No CrossRef data available.
Article contents
Optimality and constraint
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 19 May 2011
Abstract
An abstract is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
![Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'](https://static.cambridge.org/content/id/urn%3Acambridge.org%3Aid%3Aarticle%3AS0140525X00066243/resource/name/firstPage-S0140525X00066243a.jpg)
- Type
- Open Peer Commentary
- Information
- Copyright
- Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1991
References
Ainslie, G. W. (1974) Impulse control in pigeons. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:485–89 [JEM].CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ainslie, G. W. (1985) Beyond microeconomics: Conflict among interests in a multiple self as a determinant of value. In: The multiple self ed. Elster, J.. Cambridge University Press. [JEM]Google Scholar
Alchian, A. A. (1950) Uncertainty, evolution and economic theory. Journal of Political Economy 58:211–21. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ancot, J.-P. & Paelinck, J. H. P. (1983) The spatial econometrics of the European FLEUR-model. In: Evolving geographical structures, ed. Griffith, D. & Lea, A.. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. [JHPP]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. (1990b) Cognitive psychology and its implications. 3rd ed. H, W.. Freeman. [JRA]Google Scholar
Anderson, J. R. & Milson, R. (1989) Human memory: An adaptive perspective. Psychological Review 96(4):703–703. [JRA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barigozzi, C. (1980) Vito Volterra symposium on mathematical models in biology. Springer-Verlag. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baron, J. & Brown, R. V. (in press) Teaching decision making to adolescents. Erlbaum. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barrow, J. D. & Tipler, F. J. (1986) The anthropic cosmological principle. Cambridge University Press. [GFM]Google Scholar
Battalio, R. C., Kagel, J. H., Rachlin, H. & Green, L. (1981) Commodity-choice behavior with pigeons as subjects. Journal of Political Economy 89:1. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beatty, J. (1987) Natural selection and the null hypothesis. In: The latest onthe best, ed. Dupré, J.. MIT Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Becker, G. S. (1976) The economic approach to human behavior. Universityof Chicago Press. [aPJHS, JEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Becker, G. S. & Murphy, K. M. (1988) A theory of rational addiction. Journalof Political Economy 96:675–99. [JEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, D., Raiffa, H. & Tversky, H. (1988) Decision making. Cambridge University Press. [rPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boland, L. A. (1981) On the futility of criticizing the neoclassical maximization hypothesis. American Economic Review 71(5):1031–1031. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Bordley, R. F. (1983) A central principle of science: Optimization. Behavioral Science 28:53–64. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bounds, D. G. (1987) New optimization methods from physics and biology. Nature 329:215–20. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Braithwait, R. B. (1966) Causal and teleological explanation. In: Purpose innature, ed. Canfield, J. V.. Prentice Hall. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Brescia, F., Arents, F., Meislich, H. & Turk, A. (1966) Fundamentals ofchemistry. Academic Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Bromberger, S. (1970) Why-questions. In: Readings in the philosophy of science, ed. Brody, B., Prentice-Hall. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Buchanan, J. M. & Tullock, G. (1962) The calculus of consent. University of Michigan Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Bull, J. J. (ed.) (1983) Evolution of sex-determining mechanisms. Benjamin/Cummings. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Bullock, D. & Grossberg, S. (1988) Neural dynamics of planned armmovements: Emergent invariants and speed-accuracy properties duringtrajectory formation. Psychological Review 95:49–90. [DSL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burrell, Q. L. & Cane, V. R. (1982) The analysis of library data. Journal of the Royal Statistical Society, Series A(145):439–71. [JRA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cabanac, M. & LeBlanc, J. (1983) Physiological conflict in humans: Fatiguevs. cold discomfort. American Journal of Physiology 244:R621–28. [MC]Google ScholarPubMed
Callahan, J. J. (1976) The curvature of space in a finite universe. Scientific American, August:90-99. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Camerer, C. F. (1990) Recent tests of generalizations of expected utilitytheory (manuscript). Department of Decision Sciences, The Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA. [ESh]Google Scholar
Campbell, N. (1970) What is a theory? In: Readings in the philosophy ofscience, ed. Brody, B. A.. Prentice-Hall. [rPJHS]Google Scholar
