Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T03:19:19.115Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The archaeology of Anthropocene rivers: water management and landscape change in ‘Gold Rush’ Australia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  15 September 2016

Susan Lawrence
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia (Email: s.lawrence@latrobe.edu.au; peter.davies@latrobe.edu.au; j.turnbull@latrobe.edu.au)
Peter Davies
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia (Email: s.lawrence@latrobe.edu.au; peter.davies@latrobe.edu.au; j.turnbull@latrobe.edu.au)
Jodi Turnbull
Affiliation:
Department of Archaeology and History, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC 3086, Australia (Email: s.lawrence@latrobe.edu.au; peter.davies@latrobe.edu.au; j.turnbull@latrobe.edu.au)

Abstract

Future scientists seeking evidence of the Anthropocene on a planetary scale will find a series of structurally similar deposits dating to within the same few thousand years at multiple locations around the world. It will be evident that they were produced by a global human drive to exploit the Earth's mineral wealth. The impact and the evidence left by this phenomenon in the ‘Gold Rush’ region of Victoria, Australia are particularly clear. Using a multi-scalar approach, the authors examine the extent and significance of changes resulting from water management and mining processes, which, in some cases, resulted in the creation of new landscapes far beyond the mining district.

Type
Research
Copyright
Copyright © Antiquity Publications Ltd, 2016 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Bate, W. 2001. Gold: social energiser and definer. Victorian Historical Journal 72: 727.Google Scholar
Bintliff, J. (ed.). 1991. The Annales School and archaeology. Leicester: Leicester University Press.Google Scholar
Birrell, R. 2004. The extraction of gold by amalgamation and chlorination. Journal of Australasian Mining History 2: 1734.Google Scholar
Blainey, G. 1963. The rush that never ended. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press.Google Scholar
Braje, T. 2016. Evaluating the Anthropocene: is there something useful about a geological epoch of humans? Antiquity 90: 504–11.Google Scholar
Braje, T. & Erlandson, J.M.. 2014. Looking forward, looking back: humans, anthropogenic change and the anthropocene. Anthropocene 4: 116–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2014.05.002 Google Scholar
Bridge, G. & Fredriksen, T.. 2012. ‘Order out of chaos’: resources, hazards, and the production of a tin-mining economy in northern Nigeria in the early twentieth century. Environment and History 18: 367–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734012X13400389809337 Google Scholar
Crutzen, P. 2002. Geology of mankind. Nature 415: 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/415023a Google Scholar
Crutzen, P. & Steffen, W.. 2003. How long have we been in the Anthropocene era? Climate Change 61: 251–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:CLIM.0000004708.74871.62 Google Scholar
Davey, C. & McCarthy, P.L.. 2002. The development of Victorian gold mining technology. Victorian Historical Journal 73: 6492.Google Scholar
Davies, P. & Lawrence, S.. 2014. ‘A mere thread of land’: water races, gold mining and water law in colonial Victoria. Journal of Australian Colonial History 16: 168–87.Google Scholar
Davies, P., Lawrence, S. & Turnbull, J.. 2011. Harvesting water on a Victorian colonial goldfield. Australasian Historical Archaeology 29: 2432.Google Scholar
Davies, P., Lawrence, S. & Turnbull, J.. 2015. Mercury use and loss from gold mining in nineteenth-century Victoria. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Victoria 27: 4454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rs15017 Google Scholar
Edgeworth, M. 2011. Fluid pasts: archaeology of flow. Bristol: Bristol Classical.Google Scholar
Edgeworth, M. 2013. The relationship between archaeological stratigraphy and artificial ground and its significance in the Anthropocene, in Waters, C.N., Zalasiewicz, J., Williams, M., Ellis, M. & Snelling, A.M. (ed.) A stratigraphic basis for the Anthropocene (Lyell Collection Special Publications 395): 91108. Bath: The Geological Society Publishing House.Google Scholar
Edgeworth, M. 2014. Archaeology of the Anthropocene. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology 1: 7377. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jca.v1.i1.73 Google Scholar
Erlandson, J.M. & Braje, T.. 2014. Archaeology and the Anthropocene. Anthropocene 4: 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2014.05.003 Google Scholar
Gammage, B. 2011. The biggest estate on Earth: how Aborigines made Australia. Sydney: Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Gerrard, S. 2000. The early British tin industry. Stroud: Tempus.Google Scholar
Head, L. 2014. Contingencies of the Anthropocene: lessons from the ‘Neolithic’. The Anthropocene Review 1: 113–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053019614529745 Google Scholar
Hearn, T. 2013. Mining the quarry, in Pawson, E. & Brooking, T. (ed.) Making a new land: environmental histories of New Zealand: 106–21. Dunedin: Otago University Press.Google Scholar
Isenberg, A.C. 2005. Mining California: an ecological history. New York: Hill & Wang.Google Scholar
