Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-ws8qp Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-28T20:17:57.865Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Politics of Intolerant Laws against Adherents of Indigenous Beliefs or Aliran Kepercayaan in Indonesia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 April 2021

Victor Imanuel W. Nalle*
Affiliation:
Darma Cendika Catholic University, Indonesia

Abstract

Earlier studies have examined the discriminatory effects of laws and policies against the adherents of indigenous beliefs—Aliran Kepercayaan—in Indonesia. However, those studies do not show how the politics of law were developed through the prior sociopolitical processes in Indonesia’s legislative history. This study analyzes how and why the government initiated and later put an end to discrimination against adherents of Aliran Kepercayaan—at least in the realm of population administration. Under the New Order era, political battles gave birth to the politics of law discriminating against the Aliran Kepercayaan adherents. Weakening political resistance in the Reformasi era as well as judicial review before the Constitutional Court forced the government to partially relax its discriminatory laws and policies. Nonetheless, progressive initiatives from secular nationalist parties have yet to be taken in order to further ensure equality for all minority—religious—groups within Indonesian society before the law.

Type
Refugees in Indonesia
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of Asian Journal of Law and Society

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alfian (1971) “Indonesian Political Thinking: A Review.” 11 Indonesia 193200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arifianto, Alexander Raymond (2018 ) Indonesia’s 2018 Regional Elections—Pilkada Serentak: Role of Identity Politics, RSIS Commentaries, No. 064, Singapore: Nanyang Technological University.Google Scholar
Aryono (2018) “Pergulatan Aliran Kepercayaan dalam Panggung Politik Indonesia, 1950an-2010an: Romo Semono Sastrodihardjo dan Aliran Kapribaden.” 3 Journal Sejarah Citra Lekha 5868.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Borgias, Fransiskus M. (2012) “Nasakom: Soekarnos Failed Political Move.” 1 En Arche. Indonesian Journal of Inter-Religious Studies 125–48.Google Scholar
Butt, Simon (2019) “The Constitutional Court and Minority Rights: Analysing the Recent Homosexual Sex and Indigenous Belief Cases,” in Fealy, G. & Ricci, R., eds., Contentious Belonging: The Place of Minorities in Indonesia, Singapore: ISEAS—Yusof Ishak Institute, 5573.Google Scholar
Crouch, Melissa (2012) “Law and Religion in Indonesia: The Constitutional Court and the Blasphemy Law.” 7 Asian Journal of Comparative Law 146.Google Scholar
Detik.com (2017) “Penghayat Masuk Kolom KTP, PBNU: Harus Akui Eksistensi Mereka,” https://news.detik.com/berita/d-3725331/penghayat-masuk-kolom-ktp-pbnu-harus-akui-eksistensi-mereka (accessed 14 May 2019).Google Scholar
Dhakidae, Daniel (2003) Cendekiawan dan Kekuasaan dalam Negara Orde Baru, Jakarta: Gramedia Pustaka Utama.Google Scholar
Eickhoff, Martijn, Van Klinken, Gerry, & Robinson, Geoffrey (2017) “1965 Today: Living with the Indonesian Massacres.” 19 Journal of Genocide Research 449–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eramuslim.com (2010) “Gelar Uji Materi UU Penodaan Agama, Massa FUI Kepung MK,https://www.eramuslim.com/berita/nasional/gelar-uji-materi-uu-penodaan-agama-massa-fui-kepung-mk.htm (accessed 13 May 2019).Google Scholar
Grant, Ronald M. (1979) “Indonesia 1978: A Third Term for President Suharto.” 19 Asian Survey 141–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hairi, Prianter Jaya (2017) “Tindak Lanjut Putusan MK terkait Penganut Kepercayaan.9 Info Singkat Hukum Badan Keahlian DPR RI 14.Google Scholar