Carver, C. S. & Scheier, M. F. (1982) Control theory: A useful conceptual framework for personality-social, clinical, and health psychology. Psychological Bulletin 92:111–35. [MEH]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandrasekhar, S. (1987) Truth and beauty: Aesthetics and motivations inscience. University of Chicago Press. [APW]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Charnov, E. L. (1976) Optimal foraging: The marginal value theorem. Theoretical Population Biology 9:126–43. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chicago Tribune (1988) Article on 1988 Nobel Prize winners in physics, Oct.20, p. 2. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. M. (1956) Sentences about believing. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 56:125–40. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clark, C. W. (1991) Modeling behavioral adaptations. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 14(1):85–85. [rPJHS, DAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coase, R. H. (1960) The problem of social cost. Journal of Law and Economics 3:1–45. [arPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, L. J. (1981) Can human irrationality be experimentally demonstrated? Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:317–70. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coombs, C. H., Dawes, R. M. & Tversky, A. (1970) Mathematical psychology: An introduction. Prentice-Hall. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Cooper, W. S. (1987) Decision theory as a branch of evolutionary theory: Abiological derivation of the savage axioms. Psychological Review 94(4):395–395. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosmides, L. M. & Tooby, J. (1981) Cytoplasmic inheritance andintragenomic conflict. Journal of Theoretical Biology 89:83–129. [MDal]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cosmides, L. M. & Tooby, J.Cytoplasmic inheritance and intragenomic conflict. Journal of Theoretical Biology 89:83–129 [MDal]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cosmides, L. M. & Tooby, J. (1987) From evolution to behavior: Evolutionary psychology as the missinglink. In: The latest on the best: Essays on evolution and optimality, ed. Dupre, J.. MIT Press. [GFM]Google Scholar
Cournot, A. (1838/1971) Researches into the mathematical principles of the theory of wealth. Augustus M. Kelly. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
D'ArcyThompson, W. Thompson, W. (1917/1942) On growth and form. Cambridge University Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Davison, M. & Kerr, A. (1989) Sensitivity of time allocation to an overall reinforcer-rate feedback function in concurrent interval schedules. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 51:215–31. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1978) Brainstorms: Philosophical essays on mind andpsychology. Bradford Books. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
d'Espagnat, B. (1979) The quantum theory and reality. Scientific American, vol. 241. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dupré, J. (ed.) (1987) The latest on the best: Essays on evolution andoptimality. MIT Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Eatwell, J., Milgate, M. & Newman, P. (1988). The new Palgrave: Adictionary of economics. Macmillan. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Einhorn, H. & Hogarth, R. M. (1981) Behavioral decision theory: Processesof judgment and choice. Annual Review of Psychology 32:53–88. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Einhorn, H. & Hogarth, R. M. (1986) Judging probable cause. Psychological Bulletin 99(1):3–3. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eldredge, N. & Gould, J. (1972) Punctuated evolution: An alternative tophyletic gradualism. In: Models of paleobiology, ed. Schopf, T.. Freeman. [rPJHS]Google Scholar
Ellsberg, D. (1961) Risk, ambiguity, and the Savage axioms. Quarterly Journal of Economics 75:643–99. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, J. (1979) Ulysses and the sirens. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1982) Explaining technical change. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Elster, J. (1983) Sour grapes. In: Studies in the subversion of rationality. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elster, J. (1989) Solomonic judgments: Studies in the limitations of rationality. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Euler, L. (1744/1952). Methodus inveniendi lineas curvas maximi minimive proprietate gaudentes, Lausanne. Reprinted in Leonhardi Euleri Opera Omnia. vol. 24, Series 1 Bern. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Fama, E. F. & Miller, M. H. (1972) The theory of finance. Holt, Rinehart & Winston. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Fantino, E. & Abarca, N. (1985) Choice, optimal foraging, and the delay-reduction hypothesis. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 8:315–62. [aPJHS, SS-F]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantino, E. & Preston, R. A. (1988a) Foraging for integration. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:683–84. [SS-F]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fantino, E. & Preston, R. A. (1988b) Choice and foraging: The effects of accessibility on acceptability. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 50:395–403. [SS-F]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Farris, S. (1983) The logical basis of phylogenetic analysis. In: Advances incladistics, 2nd ed., ed. Platnick, N. & Funk, V.. Columbia University Press. Also in E. Sober, ed. (1984) Conceptual issues in evolutionarybiology. MIT Press. [ESo]Google Scholar
Feynman, R. P., Leighton, R. B. & Sands, M. (1964) The Feynman lecturesof physics, vol. 1. Addison-Wesley. [aPJHS, FLB]Google Scholar
