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Cultural Crossings in Prague, 1900: Scenes from Late Imperial Austria

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 April 2014

Gary B. Cohen
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Extract

Scenes of deep national division, competition, and conflict dominate standard historical narratives about the Austro-Hungarian monarchy during the late nineteenth century and most of its successor states in the 1920s and 1930s. Nationalist political movements flourished in this multicultural environment as capitalist agricultural and industrial development encouraged popular social ambitions and resentments over inequalities, while the advance of modern civil society and constitutional government provided public space for political movements. After the 1860s, political parties committed to nationalist interests increasingly dominated middle-class politics, and by 1900 national loyalties created growing fissures even in the ostensibly international Social Democratic movement. Some of the most intense nationalist social and political competition developed in the Crownlands of Bohemia, Moravia, and Silesia between Czech and German national interests. The Bohemian capital, Prague, became the stage for repeated mass nationalist demonstrations and rioting in the 1890s and after 1900 (see Figure 1).

Type
Twenty-Ninth Annual Robert A. Kann Memorial Lecture
Information
Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 45 , April 2014 , pp. 1 - 30
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 2014 

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35 See Storck, Kulturnation und Nationalkunst, 228–34; and the detailed description with lists of concerts in Lébl, Vladimir and Ludvová, Jitka, “Pražské orchestrální koncerty v letech 1860–1895” [Prague Orchestral Concerts in the Period 1860–1895], Hudební věda 17, no. 2 (1980): 99–138Google Scholar.

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54 Bohemia, 20 Sept. 1908 (morning), 1–2; Prager Tagblatt, 20 Sept. 1908 (morning), 16. Edited, translated versions of these reviews can be found in “Mahler's German Language Critics,” ed. and trans. by Painter and Varwig, 317–24.

55 Prager Abendblatt, 21 Sept. 1908, 2.

56 Prager Tagblatt, 20 Sept. 1908 (morning), 16.

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67 Sayer, Coasts of Bohemia, 82–153.

68 See Judson, Pieter M., “Nationalizing Rural Landscapes in Cisleithania, 1880–1914,” in Creating the Other: Ethnic Conflict and Nationalism in Habsburg Central Europe, ed. Wingfield, Nancy M., 127–48 (New York/Oxford, 2003)Google Scholar, at 133–44; and idem, Guardians of the Nation: Activists on the Language Frontiers of Imperial Austria (Cambridge, MA, 2006), 34–42Google Scholar.

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73 See Stewart, “The Wildes of Bohemia,” 135–55; and idem, “The Cosmopolitanism of Moderní revue (1894–1925),” 63–69. Moderní revue published two Rilke poems in German in 1897 and one in Czech translation in 1898; see Sawicki, “The View from Prague,” 1077–78; and Schoolfield, George C., Rilke and His Time (Rochester, NY, 2009), 294Google Scholar.

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77 On the Skupina artists and their activities, see Cohen, Milton A., Movement, Manifesto, Melee: The Modernist Group, 1910–1914 (Lanham, MD, 2004), 290–91Google Scholar; Hlaváček, “Malířství a grafika v Praze 1900–1945,” 260–66; and Sawicki, “The View from Prague,” 1082–86.

78 On cultural life in Prague in the 1920s, see Sayer, Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century, passim; and Poche, ed., Praha našeho věku, 7–120, 208–28, 271–91.

79 Spector, Scott, Prague Territories: National Conflict and Cultural Innovation in Franz Kafka's Fin de Siècle (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London, 2000), 17–19Google Scholar; Brod, Max, Der Prager Kreis (Stuttgart and Berlin, 1966), 35–37Google Scholar.

80 On Brod, see Brod, Max, Streitbares Leben 1884–1968, rev. ed. (Munich and Berlin, 1969)Google Scholar; Pazi, Margarita, Max Brod. Werk und Persönlichkeit (Bonn, 1970)Google Scholar; and Vassogne, Gaëlle, Max Brod in Prag: Identität und Vermittlung (Tübingen, 2009)Google Scholar.

81 Spector, Prague Territories, 14–15; Ingeborg Schnack, “Rainer Maria Rilke—Kindheit und Jugend 1875–1900.” http://mitrilkedurchdasjahr.blogspot.com/2012/01/sonntagsthema-kindheit-und-jugend.html (accessed 18 Sept. 2013); and Demetz, Peter, René Rilkes Prager Jahre (Düsseldorf, 1953), 62–70Google Scholar.

82 See the nuanced analysis of the situation and common concerns of the German Jewish writers in Prague in Spector, Prague Territories, 36–92, 234–40.

