Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-tn8tq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-07T23:25:01.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Open class and closed class: Sentence-imitation experiments on intrasentential code-switching

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 November 2008

Shoji Azuma  and
Richard P. Meier
Shoji Azuma*
Affiliation:
University of Utah
Richard P. Meier*
Affiliation:
University of Texas at Austin
*
Shoji Azuma, Department of Languages and Literature, NCO 1400, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112. Email: shoji.azuma@rn.cc.utah.edu
Shoji Azuma, Department of Languages and Literature, NCO 1400, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 84112. Email: shoji.azuma@rn.cc.utah.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

One of the most striking facts about exchange errors in speech is that open class items are exchanged, but closed class items are not. This article argues that a pattern analogous to that in speech errors also appears in intrasentential code-switching. Intrasentential code-switching is the alternating use of two languages in a sentence by bilinguals. Studies of the spontaneous conversation of bilinguals have supported the claim that open class items may be codeswitched, but closed class items may not. This claim was tested by two sentence repetition experiments, one with Japanese/English bilinguals and the other with Spanish/English bilinguals. The results show that the switching of closed class items caused significantly longer response times and more errors than the switching of open class items.

Type
Articles
Information
Applied Psycholinguistics , Volume 18 , Issue 3 , July 1997 , pp. 257 - 276
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Azuma, S. (1993a). The frame-content hypothesis in speech production: Evidence from intrasentential code switching. Linguistics, 31, 1071–1093.Google Scholar
Azuma, S. (1993b). Word order vs. word class: Portmanteau sentences in bilinguals. In Clancy, P. (Ed.), Japanese/Korean linguistics (Vol. 2, pp. 193–204). Stanford, CA: Stanford University, Center for the Study of Language and Information.Google Scholar
Baars, B. J., Motley, M. T. & MacKay, D. G. (1975). Output editing for lexical status from artificially elicited slips of the tongue. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 14, 382–391.Google Scholar
Bebout, L. (1993). Processing of negative morphemes in aphasia: An example of the complexities of the closed class/open class concept. Clinical Linguistics and Phonetics, 7, 161–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berk-Seligson, S. (1986). Linguistic constraints on intrasentential code-switching: A study of Spanish/Hebrew bilingualism. Language in Society, 15. 313–348.Google Scholar
Blom, J. P. & Gumperz, J. J. (1972). Social meaning in linguistic structures: Codeswitching in Norway. In Gumperz, J. J. & Hymes, D. (Eds.), Directions in sociolinguistics (pp. 409–434). New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.Google Scholar
Bokamba, E. G. (1987). The significance of code-mixing to linguistic theory: Evidence from Bantu languages. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences, 17, 21–43.Google Scholar
Bokamba, E. G. (1988). Code-mixing, language variation, and linguistic theory: Evidence from Bantu languages. Lingua, 76, 21–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, D. C. (1978). Computational distinctions of vocabulary types. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, MIT, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Brown, R. (1973). A first language. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Caplan, D. (1980). Biological studies of mental processes. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dell, G. S. (1990). Effects of frequency and vocabulary type on phonological speech errors. Language and Cognitive Processes, 5, 313–349.Google Scholar
Eid, M. (1992). Directionality in Arabic-English code-switching. In Rouchdy, A. (Ed.), The Arabic language in America: A sociolinguistic study of a growing bilingual community (pp. 50–71). Detroit: Wayne State University Press.Google Scholar
Ervin-Tripp, S. (1964). An analysis of the interaction of language, topic and listener. American Antholopologist, 66, 86–102.Google Scholar
Fromkin, V. A. (1973). Speech errors as linguistic evidence. The Hague: Mouton.Google Scholar