Fisher, R. A. (1930/1958) The genetical theory of natural selection. The Clarendon Press. Revised edition. Dover Publications. [JFC]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flash, T. & Hogan, N. (1985) The coordination of arm movements: Anexperimentally confirmed mathematical model. Journal of Neuroscience 5:1688–1703. [DSL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fodor, J. A. (1981) Three cheers for propositional attitudes! In: Representations. Harvester Press. [PD]Google Scholar
Foster, C. (1990) Algorithms, abstraction and implementation. PhD. thesis, Centre for Cognitive Science, University of Edinburgh. [PD]Google Scholar
Friedman, M. (1953) Essays in positive economics. University of Chicago Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Frisch, D. & Baron, J. (1988) Ambiguity and rationality. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making 1:149–57. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garey, M. R. & Johnson, D. S. (1979) Computers and intractability. W. H. Freeman & Co1. [DAM]Google Scholar
Georgescu-Roegen, N. (1971) The entropy law and the economic process. Harvard University Press. [rPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghiselin, M. T. (1974) The economy of nature and the evolution of sex. University of California Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Gōttinger, H. W. (1982) Computational cost and bounded rationality. In:Philosophy of economics, ed. Stegmiiler, W., Balzer, W. & Spohn, W.. Springer. [PM]Google Scholar
Gould, S. J. & Lewontin, R. C. (1979) The spandrels of San Marco and the Panglossian paradigm: A critique of the adaptionist programme. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 205:591–98. [aPJHS, DAH, KMS, MDal, PD]Google Scholar
Gray, J. A. & Smith, P. T. (1969) An arousal-decision model for partialreinforcement and discrimination learning. In: Animal discriminationlearning, ed. Gilbert, R. M. & Sutherland, N. S.. Academic Press. [DSL]Google Scholar
Grether, D. M. & Plott, C. R. (1979) Economic theory of choice and the preference reversal phenomenon. American Economic Review 69(4):623–623. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1981) The question of animal awareness. Rockefeller University Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Grossberg, S. & Gutowski, W. (1987) Neural dynamics of decision makingunder risk: Affective balance and cognitive-emotional interactions. Psychological Review 94:300–18. [DSL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grossberg, S. & Mingolla, E. (1985) Neural dynamics of form perception:Boundary completion, illusory figures, and neon color spreading. Psychological Review 92:173–211. [DSL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hacking, I. (1983) Representing and intervening: Introductory topics in the philosophy of natural science. Cambridge University Press. [N-ES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, W. R. (1834/1940) On a general method in dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. Also in The mathematical papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, vol. 2, Dynamics. Cambridge University Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Hamilton, W. R. (1835/1940) Second essay on a general method in dynamics. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society. (Also in The mathematical papers of Sir William Rowan Hamilton, vol. 2, Dynamics. Cambridge University Press.) [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Hannan, M. & Freeman, j. (1989) Organizational ecology. Harvard University Press. [rPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hansson, B. (1988) Risk aversion as a problem of conjoint measurement. In: Decision, probability, and utility, ed. Gardenfors, P. & Sahlin, N.-E.. Cambridge University Press. [N-ES]Google Scholar
Hecht-Nielsen, R. (1987) Kolmogorov's mapping neural network existence theorem. Proceedings of the IEEE First International Conference on Neural Networks, San Diego, CA, vol. 3. [rPJHS, DAH]Google Scholar
Heiner, R. A. (1983) The origin of predictable behavior. American Economic Review 73:560–85. [DSL]Google Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. (1990) Rational choice theory: Necessary but not sufficient. American Psychologist 45:356–67. [MD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. & Mazur, J. E. (1987) Making up our minds: A new modelof economic behavior. The Sciences 27:40–47. [JEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herrnstein, R. J. & Vaughan, W. (1980) Melioration and behavioral allocation. In: Limits to action: The allocation of individual behavior, ed. Staddon, J. E. R.. Academic Press. [MD]Google Scholar
Hershey, J. C. & Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1985) Probability vs. certaintye quivalence methods. In: Utility measurement: Are they equivalent? Management Science 31:1213–31. [rPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hershey, J. C., Kunreuther, H. C. & Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1982) Sources of bias in assessment procedures for utility functions. Management Science 28:936–54. [arPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hesse, M. (1969) Simplicity. In: The encyclopedia of philosophy, ed. Edwards, P.. Macmillan. [ESo]Google Scholar
Hirshleifer, J. (1977) Economics from a biological point of view. Journal of Law and Economics 20:1–52. [aPJHS, SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirshleifer, J. (1987) Economic behavior in adversity. University of Chicago Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Hogarth, R. M. & Reder, M. W., eds. (1986) The behavioral foundations of economic theory. Journal of Business 59(4) Part 2. [arPJHS, ESh]Google Scholar
Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. M. (1987) Singing to attract a mate: Astochastic dynamic game. Journal of Theoretical Biology 129:57–68. [DAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houston, A. I. & McNamara, J. M. (1988) A framework for the functional analysis of behaviour. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 11:117–63. [rPJHS, DAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Houthakker, H. S. (1956) Economics and biology: Specialization andspeciation. Kyklos 9:181–89. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hubel, D. H. & Wiesel, T. (1979) Brain mechanisms of vision. Scientific American, September. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1930) Knowledge and purpose as habit mechanisms. Psychological Review 37:511–25. [KMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1931) Goal attraction and directing ideas conceived as habit phenomena. Psychological Review 38:487–506. [KMS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1952) A behavior system: An introduction to behavior theory concerningthe individual organism. Yale University Press. [KMS]Google Scholar
Hume, A. L. & Irwin, R. J. (1974) Bias functions and operating characteristics of rats discriminating auditory stimuli. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 21:285–95. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hyland, M. E. (1988) Motivational control theory: An integrative framework. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 55:642–51. [MEH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hylleraas, E. A. (1970) Mathematical and theoretical physics, vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Jantsch, E. & Waddington, C. H. (1976) Evolution and consciousness. Addison-Wesley. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Johnson, E. & Payne, J. (1985) Effort and accuracy in choice. Management Science 30:395–414. [rPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, E. J. & Schkade, D. A. (1989) Bias in utility assessments: Further evidence and explanations. Management Science 35:406–24. [rPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jungermann, H. (1983) The two rationality camps. In: Decision-making underuncertainty, ed. Scholz, R. W.. North-Holland. [OL]Google Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1979) Prospect theory: An analysis of decisionunder risk. Econometrica 47(2):263–91. [arPJHS, JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D. & Tversky, A. (1984) Choices, values, and frames. American Psychologist 39:341–50. [JB]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kahneman, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (1982) Judgement under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases. Cambridge University Press. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamil, A. (1978). Systematic foraging by a nectar feeding bird: The amakihi (Loxops virens). Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 92:388–96. [DAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kamil, A. C. & Roitblat, H. L. (1985) Foraging theory: Implications for animal learning and cognition. Annual Review of Psychology 36:141–69. [DAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Karlin, S. & Lessard, S. (1986) Theoretical studies on sex ratio evolution. Princeton University Press. [aPJHS]Google ScholarPubMed
Keeney, R. L. & Raiffa, H. (1976) Decisions with multiple objectives: Preferences and value tradeoffs. John Wiley & Sons. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Kim, J. (1981) Causes as explanations: A critique. Theory and Decision 13:293–309. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, M. (1979) The neutral theory of molecular evolution. Scientific American vol. 241. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kimura, M. (1983) The neutral theory of molecular evolution. Cambridge University Press. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kimura, M. (1989) The neutral theory of molecular evolution and the world view ofneutralists. Genome 31:24–31. [rPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kirkpatrick, S., Gelatt, C. D. & Vecchi, M. P. (1983) Optimization bysimulated annealing. Science 220:671–79. [aPJHS, DAH, DSL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirousis, L. M. & Papadimitriou, C. H. (1988) The complexity of recognizingpolyhedral scenes. Journal of Computer and System Sciences 37:14–38. [DAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1985) Vaulting ambition: Sociobiology and the quest for humannature. MIT Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Kitcher, P. (1987) Why not the best? In: The latest on the best, ed. Dupre, J.. MIT Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Kleidon, A. W. (1986) Anomalies in financial economics: Blue print for change. Journal of Business 59, 4(2):5451–68. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Kleindorfer, P., Kunreuther, H. & Schoemaker, P. (1991) Decision sciences: An integrative perspective. Cambridge University Press (in press). [rPJHS]Google Scholar
Klopf, A. H. (1988) A neuronal model of classical conditioning. Psychohiology 16:85–125. [DSL]Google Scholar
