Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T10:12:06.029Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using early life stages of the marine fish Psetta maxima*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 June 2010

Lazhar Mhadhbi ,
Moncef Boumaiza  and
Ricardo Beiras
Lazhar Mhadhbi*
Affiliation:
Universidad de Vigo, Toralla Marine Science Station, ECIMAT, 36331 Vigo, Spain Hydrobiology Unit, Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte Zarzouna, 7021, Tunisia
Moncef Boumaiza
Affiliation:
Hydrobiology Unit, Environmental Biomonitoring Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Bizerte Zarzouna, 7021, Tunisia
Ricardo Beiras
Affiliation:
Universidad de Vigo, Toralla Marine Science Station, ECIMAT, 36331 Vigo, Spain
*
a Corresponding author: lazhar@uvigo.es
Get access

Abstract

Fish tests must be developed for both regulatory and conservation reasons, as such testing forms an indispensable component of integrated toxicity testing strategy for the marine environment. To standardise a fish embryo test, the acute toxicity of metals and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to early life stages (ELS) of turbot (Psetta maxima) was studied. Embryos were exposed to dilutions of cooper, cadmium, mercury, fluoranthene, phenanthrene, pyrene and naphthalene in darkness and under visible light. Hatching success, yolk sac alterations, pericardial edema, skeletal deformities and mortality were observed. The effective concentrations (EC50, EC10,) no observed effect concentration (NOEC) and the lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC) were determined at the end of the bioassays. Exposure to metals and PAHs in ecologically relevant concentrations, either in darkness or under artificial light, caused significant lethal and sublethal effects in turbot, such as alterations in yolk sac, pericardial edema and skeletal abnormalities. According to the 96 h EC50, the ranking of acute toxicity for metals was respectively: 47.4 (46.8–59.2) μg L−1 Cu; 51.5 (20.9–91.7) μg L−1 Cd, and 83.2 (62.3–125) μg L−1 Hg. For PAHs, acute toxicities were 5.2 (4.3–6) μg L−1 pyrene, 12.3 (6.4–12.7) μg L−1 fluoranthene, 52.2 (30.4–82.7) μg L−1 phenanthrene, and 142 (55–228) μg L−1 naphthalene. Pyrene was consistently the most toxic PAH. In addition, light exposures were performed and photo-enhanced toxicity was found only for fluoranthene and pyrene. Turbot embryos were found to be more tolerant to metals and PAHs than were hatched larvae. These results suggest that, considering the short duration of the ELS turbot test and its high sensitivity, it is suitable for use as a standard test for marine fish.

Keywords

PAHMetal bioavaibilityAcute toxicityEmbryoLarvaBioassayFish
Type
Research Article
Information
Aquatic Living Resources , Volume 23 , Issue 2 , April 2010 , pp. 209 - 216
Copyright
© EDP Sciences, IFREMER, IRD 2010

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Footnotes

*

Supplementary tables are only available in electronic form at www.alr-journal.org

