Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-c9gpj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-12T10:32:53.692Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The Habsburg Industrial Achievement in Bosnia-Hercegovina, 1878–1914: An Economic Spurt That Succeeded?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 February 2009

Michael Palairet
Michael Palairet
Affiliation:
Senior Lecturer in Economic and Social History, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH8 9JY, Scotland
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Extract

In 1878 The Habsburgs exercised their rights under the Treaty of Berlin and marched an army of occupation into the former Ottoman provinces of Bosnia and Hercegovina. Between then and their expulsion in 1918, the Habsburg authorities attempted to weld their new province into the Austro-Hungarian polity and economy. Responsibility for governing Bosnia-Hercegovina was entrusted to the Common Finance Ministry. Its officials, especially during the administration of Count Benjamin Kalláy (1882–1903), saw their task as a “civilizing mission” and the Bosnian economy as clay to be worked according to their prescriptions. The developmental outcome of their endeavors forms the subject of this paper.

Type
Articles
Information
Austrian History Yearbook , Volume 24 , January 1993 , pp. 133 - 152
Copyright
Copyright © Center for Austrian Studies, University of Minnesota 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Sugar, Peter F., Industrialization of Bosnia-Herzegovina, 1878–1918 (Seattle, 1963)Google Scholar.

2 Hrelja, Kemal, Industrija Bosne i Hercegovine do kraja prvog svjetskog rata (Belgrade, 1961), 181Google Scholar.

3 Južbašić, Dževad, “Some Features of the Economic Development of Bosnia and Herzegovina between 1878 and 1914,” Survey (Sarajevo, 1984), 153Google Scholar.

4 Lampe, John R. and Jackson, Marvin R., Balkan Economic History, 1500–1950: From Imperial Borderlands to Developing Nations (Bloomington, Ind., 1982), 322, 287Google Scholar.

5 Recorded emigration only reached 10,000 a year in 1910, and was then almost exclusively of Muslims departing for Turkey. Izvještaj o Upravi Bosne i Hercegovine (IUBH), 1910, 5Google Scholar; 1911, 4–5.

6 Banac, Ivo, The National Question in Yugoslavia. Origins, History, Politics (Ithaca, N.Y., 1984), 360Google Scholar.

7 Darby, H. C., “Bosnia and Hercegovina,” in A Short History of Yugoslavia ed. Clissold, S. (Cambridge, 1966), 70Google Scholar.

8 Dedijer, Vladimir, The Road to Sarajevo (1967), 139Google Scholar.

9 Begović, Branislav, Razoojni put šumske privrede u Bosni i Hercegovini u periodu austrougarske uprave (1878–1918) sa posebnim osvrtom na eksploataciju šuma i industrijsku preradu drveta (Sarajevo, 1978), 183Google Scholar.

10 Gerschenkron's, principal statement of the typology is set out in the first two chapters of his Economic Backwardness in Historical Perspective (New York, 1962)Google Scholar. The agrarian argument to which the model is linked is in his “Agrarian Policies and Industrialization. Russia 1861–1917,” Cambridge Economic History of Europe, 6, 801–72.

11 Most notably, Kahan, Arcadius, “Government Policies and the Industrialization of Russia,” journal of Economic History 27 (1967), 460–77CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

12 Gregory, Paul, Russian National Income, 1885–1913 (Cambridge, 1983)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

13 See Feinstein's, Charles review of Gregory in Economic History Review 38 (1985), 320–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Clive Trebilcock's endorsement of Feinstein's stance in his excessively critical review of Gattrell, P., The Tsarist Economy 1850–1917, in Business History 29 (1987), 352–54Google Scholar.

14 Gerschenkron, Alexander, An Economic Spurt That Failed (Princeton, 1977)Google Scholar.

15 Chap. 8 of Gerschenkron, Economic Backwardness.

16 Lampe, John, “Varieties of Unsuccessful Industrialization—The Balkan States before 1914,” Journal of Economic History 25 (1975), 56–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

17 Lampe and Jackson, Balkan Economic History.

18 Aličić, Ahmed S., Uredjenje bosanskog elajeta od 1789 do 1878 godine (Sarajevo, 1983)Google Scholar.

19 Arbuthnot, G., Hercegovina (1862), 36–38, 223Google Scholar.

20 D. F. Good, “Regional Disparities in a Multinational Setting, the Habsburg Empire, 1820–1914” (working paper).

21 Sugar, Industrialization, 28, 201.

22 Južbašić, “Some Features,” 146.

23 Sugar, Industrialization, 56–57.

24 Južbašić, “Some Features,” 148.

25 Calculated from table in Schmid, Ferdinand, Bosnien und die Hercegovina unter der Verwaltung Österreich-Ungams (Leipzig, 1914), 545Google Scholar.

26 Kapor, Ambroz, Prerada duvana u Bosni i Hercegovini od prvih početaka do 1923 godine (Sarajevo, 1954), 20, 71–72Google Scholar.

27 Sugar, Industrialization, 52–53, 104–12.

28 Južbašić, D., review of Ferdinand Hauptmann, Die Österreichish-ungarische Herrschaft in Bosnien und der Hercegovina 1878–1918 (Graz, 1983)Google Scholar, in Godišnjak društva istoričara Bosne i Hercegovine 35 (Sarajevo, 1984): 153Google Scholar.

29 Hrelja, Kemal, “Razvoj industrije u Bosni i Hercegovini do drugog svjetskog rata,” Acta Historico Oeconomica lugoslaviae 1 (Zagreb, 1974): 29Google Scholar.