Koopmans, T. C. (1972) Representation of preference orderings over time. In: Decisions and organizations, ed. McGuire, C. B. & Radner, T. R.. North-Holland. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B., eds. (1978) Behavioral ecology: An evolutionaryapproach. Sinauer. [JEM]Google Scholar
Krebs, J. R., Kacelnik, A. & Taylor, P. J. (1978) Test of optimal sampling byforaging great tits. Nature 275:27–31. [DAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kuhn, T. S. (1962) The structure of scientific revolutions. University of Chicago Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Lagrange, L. (1788/1853) Mécanique analytique, Paris. (Also 3rd ed., ed. Bertrand, M. J.. Mallet-Bachelier.) [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Lakatos, I. (1970) Falsification and the methodology of scientific research programmes. In: Criticism and the growth of knowledge, ed. Lakatos, I. & Musgrave, A.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lanczos, C. (1970) The variational principles of mechanics, 4th ed. University of Toronto Press. [FLB]Google Scholar
Langton, C. (1990) Computation at the edge of chaos: Phase transitions andemergent computation. T-13 and Center for Nonlinear Studies, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Technical Report, LA-UR-90-379. [GFM]Google Scholar
Larichev, O. & Moshkovich, H. (1988) Limits to decision-making ability indirect multiattribute alternative evaluation. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision 42:217–33. [OL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larrick, R. P., Morgan, J. N. & Nisbett, R. E. (in press). Teaching the use of cost-benefit reasoning in everyday life. Psychological Science. [JB]Google Scholar
Layzer, D. (1975) The arrow of time. Scientific American December:56–69. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lea, S. E. C., Tarpy, R. M. & Webley, P. (1987) The individual in the economy. Cambridge University Press. [SEGL]Google Scholar
Lenoir, T. (1982) The strategy of life: Teleology and mechanics in nineteenth century German biology. D. Reidel. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Leven, S. J. & Levine, D. S. (1987) Effects of reinforcement on knowledge retrieval and evaluation. First International Conference on Neural Networks, San Diego, CA. IEEE/ICNN, vol. 2. [DSL]Google Scholar
Levine, D. S. (1983) Neural population modeling and psychology: A review. Mathematical Biosciences 66:1–86. [DSL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, D. S. & Grossberg, S. (1976) Visual illusions in neural networks: Lineneutralization, tilt after-effect, and angle expansion. Journal of The oretical Biology 61:477–504. [DSL]Google ScholarPubMed
Levine, D. S. & Leven, S. J., eds. (1990) Motivation, emotion, and goaldirection in neural networks. Erlbaum. [DSL]Google Scholar
Levine, D. S. & Prueitt, P. S. (1989) Modeling some effects of frontal lobedamage: Novelty and perseveration. Neural Networks 2:103–16. [DSL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewin, K. (1943) Defining the “field at a given time.” Psychological Review 50:292–310. [MEH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lewontin, R. C. (1974) The genetic basis of evolutionary change. Columbia University Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Loewenstein, G. (1987) Anticipation and the valuation of delayed consumption. The Economic Journal 97:666–84. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Logan, F. A. (1965) Decision making by rats: Delay versus amount of reward. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology 59:1–12. [JEM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Loomes, G. & Sugden, S. (1982) Regret theory: An alternative approach torational choice under uncertainty. Economic Journal 92:805–24. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Losee, J. (1980) A historical introduction to the philosophy of science, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press. [N-ES]Google Scholar
Lucas, R. E. (1980) Two illustrations of the quantity theory of money. American Economic Review 70:1005–14. [rPJHS]Google Scholar
Machina, M. (1982) Expected utility analysis without the independence axiom. Econometrica 50:277–323. [aPJHS, ESh]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mackie, J. L. (1980) The cement of the universe: A study of causation. Oxford University Press (Oxford). [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magill, M. J. P. (1970) On a general economic theory of motion. Springer-Verlag. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Malkiel, B. G. (1989) Is the stock market efficient? Science 243:1313–18. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
March, J. G. (1978) Bounded rationality, ambiguity and the engineering choice. Bell Journal of Economics 9:587–608. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maupertuis, P. L. M. (1744) Accord de differentes loix de la nature, quiavoient jusqu'ici paru incompatibles. Mémoires de I'Académie des Sciences de Paris, April 15. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
MaynardSmith, J. Smith, J. (1974) The theory of games and the evolution of animal conflicts. Journal of Theoretical Biology 47:209–21. [PD]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MaynardSmith, J. Smith, J. (1978) Optimization theory in evolution. Annual Review of Ecological Systems 9:31–56. [aPJHS, DAH]Google Scholar
MaynardSmith, J. Smith, J. (1982) Evolution and the theory of games. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [aPJHS]Google Scholar