References

Arfsten, D.P., Schaeffer, D.J., Mulveny, D.C., 1996, The effects of near ultraviolet radiation on the toxic effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in animals and plants: a review. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 33, 1–24.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ankley, G.T., Collyard, S.A., Monson, P.D., Kosian, P.A., 1994, Influence of ultraviolet light on the toxicity of sediments contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13, 1791–1796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barron, M.G, Little, E.E., Calfee, R., Diamond, S., 2000, Quantifying solar spectral irradiance in aquatic habitats for the assessment of photoenhanced toxicity. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 920–925.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bellas, J., Saco-Álvarez, L., Nieto, O., Beiras, R., 2008, Ecotoxicological evaluation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons using marine invertebrate embryo-larval bioassays. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 57, 493–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boudreau, M., Sweezey, M.J., Lee, L., Hodson, P.V., Courtenay, S.C., 2009, Toxicity of orimulsion-400 to early life stages of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus) and mummichog (Fundulus heteroclitus). Environ .Toxicol. Chem. 28, 1206–1217.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Calta, M., 2001, Effect of aqueous cadmium on embryos and larvae of mirror carp . Indian J. Anim. Sci. 71, 885–888.Google Scholar
Carls, M., Rice, S., Hose, J., 1999, Sensitivity of fish embryos to weathered crude oil: I. Low-level exposure during incubation causes malformations, genetic damage, and mortality in larval Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18, 481–493.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, Y.Y., Lu, F.I., Hwang, P.P., 2003, Comparisons of calcium regulation in fish larvae. J. Exp. Zool. 295A, 127–135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheng, S.H., Wai, A.W.K., So, C.H. Wu, R.S.S., 2000, Cellular and molecular basis of cadmium induced deformities in zebrafish embryos. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 19, 3024–3031.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foekema, E.M., Deerenberg, C.M., Murk, A.J., 2008, Prolonged ELS test with the marine flatfish sole (Solea solea) shows delayed toxic effects of previous exposure to PCB 126. Aquat Toxicol. 90, 197–203.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Emmens C.W., 1948, Principles of Biological Assay. Chapman and Hall Ltd., London.
EPA, 1996, Ecological effects test guidelines OPPTS 850.1400 Fish early-life stage toxicity test. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, USA.
European Council, 2000, Directive 2000/60/EC of the European Parliament and the Council of 23 October 2000 establishing a framework for Community action in the field of water policy.
Gharaei, A., Esmaili-Sari, A., 2008, LC50 and bioaccumulation of mercury chloride (HgCl2 in Rutilus frisii (Nordmann, 1840). J. Appl. Ichthyol. 24, 705–706.Google Scholar
González, J.J., Viñas, L., Franco, M.A., Fumega, J., Soriano, J.A., Grueiro, G., Muniategui, S., López-Mahía, P., Prada, D., Bayona, J.M., Alzaga, R., Albaigés, J., 2006, Spatial and temporal distribution of dissolved/dispersed aromatic hydrocarbons in seawater in the area affected by the Prestige oil spill. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 53, 250–59.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gonzalez-Doncel, M., Gonzalez, L., Fernandez-Torija, C., Navas, J.M., Tarazona, J.V., 2008, Toxic effects of an oil spill on fish early life stages may not be exclusively associated to PAHs: Studies with Prestige oil and medaka (Oryzias latipes). Aquat. Toxicol. 87, 280–288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
GRNC, 2002, Risque pour l’environnement. Evaluation des risques associés aux rejets chimiques des installations nucléaires du Nord-Cotentin. Groupe de Radioécologie du Nord Cotentin.
Grosell, M., Nielsen, C., Bianchini, A., 2002, Sodium turnover rate determines sensitivity to acute copper and silver exposure in freshwater animals. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C 133, 287–303.Google ScholarPubMed
Hallare, A., Köhler, H.R., Triebskorn, R., 2004, Developmental toxicity and stress protein responses in zebrafish embryos after exposure to diclofenac and its solvent, DMSO. Chemosphere 56, 659-666.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hayes Jr., W.J., 1991, Dosage and other factors influencing toxicity. In: W.J. Hayes Jr., E.R. Laws Jr. (Eds.), Handbook of pesticide toxicology, General principles, vol. 1. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 39–105.
Heintz, R.A., Short, J.W., Rice, S.D., 1999, Sensitivity of fish embryos to weathered crude oil: Part II. Increased mortality of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryos incubating downstream from weathered Exxon Valdez crude oil. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 18, 494–503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
His E., Beiras R., Seaman, M.N.L., 1999, The assessment of marine pollution-Bioassays with bivalve embryos and larvae. In: Southeward A.I., Tyler P.A., Young C.M. (Eds.), Advances in Marine Biology, vol. 37. Academic Press, London.
