Period 5A.Google Scholar

122 Crummy, , op. cit. (note 44), 107Google Scholar; Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 70, 213.Google Scholar

123 Krautheimer, R., Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (1965), 17Google Scholar; Jones, A. H. M., The Later Roman Empire, 284–602 (1964), 81.Google Scholar

124 Jones, ibid., 93.

125 Wightman, E. M., Roman Trier and the Treviri (1970), 75.Google Scholar

126 ibid., 108–9; also Eiden, H., ‘Ausgrabungen imspatantiken Trier’ in Kramer, W. (ed.), Neue Ausgrabungen in Deutschland (1958), 340–67, on whose fig. 6 our FIG. 13.1, 3 are based.Google Scholar

127 Frere, S. S., ‘The Silchester Church: The Excavations by Sir Ian Richmond in 1961’ Archaeologia cv (1976), 277–302.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

128 Krautheimer, , op. cit. (note 123), 23–4 and fig. 7.Google Scholar

129 ibid., 19.

130 West, S. E. and Plouviez, J., ‘The Romano-British site at Icklingham’ East Anglian Arch, iii (1976), 63–125. esp. 120–1Google Scholar. The shrine at Witham, Essex, seems to show a similar sequence: Britannia xi (1980), 378–9 and fig. 14; xii (1981), 350.Google Scholar

131 A. Ellison, ‘Natives, Romans and Christians on West Hill, Uley: An Interim Report on the Excavation of a Ritual Complex of the first Millenium a.d.’ in Rodwell, (ed.), op. cit. (note 35), 305–29.Google Scholar

132 Amy, R. and Gros, P., La Maison Carree de Nimes (38th supplement to Gallia), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Paris (1979).Google Scholar

133 Britannia xiii (1982), 371.Google Scholar

134 Especially by Cotton (Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 188–9)Google Scholar and Hull, , ‘The Southern Wing of the Roman Forum at Colchester: Recent Discoveries’ Trans. Essex Arch. Soc. NS xxv, (1955), 24–61.Google Scholar

135 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 171.Google Scholar

136 Hull, , op. cit. (note 134), 40, 44 respectively.Google Scholar

137 Cunningham, C. M. in Drury, , op. cit. (note 3), 378–9.Google Scholar

138 Cotton, in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 188–9.Google Scholar

139 Hull, , op. cit. (note 139), 48–9.Google Scholar

140 Krautheimer, , op. cit. (note 123), 36.Google Scholar

141 From 98–9 High Street: Clarke, D. T. D. in Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 124–5, from the late (pre-Norman) occupation level (L2).Google Scholar

142 From the 1950 excavation: Pearce, B. W. in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 188, from the late (pre-Norman) occupation level.Google Scholar

143 Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 120, 126.Google Scholar

144 Following, in general, Frend, W. H. C., ‘The Christianization of Roman Britain’ in Barley, M. W. and Hanson, R. P. C. (eds.) Christianity in Britain, 300–700, (1968), 37–49, esp. 45.Google Scholar

145 Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 120.Google Scholar

146 Laver, , op. cit. (note 21), 123.Google Scholar

147 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 175.Google Scholar

148 Cotton in ibid., fig. 91.

149 ibid., 183; fig. 91.

150 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 177–8.Google Scholar

151 Percival, J., The Roman Villa (1976), 174–7Google Scholar; Kutzbach, F., ‘Das ältere Hochschloss in Pfalzel bei Trier’ Germania xix (1935), 40–53, esp. his reconstructions (figs. 1–2).Google Scholar

152 Johnson, S., Late Roman Fortifications (1983), 96–9.Google Scholar

153 Stephenson, D. in Drury, , op. cit. (note 3), 409–13.Google Scholar

154 Britannia vi (1975), 284–5, no. 2.Google Scholar

155 JRS xlviii (1958), 150, no. 2.Google Scholar

156 Cunliffe, B. W., Roman Bath (Soc. Antiq. Res. Rept. 24, 1969), 193–4.Google Scholar

157 Amy, and Gros, , op. cit. (note 132), 92, 94.Google Scholar

158 Kapps, R., Escolives Sainte Camille Gallo-Romain (1st supplement to Revue Archéologique de l'est et du centre-est, 1974), 35–7.Google Scholar

159 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 169.Google Scholar

160 For a preliminary appraisal of this fragment see Britannia xi (1980), 403, no. 1.Google Scholar

161 In Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 188–9.Google Scholar

162 Op. cit. (note 134), 46–50.

163 P. J. Drury, The Mansio and Other Sites in the South-eastern sector of Caesaromagus, Chelmsford Archaeological Trust Report 3.1, forthcoming in CBA Res. Rep. Series.

161 op. cit. (note 134), 47.

165 In Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 189.Google Scholar

166 op. cit. (note 134), 47.

167 ibid.

168 Hebditch, ; op. cit. (note 17), fig. 5.8–10.Google Scholar

169 Blagg, T.F.C., ‘The use of Terra-Cotta for Architectural Ornament in Italy and the Western Provinces’ in McWhirr, A. (ed.), Roman Brick and Tile BAR S68 (1979), 279.Google Scholar

170 op. cit. (note 17); Feature 12, Layer 19; illustrated in fig. 5.10.

171 ibid., Layer 19 (end IIIB), L6 (IVB); fig. 5.8.

172 ibid., L19; fig. 5.9.