MaynardSmith, J. Smith, J. (1984) Game theory and the evolution of behaviour. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 7(1):95–100. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
MaynardSmith, J. Smith, J. (1986) The problems of biology. Oxford University Press. [rPJHS]Google Scholar
Mayr, E. (1963) Animal species and evolution. Harvard University Press. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mayr, E. (1983) How to carry out the adaptationist program. American Naturalist 121:324–34. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1981) Optimization theory fails to predict performance of pigeons in a two-response situation. Science 214:823–25. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1987) An adjusting procedure for studying delayed reinforcement. In: Quantitative analyses of behavior, vol. 5, The effect of delay and ofintervening events on reinforcement value, ed. Commons, M. L., Mazur, J. E., Nevin, J. A. & Rachlin, H.. Erlbaum. [JEM]Google Scholar
Mazur, J. E. (1988) Choice between small certain and large uncertain reinforcers. Animal Learning & Behavior 16:199–205. [JEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McCarthy, D. & Davison, M. (1984) Isobias and alloiobias functions in animal psychophysics. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes 10:390–409. [MD]Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E. & the PDF research group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. I. Bradford Books. [JRA]Google Scholar
McFarland, D. J. (1977) Decision making in animals. Nature 269, Sept.1. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, D. A. & Zucker, S. W. (1990) Copositive-plus Lemke algorithm solvespolymatrix games. Technical paper, McGill Research Centre for Intelligent Machines. [DAM]Google Scholar
Miller, M. (1986) Behavioral rationality in finance: The case of dividends. Journal of Business 59, 4(2):5451–68. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Milnor, J. (1954) Games against nature. In: Decision Processes, ed. Thrall, R. M., C. H. Coombs & Davis, R. L.. Wiley. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Mongin, P. (1986) Are “all-and-some” statements falsifiable after all? The example of utility theory. Economics and Philosophy 2:185–95. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nagel, E. (1953) Teleological explanations and ideological systems. In: Visionand action, ed. Ratner, S.. Rutgers University Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Nagylaki, T. (1989) Rate of evolution of a character without epistasis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA 86:1910–13. [JFC]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, R. & Winter, S. (1982) An evolutionary theory of economic change. Harvard University Press. [rPJHS, APW]Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. & Ross, L. (1980) Human inference: Strategies and shortcomingsof social judgment. Prentice-Hall. [SS-F]Google Scholar
Oster, G. F. & Wilson, E. O. (1978) A critique of optimization theory inevolutionary biology. In: Caste and ecology in the social insects. Princeton University Press. [aPJHS]Google ScholarPubMed
Paelinck, J. H. P. (1990) Vreemde dynamiek in de scheikunde en deruimtelijke economic (Strange dynamics in chemistry and spatialeconomics). In: Schetsen van een tijdperk (Dedicatus Prof, dr B. Leijnse), ed. Blijenberg, B. G. & Boerma, G. J. M.. Erasmus University Press. [JHPP]Google Scholar
Paltridge, G. W. (1975) Global dynamics and climate - A system of minimumentropy exchange. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 101:475–84. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Pareto, V. (1897) The new theories of economics. Journal of Political Economy 5:485–502. [arPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, G. A. (1978) Searching for mates. In: Behavioral ecology: Anevolutionary approach, ed. Krebs, J. R. & Davies, N. B.. Blackwell. [MC]Google Scholar
Partington, J. R. (1964) A history of chemistry. Macmillan & Co., Ltd. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pen, J. (1988) Boekbesprekingen: Review of S. E. G. Lea, R. M. Tarpy & P. Webley “The Individual in the Economy.” De Economist 136:403–05. [SEGL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. & Inhelder, B. (1975) The origin of the idea of chance in children. Norton. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Pierce, G. J. & Ollason, J. G. (1987) Eight reasons why optimal foraging theory is a complete waste of time. Oikos 49:111–17. [DAH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Popper, K. (1968) Conjectures and refutations: The growth of scientific knowledge. Harper & Row. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Powers, W. T. (1978) Quantitative analysis of purposive systems. Psychological Review 85:417–35. [MEH]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quine, W. (1966) Simple theories of a complex world. In: The ways ofparadox and other essays. Random House. [ESo]Google Scholar
Quine, W. (1969) Ontological relativity and other essays. Columbia University Press. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rachlin, H. (1985) Maximization theory and Plato's concept of the good. Behaviorism 13(1):3–20. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Rachlin, H. & Green, L. (1972) Commitment, choice and self-control. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 17:15–22. [JEM]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rachlin, H., Battalio, R., Kagel, J. & Green, L. (1981) Maximization theoryin behavioral psychology. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 4:371–417. [JEM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramsey, F. P. (1929/1990) General propositions and causality. In: Philosophical papers, ed. Mellor, D. H.. Cambridge University Press. [N-ES]Google Scholar