30 Begović, Branislav, “Kretanje proizvodnje i eksporta hrastove duge u periodu austro-ugarske uprave u Bosni i Hercegovini,” Acta Historico Oeconomica lugoslaviae 6 (Zagreb, 1979): 45–46Google Scholar.

31 Ibid., 51, 56.

32 Begović, Razvojni put, 88.

33 Ibid., 70.

34 Hrelja, Industrija Bosne, 64–65.

35 Begović, Razvojni put, 67.

36 Die Österreichisch-ungarische Monarchic in Wort und Bild. Bosnien und Hercegovina (Vienna, 1901), 483Google Scholar.

37 Begović, Razvojni put, 38–40.

38 Begović, Branislav, “Sedam decenija razvojnog puta industrije šibica u Bosni i Hercegovini u svjetlu arhivske gradje,” Narodni šumar 26 (1972): 211–15, 371Google Scholar.

39 These were published in detail in IUBH, 1908, 119–202Google Scholar, and are synopsized in Schmid, Bosnien, 545.

40 Bosna i Hercegovina na milenskoj izložbi u Budimpešti godine 1896 (Budapest, n.d.), 9.

41 Sugar, Industrialization, 106.

42 Salname-i vilayet-i Bosna, Defa 9, sene 1291 (Calendar of Bosnia Vilayet), 1874/1875, 146Google Scholar.

43 For estimates on the Russian labor force, see Gattrell, P., The Tsarist Economy 1850–1917 (1986), 85Google Scholar.

44 Sugar, Industrialization, 57.

45 Južbašic, “Some Features,” 153.

46 Begović, “Sedam decenija,” 215–16, 371–73.

47 Hauptman, Ferdo, “Borba za bosansko željezo pred prvi svjetski rat,” Godišnjak istorijskog društva Bosne i Hercegovine 10 (1959): 168–92Google Scholar.

48 Begović, Razvojni put, 165.

49 Lampe and Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 315–16.

50 Hrelja, Industrija Bosne, 57.

51 Begović, Razvojni put, 172–73.

52 Hrelja, Industrija Bosne, 180.

53 Report for the Year 1911 on the Trade and etc. of Bosnia-Herzegovina, A. S. 5009, p. 8, Great Britain, Parliamentary Papers (PP), 1912–1913 XCIVGoogle Scholar; Report on the Trade and etc. of Bosnia-Hercegovina for the Year 1912, A.S. 5067, p. 11, Pp. 1913 LXIXGoogle Scholar.

54 Ibid.; Lampe and Jackson, Balkan Economic History, 304.

55 Schmid, Bosnien, 337.

56 See Gregory, P., “Grain Marketings and Peasant Consumption, Russia 1885–1913,” Explorations in Economic History 17 (1980), 135–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

57 Gonsalves, Priscilla T., “A Study of the Habsburg Agricultural Programmes in Bosanska Krajina 1878–1914,” Slavonic and East European Review 63 (1985), 352–54Google Scholar.

58 Dedijer, Road to Sarajevo, 328.

59 Industrial employment and horsepower figures for other years are derived from statistics in some of the Landesregierung's annual reports, which aggregated values in respect of firms visited by the factory inspectorate and show much smaller employment totals than the 1907 census because of their lack of comprehensiveness.

60 Passenger-km on the State Railway (85.56m) from Bericht über die Ergebnisse der bos. herceg. Landesbahnen für das Jahr 1909 (Sarajevo, 1910), 92–93Google Scholar, and on the Dobrlin line, in 1910 (10.495m), Geschäftsbericht der k.u.k. Militārbahn Banja Luka-Doberlin für das Jahr 1910 (Banja Luka, 1911), 16Google Scholar. Figures for this line are not available for 1909, so are prorated to the proportion of 10.675 percent of State Railway traffic carried in 1910. Statističeski godišnik na B'lgarskoto Carstvo (SGBC), 1910, 394Google Scholar; Statistički godišnjak kraljevine Srbije (SGKS), 1909–1910, 494–95Google Scholar (standard and narrow gauge lines).

61 For Bosnia, see Schmid, Bosnien, 615; for Serbia, , SGKS, 1909/1910, 479Google Scholar; and for Bulgaria, , SGBC, 1911, 378Google Scholar.

62 With 1944m mail items, according to B. R. Mitchell, European Historical Statistics 1750–1970, 656.

63 Glasnik srpskog geografskog društva 2 (Belgrade, 1913), 321Google Scholar.

64 Russia's export trade in 1910 amounted to about 9.0 rubles per capita, or 23 crowns.

65 Bosnia and Bulgaria, over age 7; Serbia, over age 5.

66 Rezultati popisa žiteljstva u Bosni i Hercegovini od 10 Okt 1910, 23, 33; for Bulgaria, Popov, Kiril G., Stopanska B'lgarija (Sofia, 1916), 29Google Scholar; and for Serbia, Statistika kr. Srbije 16 cxxvii, xciii.

67 Bericht über die Verwaltung von Bosnien und der Hercegovina, 1913 (Vienna, 1914), 22Google Scholar.

68 In Ottoman Bosnia, excluding the sandžak of Novi Pazar. See data in Salname-i vilayet-i Bosna, 1291, 130–36.

69 Schmid, Bosnien, 206 (for infant deaths); IUBH, 1911, 2 (for live births); SGBC, 1912, 100; SGKS, 1909/10, 103.

70 Hrelja, “Razvoj industrije,” 34.