Hutchington, T.H. Solbe, J., Kloepper-Sams, P., 1998, Analysis of the ecetoc aquatic toxicity (EAT) database III-Comparative toxicity of chemical substances to different life stages of aquatic organisms. Chemosphere 36, 129–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, A., Carew, E., Sloman, K.A., 2007, The effects of copper on the morphological and functional development of zebrafish embryos. Aquat. Toxicol. 84, 431–438.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kagan, J., Kagan, E.D., Kagan, I.A., Kagan, P.A., Quigley, S., 1985, The phototoxicity of non-carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in aquatic organisms. Chemosphere 14, 1829–1834.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kobayashi, 1995, Chapter 16. bioassay data for marine pollution using echinoderms. Encyclopedia of environmental control technology. Vol. 9, Cherenisinoff P.N. (Ed.) Gulf Publ. 6. Houston, pp. 539–609.
Lorenzo, J.I., Beiras, R., Mubiana, K.V. Blust, R., 2005, Copper uptake by Mytilus edulis in the presence of humic acids. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 24, 973–980.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mance G., 1987, Pollution threat of heavy metals in aquatic environments. Elsevier, New York.
Motulsky H., Christopoulos A., 2004, Fitting models to biological data using linear and nonlinear regression: A practical guide to curve fitting. Oxford University Press, London.
Nguyen, L.T., Janssen, C.R., 2002, Embryo-larval toxicity tests with the African catfish (Clarias gariepinus): comparative sensitivity of endpoints. Arch. Environ. Cons. Toxicol. 42, 256–262.Google ScholarPubMed
Nguyen, L.T., Janssen, C.R., 2001, Comparative sensitivity of embryo-larval toxicity assays with African catfish (Clarias gariepinus) and zebra fish (Danio rerio). Environ. Toxicol. 16, 566–571.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oberemm, A., 2000, The use of a refined zebrafish embryo bioassay for the assessment of aquatic toxicity. Lab. Anim. 29, 32–40.Google Scholar
OECD, 1992, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 2: Effects on Biotic Systems Test No. 210: Fish, Early-Life Stage Toxicity Test. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
OECD, 1998, OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Section 2: Effects on biotic systems test No. 212: Fish, short-term toxicity test on embryo and sac-fry stages. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
OECD, 2006, OECD Guidelines for the testing of chemicals. Section 2: Effects on biotic systems Test No. 201: Freshwater alga and Cyanobacteria, Growth inhibition test. Paris, France: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
Pelletier, M.C., Burgess, R.M., Ho, K.T., Kuhn, A., McKinney, R.A., Ryba, S.A., 1997, Phototoxicity of individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum to marine invertebrate larvae and juveniles. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 16, 2190–2199.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pollino, C.A. Holdway, D.A., 2002, Toxicity testing of crude oil and related compounds using early life stages of the crimson-spotted rainbow fish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 52, 180–189.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Power, M., 1997, Assessing the effects of environmental stressors on fish populations. Aquat. Toxicol. 39, 151–169.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ringwood, A.H., 1991, Short-term accumulation of cadmium by embryos, larvae, and adults of Hawaiian bivalve, Isognomon californicum . J. Exp. Mar. Biol. Ecol. 149, 55–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rose, K.A., Cowan, J.H. Jr., Houde, E.D., Coutant, C.C., 1993, Individual based modelling of environmental quality effects on early life stages of fishes: A case study using striped bass. Am. Fish. Soc. Symp. 14, 125–145.Google Scholar
Stasiûnaitë, P., 2005, Toxicity of copper to embryonic development of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Acta Zool. Lituanica 15, 259–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Von Westernhagen H., 1988, Sublethal effects of pollutants on fish, eggs and larvae. In: Hoar W.S., Randall D.J. (Eds.), Fish Physiology, Vol. 11, part A. Academic Press, San Diego, pp. 253–346.
Wedekind, C., Siebenthal, B.V., Gingold, R., 2007, The weaker points of fish acute toxicity tests and how tests on embryos can solve some issues. Environ. Pollut. 148, 385–389.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Weis P., Weis J.S., 1991, The developmental toxicity of metals and metalloids in fish. In Newman MC, Mc Intosh A, (Eds.) Metal Ecotoxicology: Concepts and Applications. Lewis, Boca Raton, FL, pp. 145–169.
Williams, N.D., Holdway, D.A., 2000, The effects of pulse-exposed cadmium and zinc on embryo hatchability, larval development, and survival of Australian crimson spotted rainbow fish (Melanotaenia fluviatilis). Environ. Toxicol. 15, 165–173.3.0.CO;2-Q>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Witeska, M., Jezierska, B., Chaber, J., 1995, The influence of cadmium on common carp embryos and larvae. Aquaculture 129, 129–132.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
World Health Organization, 1989, Mercury – environmental aspects. WHO, Geneva, pp. 25–64.
Wu, Y., Zhang, J., Zhu, Z.J., 2003, Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediments of the Yalujiang Estuary, North China. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 46, 619–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Supplementary material: PDF

OLM - alr 23(2) 2010 p.209- A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using ...

Tables S1. to S5.

Download OLM - alr 23(2) 2010 p.209- A standard ecotoxicological bioassay using ...(PDF)
PDF 47.7 KB