Rapoport, A., Guyer, M. & Gondon, O. (1976) The 2 × 2 game. University of Michigan Press. [APW]Google Scholar
Rapport, D. J. (1971) An optimization model of food selection. American Naturalist 105:575–88. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reseller, N. (1979) Leibniz: An introduction to his philosophy. Basil Blackwell. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Rodman, P. S. & Cant, J. G. H., eds. (1984) Adaptations for foraging innonhuman primates. Columbia University Press. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1982) Decision making, evolution and cognition. In: Evolutionand determinism of animal and human behavior, ed. Schmidt, H. D. & Tembrock, G.. Springer-Verlag. [DAH]Google Scholar
Roll, R. (1989) The international crash of October 1987. In: Black Monday and the future of financial markets, ed. Kamphuis, R. W., Kormendi, R. C. & Watson, J. W. H.. Dow Jones-Irwin, Inc. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Rosenberg, A. (1985) The structure of biological science. Cambridge University Press. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rosenblueth, A.Wiener, N. & Bigelow, J. (1943) Behavior, purpose andteleology. Philosophy of Science vol. 10(1):18–24. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothschild, M. (1973) Models of market organization with imperfect information: A survey. Journal of Political Economy 81:1283–1308. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rothschild, M. (1974) Searching for the lowest price when the distribution of prices is unknown. Journal of Political Economy 82:689–711. [arPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L. & the PDF research group (1986) Parallel distributed processing: Explorations in the microstructure of cognition. II. Bradford Books. [JRA]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sahlin, N. E. (1990) The philosophy of F. P. Ramsey. Cambridge University Press. [N-ES]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salton, G. & McGill, M. J. (1983) Introduction to modern iriformation retrieval. McGraw-Hill. [JRA]Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. (1946) Foundations of economic analysis. Harvard University Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. (1963) Discussion: Problems of methodology. American Economic Review 53 (suppl.):227–36. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Samuelson, P. (1970) Maximum principles in analytical economics. Nobel Memorial Lecture, Dec. 11. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Satterthwaite, M. A. (1975) Strategy-proofhess and Arrow's conditions. Journal of Economic Theory 1:187–217. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sayre, K. M. (1986) Intentionality and information processing: An alternativemodel for cognitive science. Behavioral and Brain Sciences 9:121–37. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schlick, M. (1939) When is man responsible? In: Problems of ethics. Prentice-Hall, Inc. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1982) The expected utility model: Its variants, purposes, evidence and limitations. Journal of Economic Literature 20:529–63. [aPJHS, ESh]Google Scholar
Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1984) Optimality principles in science: Some epistemological issues. In: The quest for optimality, ed. Paelinck, J. H. P. & Vossen., P. H.Gower. [arPJHS]Google Scholar
Schoemaker, P. J. H. (1990) Strategy, complexity and economic rent. Management Science 36(3). [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoemaker, P. & Hershey, J. (1991) Utility measurement: Signal, noise andbias. In: Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes (in press). [rPJHS]Google Scholar
Schroedinger, E. (1967) What is liffe?-Mind and matter. Cambridge University Press(Cambridge). [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Shannon, C. E. & Weaver, W. (1949) The mathematical theory of communications. University of Illinois Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1964) On subjectively optimum selections among multi-attribute alternatives. In: Human judgment and optimality, ed. Shelby, M. W. & Bryan, G. L.Wiley. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1987) Evolution of a mesh between principles of the mind and regularities of the world. In: The latest of the best, ed. Dupre, J.. MIT Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Shiller, R. (1981) Do stock prices move too much to be justified bysubsequent changes in dividends? American Economic Review 7:421–36. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1969) Contingencies of reinforcement. Appleton-Century-Crofts. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Slovic, P. & Lichtenstein, S. (1983) Preference reversals: A broaderperspective. American Economic Review 73:596–605. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Slovic, P. & Tversky, A. (1974) Who accepts Savage's axiom? Behavioral Science 19:368–73. [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Slovic, P., Lichtenstein, S. & Fischhoff, B. (1989) Decision making. In: Stevens handbook of experimental psychology, ed. Atkinson, R. C., Hermstein, R. J., Lindzey, G. & Luce, R. D.. Wiley. [ESh]Google Scholar
Smith, E. A. (1987) Optimization theory in anthropology: Applications andcritiques. In: The latest on the best, ed. Dupré, J.. MIT Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (1988) Reconstructing the past: Parsimony, evolution, and inference. MIT Press. [ESo]Google Scholar
Sober, E. (in press) Let's razor Occam's razor. In: Explanation and its limits, ed. Knowles, D.. Royal Institute of Philosophy, suppl. vol. 27. Cambridge University Press. (Cambridge) [ESo]Google Scholar
Solomon, R. L., Kamin, L. J. & Wynne, L. C. (1953) Traumatic avoidancelearning: The outcome of several extinction procedures with dogs. Journal of Abnormal Social Psychology 48:291–302. [DSL]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sopron, , (1984) Plural rationality and interactive decision processes. Proceedings of the conference. Springer-Verlag. [AAW]Google Scholar
Sorenson, A. (1978) Mathematical models in sociology. Annual Review of Sociology 9:31–56. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Spranca, M., Minsk, E. & Baron, J. (in press) Omission and commission injudgment and choice. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology.Google Scholar
Staddon, J. E. R. (1983) Adaptive behavior and learning. Cambridge University Press. [KMS]Google Scholar
Stigler, G. (1961) The economics of information. Journal of Political Economy 69:213–25. [arPJHS, PM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stritter, E. (1977) File migration. (Unpublished Ph.D. thesis STAN-CS-77-594.) Stanford University. [JRA]Google Scholar
Svirezhev, Y. M. (1972) Optimum principles in population genetics. In: Studies on theoretical genetics, ed. Ratner, V. A.. Academy of Sciences, USSR, Novosibirsk. (In Russian with an English summary.) [JFC]Google Scholar
Tinbergen, J. (1928) Minimum problemen in de Natuurkunde en Economie. Ph.D. thesis, University of Leiden, The Netherlands. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Tsotsos, J. (1988) A “complexity-level” analysis of intermediate vision. International Journal of Computer Vision 1:303–20. [DAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1974) Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristicsand biases. Science 185:1124–31. [aPJHS, DSL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1981) The framing of decisions and the rationality of choice. Science 211:453–58. [aPJHS, DSL]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1982) Evidential impact of base rates. In: Judgment under uncertainty: Heuristics and biases, ed. Kahnemann, D., Slovic, P. & Tversky, A.. Cambridge University Press (Cambridge). [SS-F]Google Scholar
Tversky, A. & Kahneman, D. (1986) Rational choice and the framing of decisions. Journal of Business 59(4) Part 2:251–78. [ESh]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Gastel, M. A. J. J. & Paelinck, J. H. P. (in press) Hypergraph conflict analysis. Economics Letters. [JHPP]Google Scholar
Varela, F. J. (1979) Principles of biological autonomy. Elsevier North-Holland. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Vaughan, W. & Miller, H. L. (1984) Optimization versus response-strength accounts of behavior. Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior 42:337–48. [MD]CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vergis, A., Steiglitz, K. & Dickinson, B. (1986) The complexity of analog computation. Mathematics and Computers in Simulation 28:91–113. [DAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
VonHelmholtz, H. Helmholtz, H. (1886) Ueber Die Physikalische Bedeutung des Principsder Kleinsten Wirkung. Journal für Mathematik, Bd. C. (2):18–28. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
VonNeumann, J. Neumann, J. & Morgenstern, O. (1947) Theory of games and economic behavior, 2nd ed. Princeton University Press. [arPJHS, ESh]Google Scholar
VonNeumann, J. Neumann, J. & Morgenstern, O. (1953) Theory of games and economic behavior. Princeton University Press. [OL]Google Scholar
Warren, H. C. (1916) A study of purpose. The Journal of Philosophy, Psychology, and Scientific Methods 13(1-3). [aPJHS]CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wasserman, P. D. (1989) Neural computing: Theory and practice. Van Nostrand Reinhold. [DAH]Google Scholar
Wigner, E. P. (1967) The unreasonable effectiveness of mathematics in the natural sciences. In: Symmetries and reflections: Scientific essays of Eugene P. Wigner. MIT Press. [FLB]Google Scholar
Williams, G. C. (1966) Adaptation and natural selection. Princeton University Press. [MDal]Google Scholar
Wimsatt, W. C. (1972) Teleology and the logical structure of function statements. Studies in the History of Philosophy of Science 3(1):1–79. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Winter, S. (1975) Optimization and evolution in the theory of the firm. In: Adaptive economic models, ed. Day, R. H. & Groves, T.. Academic Press. [PM]Google Scholar
Wright, L. (1976) Teleological explanation: An etiological analysis of goals and functions. University of California Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Wright, S. (1954) The interpretation of multivariate systems. In: Statistics and mathematics in biology, ed. Kempthorne, O., Bancroft, T. A., Gowen, J. W. & Lush, J. L.. Iowa State College Press. [FLB]Google Scholar
Zipf, G. K. (1949) Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Addison-Wesley Press. [aPJHS]Google Scholar
Zucker, S. W., Dobbins, A. & Iverson, L. (1989) Two stages of curvedetection suggest two styles of visual computation. Neural Computation 1:68–81. [DAM]CrossRefGoogle Scholar