Hasan, Noorhaidi (2017) “Religious Diversity and Blasphemy Law: Understanding Growing Religious Conflict and Intolerance in Post-Suharto Indonesia.” 55 Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies 105–26.Google Scholar
House of the Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (2013) “Komisi VIII terima Aduan Kaharingan,” http://www.dpr.go.id/berita/detail/id/5121/t/Komisi+VIII+Terima+Aduan+Umat+Kaharingan (accessed 10 January 2019).Google Scholar
Illiyy, Naili Nimatul (2015) “Dinamika Kehidupan Kelompok Minoritas di Indonesia (Studi Kasus Pengalaman Bermasyarakat dan Bernegara Warga Kerokhanian Sapta Darma).” Master’s thesis, Universitas Gadjah Mada.Google Scholar
Jakarta High Prosecutor’s Office (2018), “Daftar Aliran Kepercayaan,” http://pakem.kejati-dki.go.id/depan/list_aliran/2 (accessed 14 May 2019).Google Scholar
Jawapos.com (2018) “Urusan Aplikasi PAKEM, Nasional Demokrat Pilih Berseberangan dengan Partai Solidaritas Indonesia,” https://www.jawapos.com/nasional/politik/27/11/2018/urusan-aplikasi-pakem-nasdem-pilih-berseberangan-dengan-psi/ (accessed 14 May 2019).Google Scholar
Kholiludin, Tedi (2009) Kuasa Negara Atas Agama: Politik Pengakuan, Diskursus Agama Resmi dan Diskriminasi Hak Sipil, Semarang: RaSAIL Media Group.Google Scholar
Lindsey, Tim, & Pausacker, Helen, eds. (2016) Religion, Law and Intolerance in Indonesia, London and New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lukito, Ratno (2018) “State and Religion Continuum in Indonesia: The Trajectory of Religious Establishment and Religious Freedom in the Constitution.5 Indonesian Journal of International & Comparative Law 645–81.Google Scholar
Maarif, Samsul (2017) Pasang Surut Rekognisi Agama Leluhur dalam Politik Agama di Indonesia, Yogyakarta: CRCS.Google Scholar
Mahin, Marko (2009) “Kaharingan: Dinamika Agama Dayak di Kalimantan Tengah.” PhD diss., Universitas Indonesia. Google Scholar
Margiyono, Muktiono, & Sulistyowati Irianto, Rumadi (2011) No Middle Road: A Public Examination of the Decision of the Constitutional Court Concerning Review of Law No. 1/1965, Jakarta: Indonesian Legal Resource Center.Google Scholar
Marshall, Paul (2018) “The Ambiguities of Religious Freedom in Indonesia.” 16 The Review of Faith & International Affairs 8596.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Menchik, Jeremy (2014) “Productive Intolerance: Godly Nationalism in Indonesia.” 56 Comparative Studies in Society and History 591621.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mietzner, Marcus, & Burhanuddin, Muhtadi (2018) “Explaining the 2016 Islamist Mobilisation in Indonesia: Religious Intolerance, Militant Groups and the Politics of Accommodation.” 42 Asian Studies Review 479–97.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mujiburrahman (2006) Feeling Threatened: Muslim-Christian Relations in Indonesia’s New Order, Leiden/Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press.Google Scholar
Mutaqin, Z. Z. (2014) “Penghayat, Orthodoxy and the Legal Politics of the State: The Survival of Agama Djawa Sunda (Madraisism) in Indonesia.” 42 Indonesia and the Malay World 123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nalle, Victor Imanuel W. (2013) Konsep Uji Materiil (Kajian Pembentukan dan Uji Materiil Peraturan Kebijakan di Indonesia), Malang: Setara Press.Google Scholar
Rahmah, Alef Musyahadah, & Tedi, Sudrajat (2009) “Penemuan Hukum in Concreto dalam Kebebasan Beragama dan Berkeyakinan.” 9 Jurnal Dinamika Hukum 115–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Republika.co.id (2017a) “Fahri: Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Positif dalam Administrasi Kependudukan,” https://www.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/politik/17/11/08/oz3o9w354-fahri-putusan-mk-positif-dalam-administrasi-kependudukan (accessed 14 May 2019).Google Scholar