83 Haas, Literarische Welt, 35.

84 On the mediating role, see Spector, Prague Territories, 195–217; Vassogne, Max Brod in Prag, 190–221; Josef Čermák, “La culture pragoise entre les nationalismes: le rôle des médiateurs,” in Allemands, Juifs et Tchèques à Prague—Deutsche, Juden und Tschechen in Prag, 1890–1924, ed. M. Godé, J. Le Rider, and F. Mayer, 397–404; Kieval, Hillel, “Choosing to Bridge: Revisiting the Phenomenon of Cultural Mediation,” Bohemia 46, no. 1 (2005): 15–27Google Scholar; and Šrámková, Barbora, Max Brod und die tschechische Kultur (Wuppertal, 2010)Google Scholar.

85 Dierk O. Hoffmann, “Paul Leppin (27. Nov. 1878–10. April 1945). Biographie.” http://www.ssi-media.com/leppin/Bio.htm (accessed 20 Sept. 2013).

86 Max Brod, “Frühling in Prag,” Die Gegenwart (18 May 1907), 316–17; quoted and trans. in Nicholas Sawicki, “The Critic as Patron and Mediator: Max Brod,” 32–53; also quoted in part in Sayer, Prague, Capital of the Twentieth Century, 180, and Vassogne, Max Brod in Prag, 194.

87 See the insightful discussion of the correspondence in Spector, Prague Territories, 217–33; and Kafka's published letters in Kafka, Franz, Briefe an Milena, ed. Haas, Willy (Frankfurt, 1960)Google Scholar; or in English, Letters to Milena, trans. Boehm, Philip (New York, 1990)Google Scholar.

88 Langer, Byli a bylo, 167–68, 172–73. On Prague's literary and artistic cafés in the early twentieth century, see Jähn, Karl-Heinz, ed., Das Prager Kaffeehaus. Literarische Tischgesellschaften (Berlin, 1988)Google Scholar; and Dörflová, Yvetta and Dyková, Věra, Kam se v Praze chodilo za múzami. Literární salony, kavárny, hospody a stolní společnosti [Where One Went in Prague for the Muses. Literary salons, coffee houses, pubs, and table gatherings] (Prague, 2009)Google Scholar.

89 František Langer, “Der Rattenfänger und die Dirnen,” trans. Otto Pick, Die Fackel, 12, Heft 319 (31 March 1911): 55–61.

90 Die Fackel, 12, Heft 319 (31 March 1911): 64. On Kraus's first lectures in Prague, see Haas, Literarische Welt, 24–25; and Krolop, Kurt, Reflektionen der Fackel. Neue Studien über Karl Kraus (Vienna, 1994), 127–36Google Scholar.

91 Haas, Literarische Welt, 24–25; Josef Čermák, “Junge Jahre in Prag. Ein Beitrag zum Freundeskreis Franz Werfels,” in Brücken nach Prag, ed. Ehlers, Höhne, Maidl, and Nekula, 125–62, at 132–34; and idem., “Ze zákulisí prvních přednášek Karla Krause v Praze” [Behind the Scenes of Karl Kraus's First Lectures in Prague], in Karl Kraus: Jičínský rodák a světoobčan—in Jičín geboren, in der Welt zu Hause. Sborník referátů z mezinárodní konference konané ve dnech 21.–23. dubna 2004 v Jičíně [Karl Kraus: Jičín Native, Citizen of the World: Collection of Papers from the International Conference held 21–23 April 2004, in Jičín], ed. Naděžda Macurová (Semily, 2004), 262–73.

92 Bohemia, 4 Dec. 1910 (morning), 10.

93 Die Fackel, 12, Heft 313/314 (31 Dec. 1910): 56–60.

94 Krolop, Reflektionen der Fackel, 135.

95 Prager Tagblatt, 16 Mar. 1911, 5; Die Fackel, 12, Heft 319 (31 March 1911): 64–65. For the German text of the Heine essay with English translation, annotations, and commentary, see Franzen, Jonathan, The Kraus Project: Essays by Karl Kraus (New York, 2013), 3–134Google Scholar.

96 Národní listy, 16 Mar. 1911, 3.

97 Novina, 4, no. 10 (24 Mar. 1911): 320.

98 Ther, Národní divadlo v kontextu evropských operních dějin, 257–81.

99 Robert Frost, “Mending Wall” (1914), published in idem, North of Boston, repr. ed., 11–13 (Charleston, SC, 2008).

100 Koeltzsch, Geteilte Kulturen, 257–317, passim.

101 On the protests in Prague against German sound films, see Wingfield, Nancy M., Flag Wars and Stone Saints: How the Bohemian Lands became Czech (Cambridge, MA, and London, 2007), 199–230Google Scholar.

102 See Zahra, Kidnapped Souls, passim.