James, L.A. 1989. Sustained storage and transport of hydraulic gold-mining sediment in the Bear River, California. Annals of the Association of American Geographers 79: 570–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.1989.tb00277.x Google Scholar
James, L.A. 2013. Legacy sediment: definitions and processes of episodically produced anthropogenic sediment. Anthropocene 2: 1626. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2013.04.001 Google Scholar
Kelly, J. 2014. The Anthropocene and transdisciplinarity. Journal of Contemporary Archaeology 1: 9196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/jca.v1i1.91 Google Scholar
Knighton, A. 1987. Tin mining and sediment supply to the Ringarooma River, Tasmania 1875–1979. Australian Geographic Studies 25: 83–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8470.1987.tb00540.x Google Scholar
Lawrence, S. & Davies, P.. 2014. The sludge question: the regulation of mine tailings in nineteenth-century Victoria. Environment and History 20: 385410. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/096734014X14031694156448 Google Scholar
Lawrence, S. & Davies, P.. 2015. Cornish tin-streamers and the Australian Gold Rush: technology transfer in alluvial mining. Post-Medieval Archaeology 49: 99113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0079423615Z.00000000073 Google Scholar
LeRoy Poff, N. 2014. Rivers of the Anthropocene? Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 12: 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/1540-9295-12.8.427 Google Scholar
Lewin, J. & Macklin, M.G.. 2014. Marking time in geomorphology: should we try to formalise an Anthropocene definition? Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 39: 133–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/esp.3484 Google Scholar
Lightfoot, K., Panich, L., Schneider, T. & Gonzalez, S.. 2013. European colonialism and the Anthropocene: a view from the Pacific Coast of North America. Anthropocene 4: 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ancene.2013.09.002 Google Scholar
Lloyd, B. 2006. Gold in the North-East. Melbourne: Histec.Google Scholar
Macklin, M., Ridgway, J., Passmore, D.G. & Rumsby, B.T.. 1994. The use of overbank sediment for geochemical mapping and contamination assessment: results from selected English and Welsh floodplains. Applied Geochemistry 9: 689700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0883-2927(94)90028-0 Google Scholar
MacMillan, G. 1995. At the end of the rainbow? Gold, land and people in the Brazilian Amazon. New York: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
May, P.R. 1970. Origins of hydraulic mining in California. Oakland: Holmes Book Company.Google Scholar
Morse, K.T. 2003. The nature of gold: an environmental history of the Klondike Gold Rush. Seattle: University of Washington Press.Google Scholar
Peterson, L. 1996. Reading the landscape: documentation and analysis of a relict feature of land degradation in the Bendigo District, Victoria. Melbourne: Monash University.Google Scholar
Phillips, N. & Hughes, M.. 1996. The geology and gold deposits of the Victorian Gold Province. Ore Geology Reviews 11: 255302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1368(96)00006-6 Google Scholar
Rae, I. 2001. Gold and arsenic in Victoria's mining history. Victorian Historical Journal 72: 159–72.Google Scholar
Robin, L. 2013. Histories for changing times: entering the Anthropocene? Australian Historical Studies 44: 329–40.Google Scholar
Smyth, R.B. 1979. The gold fields and mineral districts of Victoria. Melbourne: Queensberry Hill.Google Scholar
Steffen, W., Grinevald, J., Crutzen, P. & McNeill, J.. 2011. The Anthropocene: conceptual and historical perspectives. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Series A 369: 842–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2010.0327 Google Scholar
Strang, V. 2004. The meaning of water. Oxford: Berg.Google Scholar
Sullivan, J.F., Carpenter, T. & O'Keefe, E.. 1859. Report of the Royal Commission appointed to enquire into the best method of removing the sludge from the gold fields. Melbourne: Parliament of Victoria.Google Scholar
Sultan, K. 2006. Distribution of arsenic and heavy metals in soils and surface waters in Central Victoria. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of Ballarat.Google Scholar
Szabo, J., Loriant, D. & Lóczy, D.. 2010. Anthropogenic geomorphology: a guide to man-made landforms. New York: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-3058-0 Google Scholar
Thorndycraft, V., Pirrie, D. & Brown, A.G.. 2003. An enviromental approach to the archaeology of tin mining on Dartmoor, in Murphy, P. & Wiltshire, P. (ed.) Environmental archaeology of industry: 1929. Oxford: Oxbow.Google Scholar
van der Leeuw, S. & McLade, J.. 1997. Archaeology: time, process and structural transformations. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Walter, R.C. & Merritts, D.J.. 2008. Natural streams and the legacy of water-powered mills. Science 319: 299304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1151716 Google Scholar
White, R. 1995. The organic machine: the remaking of the Columbia River. New York: Hill & Wang.Google Scholar
Willies, L. 1989. The industrial landscape of Rio Tinto, Huelva, Spain. Industrial Archaeology Review 12: 6776. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/iar.1989.12.1.67 Google Scholar
Young, A. 1996. Environmental change in Australia since 1788. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar