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Early Modern Urban Immigration in East Central Europe: A Macroanalysis

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

Jaroslav Miller
Affiliation:
Assistant Professor of History at Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic.

Extract

Most surveys of urban growth in the long sixteenth century stress the comparatively high level of early modern population mobility encouraged by the emergence of qualitatively new phenomena in the spheres of economics, culture, and religion. There is also a prevailing consensus among historians referring to “natural decrease theory.” Historical demographers have suggested that, because of the high mortality rates caused by epidemics, wars, natural catastrophes, and continual problems with hygiene, the natural increase of the urban population was either moderate or nonexistent. Therefore, it was primarily immigration that either produced the rise or compensated for population losses.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 2005

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References

1 This theory, found in numerous historical studies, has been subject to vehement criticism by some scholars. Allan Sharlin, for instance, tried to demonstrate that immigrants were mostly responsible for the excessive number of deaths. As many of them belonged to the pauper segments of urban society, they often remained childless and unmarried. In consequence, they received no credit for births in the city, and their names appeared only in the death registers. See Sharlin, Allan, “Natural Decrease in Early Modern Cities: A Reconsideration,” Past and Present 79 (1978): 126–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Some theoretical aspects of early modern urban migration have been discussed by de Vries, Jan, European Urbanization 1500–1800 (London, 1984), 179200Google Scholar; Hohenberg, Paul M. and Lees, Lynn Hollen, The Making of Urban Europe 1000–1994 (Cambridge, Mass., 1995), 8598Google Scholar; Francois, Etienne, ed., Immigration et société urbaine en Europe occidentale, XVIe–XXe siècle (Paris, 1985)Google Scholar; and Jaritz, Gerhard and Müller, Albert, eds., Migration in der Feudalgesellschaft (Frankfurt, 1988).Google Scholar See also case studies by Hochstadt, Steve, “Migration in Preindustrial Germany,” Central European History 16, no. 3 (1983): 195224CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Friedrichs, Christopher R., Urban Society in an Age of War: Nördlingen, 1580–1720 (Princeton, 1979), 4564Google Scholar; idem, The Early Modern City 1450–1750 (London, 1995), 114–35Google Scholar; and Schilling, Heinz, “Niederländische Exulanten im 16. Jahrhundert,” Schriften des Vereins für Reformationsgeschichte 187 (1972): 1200.Google Scholar

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6 Among many examples, perhaps the most instructive is the case of Václav Nešpor, who studied the burgher immigration into Olomouc. Accused by the Protectorate magistrates of misinterpreting the source with the aim of disputing the German nature of the city, he was obliged to leave the study unfinished. After several decades, Nešpor's research was completed by Vladimír Spáčil. Nešpor, Václav, “Matriky měšťanů olomouckých od r. 1668 do r. 1915” (Olomouc burgher registers, 1668 to 1915), Časopis vlasteneckého spolku musejního v Olomouci (Journal of the Patriotic Museum Society in Olomouc) 50 (1937)Google Scholar: appendix 1–8; ibid., (1938): 99–106; ibid., (1939): 109–16; ibid., (1940): 119–26; ibid., (1941): 163–70. Spáčil, Vladimír, “Matriky olomouckých měšťanů od r. 1668 do r. 1915” (Registers of Olomouc burghers, 1668–1915), Státni Okresní archiv v Olomouci (State District Archive Olomouc) (1973): 5158Google Scholar; ibid., (1974): 66–72; ibid., (1975): 79–84; ibid., (1976): 79–88; ibid., (1977): 129–32; ibid., (1978): 133–40; ibid., (1979): 116–19.

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11 Lípa, Státni okresní archiv Česká (State District Archive Česká Lipa), MěÚ Česká Lípa (Municipal Office Česká Lípa), no. 41, shelfmark reg. 89/1 K1.Google Scholar

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14 Przemyśl, Archiwum Państwowe (State Archive Przemyśl), Cathalogus civium civitatis Praemisliensis ius civile acceptantium (Register of burghers granted citizenship in the city of Przemyśl), no. 429.Google Scholar See also Arłamowski, Kazimierz, “Przyjęcia do prawa miejskiego w Przemyślu w łatach 1541–1664” (Admittance to burgher status in Przemyśl 1541–1664), Sprawozdanie dyrekcji państwowego gimnazjum (Report of the management of the state secondary school), vol. 2 (Przemyśl, 1931), 10Google Scholar; and Gilewicz, Aleksy, Przyjęcia do prawa miejskiego we Lwowie w łatach 1405–1604 (Admittance to burgher status in Lwów 1405–1604) (Ľviv, 1931), 411–12.Google Scholar

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