173 Cotton in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 184.Google Scholar

174 D. Johnston and D. Williams, ‘Relief-Patterned Tiles: A Reappraisal’ in McWhirr, (ed.), op. cit. (note 169), 375–93; Drury, op. cit. (note 163).Google Scholar

175 A Study of the Patterns on Roman Flue Tiles and their Distribution (Res. Papers Surrey Arch. Soc. I, 1948).Google Scholar

176 op. cit. (note 134), 46–7.

177 Strong, D. E. in Cunliffe, , op. cit. (note 76), 40–73.Google Scholar

178 Cunliffe, , op. cit. (note 156), 10–16, esp. fig. 3.Google Scholar

179 Blagg, T. F. C., ‘The Date of the Temple of Sulis Minerva at Bath’ Britannia x (1979), 101–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

180 Dix, B., ‘Roman Lime-Burning’ Britannia x (1979), 261–2.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

181 Evans, J., ‘Mortar Sample Analysis’ in Hill, C. et al. , The Roman Riverside Wall and Monumental Arch in London (London Middlesex Arch. Soc. Special Paper 3, 1980) 116–20.Google Scholar

182 cf. Neal, D. S., The Excavation of the Roman Villa in Gadebridge Park, Hemel Hempstead, 1963–8 (Soc. Antiq. Res. Rept. 31, 1974), 133, fig. 58.81Google Scholar; Cunliffe, B. W., Excavations at Portchester Castle, I: Roman (Soc. Antiq. Res. Rept. 32, 1975), 211, fig. 113.57–60.Google Scholar

183 Drury, P. J. (ed.), ‘Braintree: Excavations and Research, 1971–6’ Essex Arch. Hist, viii (1976), 1–143, esp. 17 and fig. 11.2.Google Scholar

184 Whiting, W. et al. , Report on the Excavations of the Roman Cemetery at Ospringe, Kent, (Soc. Antiq. Res. Rept. 8, 1931), 47 (Grave DX) and pl. lviii.Google Scholar

185 cf. Hawkes, C. F. C. and Hull, M. R., Camulodunum (Soc. Antiq. Res. Rept. 14, 1947), 326, Class A.Google Scholar

196 Cotton in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 184.Google Scholar

187 cf. Manning, W. H., Catalogue of Romano-British Ironwork in the Museum of Antiquities, Newcastle-on-Tyne (1976), figs. 158–60 (COLEM 1950: 166–7).Google Scholar

188 cf. Biddle, M. ‘Two Flavian Burials from Winchester’ Antiq. Journ. xlvii (1967), 248–50Google Scholar; Lawson, A. J., ‘Shale and Jet objects from Silchester’ Archaeologia cv (1976), 241–75, esp. 263–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

189 Hull, , op. cit. (note 134), 46.Google Scholar

190 cf. Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), fig. 5.11Google Scholar; Isings, C., Roman Glass from Dated Deposits (1957).Google Scholar

191 1950: Cotton in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 184–8; 1953Google Scholar: Hull, , op. cit. (note 134), 51–8; 1964Google Scholar: Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 126–7.Google Scholar

192 A more detailed study of the late Roman pottery is lodged at the Castle Museum, Colchester.

193 op. cit. (note 6), 283.

194 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), figs. 53–6.Google Scholar

195 Young, C. J., Oxfordshire Roman Pottery BAR 43 (1977), 170, fig. 65.Google Scholar

196 Geddes, S., The Late Roman Pottery from the Verulamium Theatre, M. A. Thesis, University of London, 1977, fig. 18, type 27.Google Scholar

197 Hull, M. R., The Roman Potters' Kilns of Colchester (Soc. Antiq. Res. Rep. 21, 1963), fig. 89.8.Google Scholar

198 Gose, E., Gefasstypen der romischen Keramik im Rheinland (Beiheft der Bonner Jahrbiicher, 1950).Google Scholar

199 First noted in Britannia xi (1980), 410–11, no. 29.Google Scholar

200 First noted in ibid., 411, no. 33.

201 Greene, K., ‘A Christian Monogram from Richborough, Kent’ Britannia v (1974), 393–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

202 Britannia viii (1977), 444, no. 100.Google Scholar

203 C. J. Going, The Mansio and Other Sites in the south-eastern sector of Caesaromagus: The Roman Pottery, Chelmsford Archaeological Trust Report 3.2, CBA Research Report, forthcoming.

204 Harden, C. B. and Green, C., ‘A Late Roman Grave Group from the Minories, Aldgate’ Collectanea Londiniensia (studies presented to Ralph Merrifield, 1978), 163–176.Google Scholar

205 op. cit. (note 197), 178–191.

206 op. cit. (note 134), 57.

207 Fulford, M. and Hodder, I., ‘A Regression Analysis of some late Romano-British Pottery: a case study’ Oxoniensia xxxix (1974), 28–35.Google Scholar

208 Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 120–2.Google Scholar

208 Hull, , op. cit. (note 130), 44.Google Scholar

210 Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 183.Google Scholar

211 Howe, M. D. et al. , Roman Pottery from the Nene Valley: A Guide (Peterborough City Museum Occasional Paper 2, 1981), fig. 7.78.Google Scholar

212 H. Toller, personal comment.

213 Hull, , op. cit. (note 197), 157, fig. 89.6–7.Google Scholar

214 ibid., fig. 89.8.

215 Hebditch, , op. cit. (note 17), 124–5.Google Scholar

216 Cotton, in Hull, , op. cit. (note 6), 183.Google Scholar

217 V. Swan and J. Plouviez, personal comment.

218 AM 792925.

219 AM 722275, 722278.