Fromkin, V. A. (1980). Errors in linguistic performance. Slips of the tongue, ear, pen, and hand. New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Garrett, M. F. (1975). The analysis of sentence production. In Bower, G. H. (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 133–177). New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Garrett, M. F. (1982). Production of speech: Observations from normal and pathological language use. In Ellis, A. W. (Ed.), Normality and pathology in cognitive functions (pp. 19–76). New York: Academic.Google Scholar
Garrett, M. F. (1990). Sentence processing. In Osherson, D. N. & Lasnik, H. (Eds.), An invitation to cognitive science: Vol. I. Language (pp. 133–175). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Grosjean, R. & Gee, J. P. (1987). Prosodic structure and spoken word recognition. Cogni-tion, 25. 135–155.Google Scholar
Gumperz, J. J. (1982). Conversational code-switching. In Gumperz, J. J. (Ed.), Discourse strategies (pp. 55–99). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, V. (1988). Hesitations and sentence planning. Language and Cognitive Processes, 3, 323–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hudgins, C. & Cullinan, W. (1978). Effects of sentence structure on sentence elicited imitation responses. Journal of Speech and Hearing Research, 21, 809–819.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Joshi, A. K. (1985). Processing of sentences with intrasentential code-switching. In Dowty, D., Kartunnen, L. & Zwicky, A. (Eds.), Natural language parsing (pp. 190–204). New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kecera, H. & Francis, W. N. (1967). Computational analysis of present-day American English. Providence, Rl: Brown University Press.Google Scholar
Kimball, J. (1973). Seven principles of surface structure parsing in natural languages. Cognition, 2, 15–47.Google Scholar
Lanza, E. (1992). Can bilingual two-year-olds code-switch? Journal of Child Language, 19, 633–658.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. J. M. (1983). Monitoring and self-repair in speech. Cognition, 14, 41–104.Google Scholar
Levelt, W. J. M. (1989). Speaking: From intention to articulation. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Meier, R. P. (1987). Elicited imitation of verb agreement in American Sign Language: Iconically or morphologically determined? Journal of Memory and Language, 26, 362–376.Google Scholar
Milroy, L. (1987). Observing and analyzing natural language. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Myers-Scotton, C. (1993). Duelling languages. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nishimura, M. (1992). Language choice and in-group identity among Canadian Niseis. Journal of Asian Pacific Communication, 3, 97–113.Google Scholar
Poplack, S. (1980). Sometimes I'll start a sentence in Spanish y termino en Espanol: Toward a typology of code-switching. Linguistics, 18, 581–618.Google Scholar
Rice, Curtis. (1991). Field notes on Norwegian/English code-switching. Unpublished manuscript, University of Texas at Austin.Google Scholar
Romaine, S. (1989). Bilingualism. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Scotton, C. M. (1983). The negotiation of identities in conversation: A theory of markedness and code choice. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 44, 115–136.Google Scholar
Smith, C. S. (1970). An experimental approach to children's linguistic competence. In Hayes, J. R. (Ed.), Cognition and development of language. New York: Wiley.Google Scholar
Sridhar, S. N. & Sridhar, K. (1980). Syntax and psycholinguistics of bilingual code-mixing. Canadian Journal of Psychology, 34, 407–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swinney, D., Zurif, E. B. & Cutler, A. (1980). Effects of sentential stress and word class upon comprehension in Broca's aphasia. Brain and Language, 10, 132–144.Google Scholar
Taft, M. (1990). Lexical processing of functionally constrained words. Journal of Memory and Language, 29, 245–257.Google Scholar
Valian, V., Hoeffner, J. & Aubry, S. (1996). Young children's imitation of sentence subjects: Evidence of processing limitations. Developmental Psychology, 32, 153–164.Google Scholar
Valluduvi, E. (1988). On lexical and grammatical language mixing. In Ferrara, K., Brown, B., Walters, K. & Baugh, J. (Eds.), Linguistic change and language contact. Austin: University of Texas, Department of Linguistics.Google Scholar
Vihman, M. (1985). Language differentiation by the bilingual infant. Journal of Child Language, 12, 297–324.Google Scholar