Republika.co.id (2017b) “Muhammadiyah Dukung Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi Terkait Kolom Agama di KTP-Elektronik,” https://nasional.republika.co.id/berita/nasional/umum/17/11/07/oz1sqt354-muhammadiyah-dukung-putusan-mk-terkait-kolom-agama-di-ktpel (accessed 14 May 2019).Google Scholar
Ricklefs, Merle C. (2008a) “Religious Reform & Polarization in Java.” 21 ISIM Review 34–5.Google Scholar
Ricklefs, Merle C. (2008b) “The Birth of the Abangan.162 Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land-en Volkenkunde/Journal of the Humanities and Social Sciences of Southeast Asia 3555.Google Scholar
Ropi, Ismanu (2017) Religion and Regulation in Indonesia, Singapore: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schiller, Anne. (1996) “An ‘Old’ Religion in ‘New Order’ Indonesia: Notes on Ethnicity and Religious Affiliation.” 57 Sociology of Religion 409–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Silalahi, Manatar Raja Mada (2010) “Protecting the One and Only God: A Human Rights Assessment on Indonesian Blasphemy Law.” Master’s thesis, Faculty of Law, University of Oslo.Google Scholar
Sukamto, Amos (2013) “Ketegangan Antar Kelompok Agama pada Masa Orde Lama sampai Awal Orde Baru: Dari Konflik Perumusan Ideologi Negara Sampai Konflik Fisik.” 1 Jurnal Teologi Indonesia 2547.Google Scholar
Suryadinata, Leo (2018) Pancasila and the Challenge of Political Islam: Past and Present (Trends in Southeast Asia Series), Singapore: ISEAS Publishing.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Susetyo, Heru (1998) “Pencatatan Perkawinan bagi Golongan Penghayat.” 28 Jurnal Hukum & Pembangunan 149–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tim Peneliti Pusat Litbang Kejaksaan Agung Republik Indonesia (Research Team of the Research and Development Center at Attorney General’s Office Republic of Indonesia) (1995) Penyajian Hasil Penelitian Peningkatan Wewenang Kejaksaan Dalam Pengawasan Aliran Kepercayaan, Jakarta: Kejaksaan Agung Republik Indonesia.Google Scholar
Tim Peneliti Setara Institute (Research Team of SETARA Institute) (2011) Negara Menyangkal: Kondisi Kebebasan Beragama/berkeyakinan di Indonesia 2010, Jakarta: Pustaka Masyarakat Setara.Google Scholar
Tirto.id (2017) “Beda Suara PDI-P soal Penghapusan Pasal Penodaan Agama,” https://tirto.id/beda-suara-pdip-soal-penghapusan-pasal-penodaan-agama-cpiX (accessed 11 May 2019).Google Scholar
Tolkhah, Imam (2001) Anatomi Konflik Politik di Indonesia: Belajar Dari Ketegangan Politik Varian di Madukoro, Jakarta: RajaGrafindo Persada.Google Scholar
Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang (2017) “Soal Putusan Mahkamah Konstitusi tentang Aliran Kepercayaan, Ketum: Otoritas Mahkamah Konstitusi melebihi Otoritas Tuhan,” http://www.umm.ac.id/id/muhammadiyah/12564.html (accessed 14 May 2019).Google Scholar
Utrecht, E. (1972) “Class Struggle and Political Parties in Indonesia.” 13 Pacific Viewpoint 187–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van der Kroef, Justus M. (1953) “Conflicts of Religious Policy in Indonesia.” 22 Far Eastern Survey 121–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wahid Foundation & Lembaga Survei Indonesia (2018) National Survey Report of the Potential of Social-Religious Intolerance among Muslim Women in Indonesia, Jakarta: Wahid Foundation.Google Scholar
Weatherbee, Donald E. (1985) “Indonesia in 1984: Pancasila, Politics, and Power.” 25 Asian Survey 187–97.Google Scholar
Zwass, Adam (2016) From Failed Communism to Underdeveloped Capitalism: Transformation of Eastern Europe, the Post-Soviet Union and China, New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar