^{page 386 note a} See Pl XXXVII. fig. 1. where this symbol is represented as it appears upon a coin of Julius Cæsar in Morell's Thesaurus, tom. 3. tab. 2. Amst. 1752, with the legend Cæsar Consul Quintum Dictator Perpetuus. Vide Plutarch in Vita ejus.—It also appears upon the coins of Julius when he was Dictator Tertium. See Morell t. 3. tab. 1. fig. 33.

^{page 386 note b} See Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 7. where this symbol is elaborately represented as taken from one of the Marlborough gems, with the head of Julius Cæsar. (Gemm. Antiq. Delectus, Vol. 1. Pl.3.) Also the form of the same symbol upon an antient bas-relief engraved for De La Chausse, Montfaucon, Antiq. Expliq. tom. 2. part 1. pl. 64. fig. 6. A plant is figured in Montfaucon's work from a marble described by Spon, which has similar tendrils. See Pl. XXXIX. fig. 18. also Antiq. Expliq. tom. 2. pl. 75. fig. 3. Paris, 1719.

^{page 387 note a} See Pl. XXXVII. fig. 4. from the Nummi Contorniati of Augustus, Morell. Thesaur. tom. 3. tab. 23. fig. 11. with the legend Divus Augustus.

^{page 387 note b} See Pl XXXVII. fig. 2. from a coin of Augustus, Morell; Thesaur. tom. 3. tab. 39. fig.10.

^{page 387 note c} By the Greeks this kind of vessel, for the wine libation, was called Σπονδεῖον.

^{page 387 note d} See Pl XXXVIII. fig. 8. taken from a terra-cotta vase found near Athens, as represented in Clarke's Travels, Vignette at the end of Preface to Sect. 3. of Part. 2. Lond. 1816. For further illustration of this curious symbol from Greek monuments, see its remarkable appearance in Millin's Galerie Mythologique, tom. 1. pl:49. fig. 276. pl. 56. fig. 328. tom. 2. pl. 137 fig. 501. pl. 138. fig. 505. pl. 144. fig. 522. &c. Paris, 1711.

^{page 387 note e} See the instances adduced in the Preface as above cited, and many other which may be observed in Montfaucon, Millin, &c. &c.

^{page 387 note f} See Pl XXXVII. fig. 5.

^{page 387 note g} See Pl XXXVIII. fig. 14. taken from the magnificent work on Egypt published by the French, under Napoleon. A, tom. I., pl. 29. as designed from the Antiquities of the Isle of Philæ.

^{page 387 note h} See Pl XXXVIII. fig. 12. taken from an antient bas-relief of the Villa Albani Winkelmann Monum. ined. No. 6.

^{page 387 note i} Vid. Vaillant in August, tom. 1. p. 69. Paris, 1688.

^{page 388 note a} See Pl XXXVII. fig. 10. taken from a Cast, made from the original Gem, as represented at the end of Morell's Thesaurus, tom. 3. Gemma Augustea, Amst. 1752.

^{page 388 note b} See PI. XXXVII. fig. 3. taken from the engraved representation of the Achates Tiberianus, at the end of the volume above cited.

^{page 388 note c} Vide Rubenium, in Diss. de Gemma Augustea, ap. Morell, Thesaur. tom. 2. p. 53. in fin. Amst. 1752.

^{page 388 note d} Ἔχει δὲ τῆι μὲν λαιᾶι τὸ σκῆπτρον.Porphyrius apud Eusebium, lib. 3. cap. 9. Pparationis Evangelicæ.

^{page 388 note e} Κρατει δὲ τῆι μὲν εὐωνύμωι χειρὶ σκῆπτρον.Codinus in Constantinopoli.

^{page 388 note f} See PI. XXXVII. fig. 1.

^{page 388 note g} Lituus (i. e. incurvum, et leviter a summo inflexum bacillum, quod ab ejus litui quo canitur, similitudine nomen invenit.—Cic. de Divinatione, I. 17. p. 526. edit. Ernesti, et p. 46. edit. Hottingeri, Lips. 1793.

^{page 388 note h} See Pl. XXXVIII. fig. 7. &c. &c.

^{page 388 note i} Aulus Gellius, lib. 5. cap. 8. p. 316. L. Bat. 1706.

^{page 389 note a} Before the Augustan age the study of antient Gems occupied the attention of the greatest men of Rome. Julius æsar consecrated six dactyliothecæ in the Temple of Venus Genitrix. Marcellus consecrated one. Cæsar Dictator sex dactyliothecas in æde Veneris Genetricis consecravit. Marcellus Octavia genitus in Palatina Apollinis unam.” (vid. Plin. Hist. Nat. lib. 36. c. 5. tom, 2. p. 766. Paris, 1723.)

It would be easy to prove that the Roman historians and poets, especially Livy, Firgil, Horace, and Ovid, derived much of their knowledge from the study of Antiquities; but the undertaking would at present cause too much digression from the main purport of the present inquiry.

^{page 390 note a} Consulum Romanorum Elenchus. Argent. 1537. The most remarkable document perhaps existing as representing the tendril-shaped Lituus, is a Gem in the possession of Richard Payne Knight, Esq. which once belonged to the Ricardi, at Florence. This celebrated gem exhibits the full face of the Dictator, Julius Cæsar, and it is the only antient monument where he is thus represented. It has, moreover, the name of the artist Dioscorides, by whom the Intaglia was cut, inscribed in genuine letters upon the stone. ΔΙΟΣΚΟϒΠΙΔΟϒ The tendril-shaped Lituus, and the Star, by which the Dictator's apotheosis was supposed to have been miraculously attested, are placed upon the right side of the head of the Dictator; the artist's name is on the left. The same name of Dioscorides occurs upon an Intaglia described by Millin, representing a figure of Mercury. See Galerie Mythologique, tom. 1. pl 51. fig. 206. Paris, 1811.

^{page 390 note b} Epitome Thesauri Antiquitatum, &c. Lugd. 1553. There is an earlier edition of the same work printed in 1551. Beneath the effigy of Julius Cæsar Le Strada has figured the tendril-shaped symbol, together with the Simpulum, Patera, and Apex; but they are not otherwise noticed in the volume. (See p. 1.) So in his effigy of Augustus, p. 12. it is figured with the Patera and Aspergillum.

^{page 390 note c} Discorsi di Enea Vico Parmegiano, sopra le Medaglie de gli Antichi. In Parigi, 1619.

^{page 390 note d} Ibid. p. 105. Cap. 9. della Dignitadi, che si raccolgono delle medaglia.

As a decisive proof that the introduction of this symbol did not necessarily relate to the Augurate, see the remarkable marble altar engraved for Montfaucon's account of the Vows. (Tome 2. part 1. pl. 102. p. 250. Paris, 1719.) where the tendril-shaped symbol is represented in bas-relief, with a flower above and below, and an inscription entire, as follows: Fortune Reduci Et Jovi Sereno, Diis Deabusque Sub Quorum Tutela Augg. Militant, C. Statius Plautianus D. D. Or, as Montfaucon renders it, ” Ara a C. Statio Plautiana erecta fuit in honorem Fortune reducis et Jovis sereni, atque Deorum et Dearum quorum præsidio Irnperatores bellum gerebant”.

^{page 391 note a} Virgil makes it the regal symbol of Picus, an antient King of Latium Æneid. Lib. 7. v. 187.

“Ipse Quirinali lituo, parvaque sedebat

“Succinctus trabea, lævaque ancile gerebat.”

^{page 391 note b} See the, medal of Julius, with the legend Cæsar Augur. Pont. Max. in Morell's Thesaurus, tom. 3. tab. 1. fig. 32.

See also the medal of Julius Cæsar, in the Nomismata Julii Cæsaris of Goltzius, tab. 14. fig. 6. Antverp. 1644. It has the legend Cæsar Imp. Augur, with a representation of the Aspergillum, Simpulum, Culter, Securis, and the Apex, but the symbol called Lituus, has not been introduced.

^{page 391 note c} See the passage of Virgil before cited.

^{page 391 note d} Ipse Picus domitor Equorum, perendeque studio equitandi præstans sedebat ferens in dextra lituum, id est regium baculum in quo potestas esset dirimendarum litium.—Donatus.

“Lituum dicit regium baculum In quo potestas esset disimendarum litium.”—Servius.

The etymology is however absurd, owing to its violation of quantity; the Greek λιται, preces, is a much more probable root but Cicero (de Divin. t.I. c. 17. P 46. Lips. 1793.) says it was called Lituus from the resemblance of its form to that of the Roman trumpet so named.

^{page 392 note a} See the figures of Augustus and Tiberius in PI. XXXVIII. fig. 10. and PI. XXXVII. fig. 3.

^{page 392 note b} Being possibly introduced upon their medals as the symbol of a Flamen; the King of the Sacrifices -, a representative of Numa; or simply to denote a Pontifex Maximus.

^{page 392 note c} See particularly the Crosier of Peter de Aqua-bella, Bishop of Hereford, as designed by the Rev.T. Kerrich, M.A. F.S.A. for his Account of the Bishop's Monument in Savoy. Archaeologia, Vol. 18. pl. XI. facing p. 188. Lond. 1817.—Also the crosiers of two Bishops of Rochester, engraved by Mr. Stothard $ of three abbots, and of Prior Hotot, (who died in 1249, at Peterborough), and of several abbots in the cathedral of Wells.

^{page 392 note d} Plutarch, in Romulo, tom. 1. p. 31. in Camillo, p. 145. L. Par. 1624.

^{page 392 note e} Baculum sine nodo aduncum tenens quern lituum adpellaverunt.—Liv, lib. 1. c. 18. Vol. 1. p. 82. edit. Drakenborg.

^{page 393 note a} See the representations of the Pedum in Mariette, Pierres gravees du Cabinet du Roy, pl. 49, and pl. 72. tome 2. Paris, 1750.

^{page 393 note b} Antiq. Expliq. tom. 2. part 1. p. 146. Paris, 1719.

^{page 393 note c} Which is so often mistaken for a whip. Whose Fan Is In His Hand, And-He Will Throughly Purge His Floor, And Will Gather The Wheat Into His Garner.” L e iii. 17.

^{page 393 note d} Voy. Antiquités. Descriptions, torn. 1. p. 33. Par. 1809. Explication de la Planche 10.

^{page 393 note e} See PI. XXXIX. fig. 16. taken from A. vol. 1. pl. 82. of that work as designed from the superb bas-reliefs at Erné in upper Egypt.

^{page 394 note a} The knotted pedum is evidently sacred to Bacchus. It is usually represented with a mask, and appears in the right hand of Thalia in the Herculanean paintings, a mask being in her left hand, and the inscription ΘΑΛΕΙΑ. ΚΩΜΟΔΙΑΝ at her feet. For its appearance when without knots, see the marble Altar described by Montfaucon which formed part of the Cabinet of Christina Queen of Sweden. (Antiq. Expliq. tome 2. part. 1. pl. 86. Paris, 1719.) The most remarkable representation of the knotted pedum occurs in a beautiful Intaglia, of which impressions are common, that was formerly in the Borghese collection; where a Centaur uses it as the weapon with which he combats Hercules.

^{page 394 note b} See PI. XXXIX. fig. 17. copied from the representation of a gem in Mariette's Traité des Pierres gravees du Cabinet du Roy, tom. 2 pl. 28. Paris, 1750. Nothing can surpass in ignorance and absurdity the inane descriptions given of the different gems in this French work.

^{page 394 note c} See the Statue of the laughing Faun in the British Museum, of which there is a fine representation in Combe's Description of the antient Marbles, part. 2. pl 24. Lond. 1815. The pedum is in the left hand of the figure. See also the Fauns and other figures in the Pompe Bacchique described by Montfaucon, (Antiq. Expliq. tom.2. part. 1. p. 194. pl. 86. Paris, 1719,) from an antient marble bas-relief, upon an altar which formed part of the cabinet of Christina Queen of Sweden. In that bas-relief there are several representations of the pedum exactly corresponding with the description given of the augural staff by Aulus Gellius. Accordingly the author (Montfaucon) has the following observation: ” intersunt et Satyri, quorum unus duplici ludit tibia, alter pelle prœcinctus, baculum tenet recurvum more littii aut virgœ auguralis.” Ibid. p. 194.

^{page 395 note a} Alexandri ab Alexandra, Geniales Dies, lib. 1. cap. 28. torn. 1. p. 225. L. Bat. 1673.

^{page 395 note b} See, however, a few observations in the Preface before cited, Clarke's Trav. sect. 3. part. 2. Lond. 1816.

^{page 396 note a} ” Baculus incurvus; vel lituus. Ubi notandum esse in Egypto, uti Theophrastus docet, certum quoddam arundinis ‘genus, quod et ob levitatem modó loco baculi superiùs artifieiosè incurvati, modo ob concavitem emedullatam loco litui in sacris usurpabant.” Kircher, Œdip. Ægyptiac. tom. 3. p. 173. Rom. 1655.

^{page 396 note b} Ibid.

^{page 396 note c} II. Kings, ch. xviii. 21. So also in Isaiah, ch. xxxvi. 6. and Ezekiel, ch. xxix. 6. Abp, Newcome and Bishop Lowth explain the passages simply by reference to the canes and reeds that grow upon the banks of the Nile.

^{page 397 note a} Βραχύ τι παπύρου τμημα τῆς ἐγχωριου καθ᾽ ὁδὸν ἐῤῥιμενον. Homer describes the antient sceptres as branches of trees with the bark and knots taken off. Jupiter's sceptre is described by Aristophanes as surmounted by an eagle; and he says that the sceptre of all the antient Greek kings was of the same kind. (Ar. 508.) Priam was introduced on the stage bearing such a sceptre. (Conf. Pindar. Pyth. 1. 10.) Pausanias (Boæot. c. 40.) speaks of an antient sceptre of Chæronea, which the inhabitants believed to be the one which Vulcan made for Jupiter: this they held in great reverence, and called it δορυ, a lance. Herodotus I. 195. de Babyloniis. Σϕηγῖδα δ᾽ ἔκαστος ἔχει. και σκῆπτρον (a Staff) χειροποίητον. ἐπ᾽ ἑκάστωι δεσκήπτρωι ἔπεστι πεποιημένον ἥ μῆλον, ἤ ῥόδον, ἤ κρίνον, ἤ ῥόδον, ἤ κρίνον, ἤ αἰετος, ἤ ἄλλο τι. ἄνευ γαρ ἐπισήμον οὔ σϕι νὸμος ἐστί ἔχειν σκῆπτρον. Where Larcher remarks that this kind of sceptre was used both by the Asiatic and Greek kings. The Σκηπτοῦχοι of the Persians answered to our Field Marshals, and carried a Bâton. Æschylus calls a magistrate Παβδοῦχος, a staff or truncheon-bearer.

^{page 397 note b} See PI. XXXVII. fig. 3. PI. XXXVIII. fig. 10.

^{page 397 note c} The Sceptrum Augusti says Facciolati, “non est sceptrum regale: sed hasta imperatoria, vel scipio eburneus, cum aquila, qualem triumphantes gestabant, &c.

^{page 397 note d} This Hebrew word occurs in Gen. xlix. 10. Numb. xxiv. 17 Exod. xxi. 20. Isaiah x. 15. xxviii. 27. Mic. iv. 14. Also in Ps. xiv. 7 Isa. xiv. 5. Ezek. xi. 11. where it denotes the sceptre of authority.

^{page 398 note a} Djezzar's crutch, or Σκῆπτρον, is accordingly introduced into the portrait of Sir Sidney Smith, as it was worn by him during the siege of Acre, suspended by a cord about his neck. Sir Sidney used this ensign of the power vested in him by Djezzar to encourage the Pacha's troops to descend with him into the breach. (See the engraving by Anthony Cardon). It is a very curious modern relique of the staff mentioned in Hebrews xi. 21. a passage that can only be understood by reference to the eastern custom among men of rank of leaning upon a short crutch, or staff, when seated on a couch. Those crutches are sometimes highly ornamented and inlaid with gems and mother of pearl.

^{page 398 note b} Hebrews xi. 21.

^{page 398 note c} Ezekiel xix. 10, 11. See also v. 14. Other passages in Ezekiel seem to imply that under this image of the vine is intended the plant whence the tendril-shaped symbol was borrowed. Upon the Greek terra-cotta vases it is represented as connected with water and with aquatic birds; and in the 17th Ch. of Ezekiel, v. 8. it is said to be planted “by great waters,” and that its “branches turned toward the great eagle, which came to Lebanon.” In Ezekiel xix. 10. it is described as “fruitful and full of branches, for sceptres, by reason of many waters”—but when planted “in a dry and thirsty ground, as having no rod of strength (see v. 14.) to be a sceptre to rule.”

^{page 399 note a} See PL XXXVIII. fig. 10.

^{page 399 note b} See PI. XXXVII. fig. 3.

^{page 399 note c} Æneid. Lib. 7 V. 187.

^{page 399 note d} By the Rev. W^m Jones, M. A. of St. John's College, Cambridge.

^{page 399 note e} See PI. XXXIX. fig. 15.

^{page 399 note f} See PI. XXXVIII. fig. 11. Also Vaillant. Nummi Antiqui Famil. Romanar. &c. Vol. 2. Amst. 1703. Tab. 130. fig. 15.

^{page 399 note g} It is probably a coin of one of the Corinthian colonies.

^{page 399 note h} See PL XXXIX. fig. 15.

^{page 400 note a} See PI. XXXVIII. fig. 7. Also Mariette, Traitiés Pierres Gravées, tome 2. pl. 41. Paris, 1750. And Millin, Galerie Mythologique, tome 2 pl. 137 fig501. from the engravings of Tichbein.

^{page 400 note b} See PI. XXXVIII. fig. 6. from the medals of Augustus. Morellii Thesaurus, &c. Tab. 14. fig. 14. tom. 3. Goltzius, &c.

^{page 400 note c} See PI. XXXVIII. fig. 9. from Gutherius. de Veter. Jus. Pontif. Lib. 1. apud Græv. Thesaur. Antiq.Rom. torn. 5. p. 59. L. Bat. 1696. See also the medal of Augustus figured in p. 129. of the same work, with the legend Salus Generis Humani.

^{page 400 note d} PL XXXVIII. fig. 13.“Augurem equo insidentem visum est.” Vide Gutherium de veteri jure Pontificis urbis Romæ, apud Grævium in Thesaur. Antiquit. Romanar. Tom. 5. p. 62, L.Bat. 1696.

^{page 401 note a} See PL XL. fig. 19.

^{page 401 note b} Sec PI. XL. fig.20.

^{page 402 note a} See PI. XL. fig. 19–21, shewing the size of the stone, and the manner in which the symbols are there placed.

^{page 402 note b} See PI. XL. fig. 20, for their appearance after an impression is made, and the order in which they are here described. Fig. 21. shews the setting.

^{page 402 note c} Festus describes the Præfericulum as an open vessel, without a handle; but Montfaucon refutes this passage of Festus.

^{page 402 note d} Festus says the Secespita was a knife with an oblong blade and round haft, which the Flamines, Flaminic virgins, and Pontiffs, made use of in their sacrifices.

^{page 402 note e} Antiq. Expliq. tome 2, part I, p. 148, See also Guther. apud Græv. Thesaur. tom. 5, p. 222.

^{page 402 note f} Vaillant Numm. Antiq, Famil. Romanar. &c. pl. 135, fig. 10, vol. 2. Amst. 1703. Vailjant, however, gives to this knife the common name of Culter, and bestows that of Secespita upon the axe. His words are, “Culter, Simpulum, et Secespita” Ibid. p. 448.—Winkelmann, Histoire de l'Art, &c. tom. 1, pl. 19, shews this form of knife as used for sacrifice. So also Montfaucon from Maffei, t. 2, part 1, pl. 76, p. 179. Paris, 1719.

^{page 402 note g} See Pl. 49, and Pl. 72; the first executed upon an Amethyst, the second upon the stone which the French call Prime d' (Emeraude, Tome 2. Paris, 1750.

^{page 403 note a} “ In nummis æreis Neronis.” Sertorius Ursatus, de notis Romanorum, &c. p. 37. Patav. 1672.

^{page 403 note b} Hæc quidem singulatim accepta, Singulorum Sacerdotium exhibent; simul verò sumpta dignitates in Pontifice Maximo conjunctas esse demonstrant. Vaillant, in August, vol. 1, p. 69. Paris, 1688.

^{page 403 note e} Although Augustus had this title. Upon the reverse of one of his medals we read Auguri Pontifici Maximo Imperatori XI Patri Patrle.

^{page 404 note a} For the knotted Pedum, reference has been already made to the engravings taken from gems in the royal cabinet of France. The most striking representation of the sort of knife, or dagger, seen upon this signet, as actually used for cutting the throats of sacrificial victims, is that of Millin, Pierres gravées, inéd Also Galerie Mythologique, tom. 2, pl. 138. fig. 505. Paris, 1811. But there are others, which have been before cited.