^{page 107 note 1} Mynors, R. A. B., Durham Cathedral Manuscripts to the End of the Twelfth Century, printed for the dean and chapter of Durham Cathedral, Oxford University Press, 1939.Google Scholar

^{page 107 note 2} Chambers, R. W., The Continuity of English Prose from Alfred to MoreGoogle Scholar, published in 1932 as an introduction to the Early English Text Society's edition of Harpsfield, Nicholas, The Life and Death of Sir Thomas More, pp. lxxxi–lxxxviGoogle Scholar. In this connexion it is interesting to recall that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle has given us the most vivid character sketch of the Conqueror himself, see Two of the Saxon Chronicles Parallel, ed. Plummer, C. and Earle, J., pp. 219–21Google Scholar.

^{page 108 note 1} SeeBrøndsted, J., Early English Ornament, pp. 258, 259Google Scholar. Early examples of Carolingian acanthus ornament in England may be seen on St. Cuthbert 's stole at Durham Cathedral made by order of Queen Aelflaed of Wessex for Frithestan, bishop of Winchester, between 909 and 916, see British Museum Quarterly, xi (1936-1937), p1. IIIGoogle Scholar. In English MSS. dating from before the middle of the tenth century this kind of acanthus scroll is found in the additions to the Athelstan Psalter, B.M. Cotton MS. Galba A. xviii, f. 21, see Millar, E. G., English Illuminated MSS. from the Xth to the XIIth Century, pl. 2 bGoogle Scholar, in the border of the miniature on f. 1 verso of Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS. 183, showing King Athelstan offering a book to St. Cuthbert, executed about 937, see Millar, , op. cit., pl. 3aGoogle Scholar.

^{page 108 note 2} B.M. Harley MS. 2904, f. 4, see Millar, E. G., op. cit., pl. 11Google Scholar. For an important paper discussing its origin see Niver, C., ‘The Psalter in the British Museum, Harley 2904’, in Mediaeval Studies in Memory of A. Kingsley Porter, Harvard University Press, pp. 667–87Google Scholar.

^{page 108 note 3} Paris, Bib. Nat. lat. 9428, see Boinet, A., La Miniature carolingienne, pl. xcGoogle Scholar. Rather similar scrolls are found on a silver bowl in the Franks collection in the British Museum.

^{page 108 note 4} This connexion between the Franco-Saxon MSS. of the ninth and tenth centuries and some English MSS. of the later Anglo-Saxon period is well seen if an initial ‘I’ on p. 115 of British Museum Add. MS. 34890, see Millar, , op. cit., pl. 17Google Scholar, be compared with such MSS. as the Gospels from Saint Vaast at Arras, now Boulogne, Bibliothèque de la Ville, MS. 12, see Boinet, A., op. cit., pl. xcvGoogle Scholar.

^{page 109 note 1} See Appendix I.

^{page 109 note 2} Cambridge, University Library, MS. Ff. 1. 23, f. 5. The Winchcombe identification rests on the position of St. Kenelm at the head of the martyrs in the litany. The MS. is of very considerable importance both from its Anglo-Saxon gloss and the multifarious style of its initials, see p. 125.

^{page 109 note 3} Comparison may be made between the borders of Cambridge, University Library, MS. Ff. 1. 23, and those of the Benedictional of Archbishop Robert, see Millar, E. G., op. cit., pls. 8, 9Google Scholar. An interesting intermediary in the development of this ‘emaciated’ acanthus ornament is to be seen in the early eleventh-century Gospels in Cambridge, Trinity College MS. B. 10. 4, see Millar, , op. cit., pl. 15Google Scholar. The Psalter from Bury St. Edmunds in the Vatican, Cod. Regin. Lat. 12, see Millar, , op. cit., pl. 19Google Scholar, which is closer in date to the Cambridge MS., shows a rather different form of stylization at work.

^{page 110 note 1} London, B.M. Add. MS. 37517.

^{page 110 note 2} Ff. 29 verso, 230 verso, 248 recto.

^{page 110 note 3} B.M. Cotton MS. Vespasian B. xx, Catalogue of MSS. in the Cottonian Library, 1802, p. 442.

^{page 110 note 4} London, B.M. Arundel MS. 91. For a description of its contents seeLevison, W., Conspectus Codicum Hagiographicorum in Monumenta Germaniae Historica, Scriptorum Rerum Merovingicarum, vii, 603Google Scholar. Ker, N. R., Mediaeval Libraries of Great Britain, Royal Historical Society, Guides and Handbooks No. 3, p. 27, n. 1Google Scholar, notes that B.M. Arundel 91 and Bodleian Fell 2 are companion volumes. The decorative initials have for the most part been removed from the Bodleian MS.

^{page 111 note 1} Durham Cathedral MS. B. 11.13, f. 52 verso, St. Augustine, Commentary on the Psalter, , Mynors, , op. cit., pp. 34, 35, no. 31Google Scholar. Comparison should be made between this type of initial and certain initials found in ninth-century MSS. from Tours, cf. W. Koehler, Die Karolingischen Miniaturen, I Bd., Die Schule von Tours, Taff. 40 a, c; 41c; 57d,g; 101c; 106c; 109b; 117g, i; 118c; 123d.

^{page 111 note 2} Brøndsted, , Early English Ornament.Google Scholar

^{page 112 note 1} Vatican, Barberini lat. 570, see Zimmermann, E. H., Vorkarolingische Miniaturen, Mappe ivGoogle Scholar, Taff. 315, 316; see also Kendrick, T. D., Anglo-Saxon Art to A.D. 900, p. 147Google Scholar. Another good example may be found in a MS. of Bede's Ecclesiastical History, Mercian, c. 800, Cotton MS. Tiberius C. 11, in the British Museum, see Lowe, E. A., Codices Latini Antiquiores, ii, p. 21Google Scholar, Zimmermann, , op. cit., Taf. 291bGoogle Scholar, Kendrick, T. D., op. cit., p. 168Google Scholar. Similar initials with biting heads are found in the Canterbury Gospels, early ninth century, B.M. Royal MS. 1 E. vi, where they are enclosed in panels, the letters making a continuous pattern inside, see Kendrick, , op. cit., pl. LXVI, 5Google Scholar.

^{page 112 note 2} e.g. the fragments of a sculptured cross from Ramsbury, Wilts., or the back of the Alfred jewel at Oxford, see Kendrick, T. D., op. cit., pls. XCIX–CIGoogle Scholar.

^{page 112 note 3} Oxford, Bodl. MS. Auct. F. 4, 32, see New Palaeographical Society, Series I, pl. 82.

^{page 113 note 1} Oxford, Bodl. Hatton MS. 60, reproduced by the New Palaeographical Society, Series I, pl. 8.

^{page 113 note 2} B.M. Royal MS. 5F. iii, Aldhelm, De Laude Virginitatis, ninth century, written in several hands ‘more or less of Mercian type’, see Warner, G. F. and Gilson, J. P., Catalogue of Royal and Kings MSS., i, p. 120Google Scholar;iv, pl. 44. Kendrick, T. D., op. cit., p. 217Google Scholar.

^{page 114 note 1} It is quite likely that the leafy frills on the edge of the letters in the Royal 5 F. iii may have been inspired by the decoration found on the small initials in the Drogo Sacramentary in Paris, Bib. Nat. lat. 9428, see Boinet, A., op. cit., pl. LXXXVIGoogle Scholar. Another interesting example of this change of spirit may be seen in comparing a mask such as that found in an initial ‘T’ on f. 32b of Royal MS. 5 F. iii with that found in the Mercian MS. known as the Book of Cerne, Cambridge, University Library MS. LI. i. 10, c. 818–30, see Kendrick, , op. cit., pl. LXVIII, 3Google Scholar, and the mask at the junction of the loops in the great ‘B’ in B.M. Harley MS. 2904. The mask in the Aldhelm is much closer to that in the Harley MS., which we saw was thoroughly imbued with the spirit of continental Carolingian art.

^{page 114 note 2} Durham Cathedral MS. A. iv. 19, see Mynors, R., op. cit., p. 25Google Scholar.

^{page 114 note 3} Zimmermann, , op. cit., pl. 315a.Google Scholar

^{page 114 note 4} Attention may be drawn to the head of the S-shaped beast on the late ninth-century cross-shaft from Ramsbury, Wilts., see Kendrick, T. D., op. cit., pl. cGoogle Scholar, which has something of the characteristics of these heads with their strong jaws and sharp teeth.

^{page 115 note 1} Christie, A. G. I., English Mediaeval Embroidery, pls. I–IIIGoogle Scholar. Particular attention may be drawn to the lower portion of the second maniple, see pl. III. It is also found on the beautiful cross at Colyton, Devon.

^{page 115 note 2} Warner, G. F. and Gilson, J. P., op. cit., p. 192.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 3} British Museum, Catalogue of Ancient Manuscripts in the British Museum, part II, Latin, pp. 12, 13.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 4} The miniatures are reproduced by Millar, E. G., op. cit., pl. 2Google Scholar. Three of them are still in the MS. The fourth has been removed and is now in the Bodleian at Oxford, MS. Rawlinson B. 484, f. 85.

^{page 115 note 5} Robinson, J. A., The Times of St. Dunstan, pp. 64, 65.Google Scholar

^{page 115 note 6} Ibid.,op. cit., p. 54. The famous miniature of the king offering the book to St. Cuthbert on f. 1 verso is reproduced by Millar, E. G., op. cit., pl. 3aGoogle Scholar.

^{page 116 note 1} The Antiquaries Journal, xviii, 378.Google Scholar

^{page 117 note 1} Oxford, Bodl. MS. Junius, 27. An excellent description of the MS. is in New Palaeographical Society, Series II, pl. 62.

^{page 118 note 1} Besides the elements mentioned above, the initials in the Junius Psalter often contain human busts and heads, sometimes complete figures. The style of these figures may be described as early ‘Winchester’. They are not unlike the Galba A. xviii miniatures and the Corpus Life of St. Cuthbert.

^{page 118 note 2} A description of the MS. and a facsimile are in New Palaeogrdphical Society, Series I, pl. 187. It is dated probably in the first half of the tenth century. Ker, N. R., Mediaeval Libraries of Great Britain, p. 112Google Scholar, assigns the MS. to Winchester Cathedral on grounds of script. Pages 8, 94,128 have complete creatures; p. 39 heads only.

^{page 119 note 1} Cf. pp.8, 60,128.

^{page 119 note 2} P. 94. This black, wiry, interlace is found also on f. 7 verso of the Junius Psalter. Attention should also be called to the great similarity between the two horned heads on f. 28 of the Junius Psalter and p. 128 of the Helmingham Orosius.

^{page 119 note 3} Millar, E. G., op. cit., p. 14Google Scholar. See Appendix II.

^{page 119 note 4} MSS. containing mixed types are Cambridge, Trinity College MS. B. 11. 2; Cambridge, University Library MS. Ff. 1. 23; Cambridge, Corpus Christi MS. 41; London, B.M., Harley MS. 5431; London, Lambeth Palace MS. 200.

^{page 120 note 1} The Vercelli Codex, see Förster, M., II Codice Vercellese con Omelie e Poesie in lingua Anglosassone, Rome, 1913, has on f. 49Google Scholar recto a type I initial. The other two initials, ff. 106 verso, 112 recto, belong to type II a. For the Caedmon MS., Oxford, Bodleian, MS. Junius 11, see facsimile edited by Sir Gollancz, I., The Caedmon Manuscript, 1927Google Scholar.

^{page 120 note 2} SeePriebsch, R., The Heliand MS. Caligula A. VII in the British Museum, Oxford, 1925, pls. iv and vGoogle Scholar, where the initials are reproduced. Priebsch's evidence for a Canterbury or Winchester origin for the MS. seems somewhat far-fetched, since it is based mainly on the view that the initials of this type are indications of a Canterbury origin. A safer view would be that the MS. was produced in Southern England at some centre in touch with the Benedictine reform movement of the tenth century.

^{page 120 note 3} Boulogne, MS. 10, see Catalogue Général des Manuscrits des Bibliothèques Publiques des Départements de France, iv (1872), p. 577Google Scholar, which dates the book ‘ix siècle’. This is certainly too early.

^{page 120 note 4} Boulogne, MS. 82, see Cat. Gén., tom, cit., p. 624. The initials are described as ‘majuscules à têtes d'animaux enlacées, au trait en noir, sauf la première en rouge, vert et jaune’. This colouring recalls that of the Heliand MS.

^{page 120 note 5} A description and plate of the MS. of the Rule of St. Benedict, B.M. Harley MS. 5431, will be found in New Palaeographical Society, Series II, pl. 63.

^{page 120 note 6} B.M. Cotton MS. Cleopatra A. vi.

^{page 120 note 7} Keller, W., Angelsächische Paläographie, pp. 39, 40Google Scholar, dates the Vercelli Codex ‘von 960-980’, but Förster, Max, op. cit., p. 13Google Scholar, takes a more cautious view which has been adopted here.

^{page 121 note 1} Salisbury Cathedral MS. 150. Two folios are reproduced by the Palaeographical Society, Series I, pls. 188, 189. The dating of the MS. has been arrived at in the following way. The table of indictions at the beginning of the book extends from 969 to 1006. The former date may be taken as the terminus ante quem non. Since the calendar in the MS. belongs to the West Country group, see Wormald, F., English Kalendars before A.D. 1100, Henry Bradshaw Soc., vol. lxxii (1933), pp. 16–27Google Scholar, the absence of St. Edward, king and martyr enshrined at Shaftesbury, makes it probable that the MS., which is in the original hand, was written before his murder in 978.

^{page 121 note 2} Ff. 60b, 63.

^{page 121 note 3} Cambridge, Trinity College MS. B. 10. 4, f. 60, see Millar, E. G., op. cit., p. 74, pl. 15Google Scholar.

^{page 122 note 1} Cambridge, Trinity College MS. B. II. 2 (Amalarius, De Ecclesiasticis Officiis) and B.M. Add. MS. 37517, however, use a considerable amount of colour.

^{page 122 note 2} Cambridge, Trinity College MS. B. II. 2. The MS. was presented to Exeter Cathedral by Bishop Leofric in about 1072. A note recording the gift is on f. 121b, see James, M. R., Catalogue of the Western MSS. in the Library of Trinity College, Cambridge, i, 327Google Scholar. For a discussion of Leofric's gifts to Exeter, see Max Forster in the facsimile issued by the Friends of Cathedral, Exeter, The Exeter Book of Old English Poetry, pp. 10–32Google Scholar. For a list of MSS. containing inscriptions recording their gift to Exeter, see Förster, M., op. cit., p. 11, n. 3Google Scholar.

^{page 122 note 3} Palaeographically this MS. resembles a grant, by King Edgar to Aelfhere, of land at Nymed near Copplestone, Devon, dated in 974, see Facsimiles of Anglo-Saxon MSS., ii (Ordnance Survey, 1881), now in the Public Record Office.

^{page 123 note 1} New York, Pierpont Morgan Library, MS. 333. A Gospel-book from the Benedictine Abbey of Saint Bertin at Saint-Omer, in North France. It was probably executed during the reign of Abbot Otbert (986-1007). The style is also reflected in a large Bible at Arras, MS. 559.

^{page 123 note 2} Oxford, Bodl. MS. Auct. F. 1. 15 (S.C. 2455). The MS. consists now of two MSS. bound together. Both were given by Leofric to Exeter, see Madan, F. and Craster, H. H. E., A Summary Catalogue of the Western MSS. in the Bodleian Library at Oxford, ii, pp. 373, 374Google Scholar.

^{page 123 note 3} ff. 5, 16, 29, 40 verso, 65.

^{page 124 note 1} Oxford, Bodl. MS. Rawlinson C. 570. It seems to be no. 1433 in the medieval catalogue of the library of St. Augustine's, Canterbury, see James, M. R., The Ancient Libraries of Canterbury and Dover, p. 364Google Scholar. I owe this reference to the kindness of Mr. Neil Ker, of Magdalen College, Oxford, see also Ker, N. R., op. cit., p. 30Google Scholar.

^{page 124 note 2} Amiens, Bibliothèque Municipale, MS. 18, see Boinet, A., La Miniature carolingienne, pls. CXLVIII, CXLIXGoogle Scholar.

^{page 125 note 1} Cambridge, University Library MS., Ff. i. 23.

^{page 125 note 2} Besides the ‘D’ on f. 37b, the following initials seem to have a Scandinavian flavour about them, viz.: ff. 19 b (‘V’), 25 (‘D’), 29 b (‘C’), 248 b (‘L’).

^{page 125 note 3} f. 13 verso.

^{page 125 note 4} f. 208 verso.

^{page 125 note 5} SeeOursel, C., La Miniature du XII^e siècle à l'Abbaye de Citeaux.Google Scholar

^{page 125 note 6} Cambridge, Corpus Christi College MS. 41, see James, M. R., Catalogue of Western MSS. in the Library of Corpus Christi College, p. 82Google Scholar, where the initials are described. The MS. was among Leofric's gifts to Exeter.

^{page 125 note 7} Sir Eric Maclagan has pointed out to me that the treatment of the edges of the cross resembles that of ivory carvings and in consequence some carved object may be the original of the drawing.

^{page 126 note 1} London, B.M. Royal MS. 6 B. viii, f. 1 verso.

^{page 126 note 2} SeeOursel, C., La Miniature du XII^e siècle à I'Abbaye de Citeaux, pls. xi, XIII, XV-XX, XXIII, XXV, XXVI.Google Scholar

^{page 126 note 3} Saunders, O. Elfrida, English IIIuminated MSS., i, pl. 29.Google Scholar

^{page 127 note 1} For an account of this period of English monastic history, see Knowles, M. D., The Monastic Order in England, Cambridge, 1940, pp. 100–44Google Scholar.

^{page 127 note 2} Lamprecht, C., Initial Ornamentik des VII. bls XIII. JahrhundertGoogle Scholar, does not deal with this problem.

^{page 128 note 1} Amiens MS. 24. Another MS. of the same date, Boulogne MS. 20, has on f. 50 a charming little initial of a small nude figure clutching a dragon.

^{page 128 note 2} London, B.M. Arundel MS. 91, f. 28b.

^{page 128 note 3} London, B.M. Harley MS. 603.

^{page 128 note 4} Besides Arundel MS. 91 there are two other Canterbury MSS. in the British Museum whose figure style is pure ‘Winchester’. The first, Cotton MS. Vitellius C. xii, see Herbert, J. A., Schools of Illumination, Part II, pl. 5eGoogle Scholar, is a martyrology from St. Augustine's, Canterbury, executed in the first decade of the twelfth century. The second is Cotton MS. Caligula A. viii, lives of saints from Canterbury. The figure of St. Margaret, f. 98, recalls the early eleventh-century illustrations in the Psychomachia of Prudentius, B.M. Add. MS. 24199.

^{page 128 note 5} Mynors, R. A. B., op. cit, p. 32.Google Scholar

^{page 129 note 1} Durham Cathedral MS. A. n. 4, in Mynors, , op. cit., p. 33, no. 30Google Scholar.

^{page 129 note 2} See plate IV b, c.

^{page 129 note 3} London, B.M. Arundel MS. 60, f. 13.

^{page 129 note 4} Durham MS. A. 11. 4, f. 65, reproduced by Mynors, , op. cit., pl. 16Google Scholar.

^{page 129 note 5} Mynors, , op. cit., pl. 17.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 1} Durham MS. B. 11. 22, see Mynors, , op. cit., pl. 22Google Scholar and p. 36 note. Also Durham MS. B. II. 10, f. 1 vèrso, see Mynors, , op. cit, pl. 26Google Scholar. The hand of this MS. has many Canterbury characteristics.

^{page 130 note 2} f. 215 verso.

^{page 130 note 3} Durham, Simeon of, Historia Dunelmensis Ecclesiae, ed. Arnold, T., Rolls Series, i, p. 121.Google Scholar

^{page 130 note 4} SeeKnowles, M. D., The Monastic Order in England, pp. 159–71.Google Scholar