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THE SMALLS SWORD GUARD: DISCOVERY, SIGNIFICANCE AND EXPERIMENTAL REPLICATION OF A HIBERNO-URNES MASTERPIECE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  11 April 2023

Mark Redknap
Mark Redknap*
Affiliation:
Mark Redknap, Department of History and Archaeology, Amgueddfa Cymru – Museum Wales, Cathays Park, Cardiff CF10 3NP, UK. Email: mark.redknap@museumwales.ac.uk
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Abstract

One of the finest examples of secular Hiberno-Urnes art from England and Wales was discovered by a diver on the offshore reef known as The Smalls (Welsh Gwales), Pembrokeshire, in the Irish Sea. The guard was probably made in Ireland about ad 1100–25 in a distinctive Hiberno-Scandinavian decorative style and technique with niello and silver inlays, and it illustrates the skills of a master craftsman or saer working for secular and ecclesiastical patrons. The findspot is now designated as historic wreck site under the Protection of Wrecks Act 1976 (no. 38).

Keywords

sword guardHiberno-Urnesprotected wreckSmallsWalesexperimental replication
Type
Research paper
Information
The Antiquaries Journal , Volume 103 , October 2023 , pp. 63 - 101
Copyright
© The Author(s), 2023. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of The Society of Antiquaries of London

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References

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Gilmour, B 2017, ‘The metallurgy, development, and purpose of pattern welding’, Hist Metallurgy, 51, 57–70 Google Scholar
Graham-Campbell, J 1980. Viking Artefacts: a select catalogue, BM Press, London Google Scholar
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Gräslund, A-S 2014. ‘The Late Viking Age runestones of Västergötland: on ornamentation and chronology’, Lund Archaeological Rev, 20, 39–53 Google Scholar
Hague, D B 1994. Lighthouses of Wales: their architecture and archaeology, Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales, Aberystwyth Google Scholar
Harrison, S H and Floinn, Ó, R 2014. Viking Graves and Grave-Goods in Ireland: medieval Dublin excavations 1962–81 , Series B, vol 11, National Museum of Ireland, Dublin Google Scholar
Hudson, B 1979. ‘The family of Harold Godwinson and the Irish Sea province’, J Roy Soc of Antiq of Ireland, 109, 92–100 Google Scholar
Hurley, M F 2006. ‘Gateways to southern Ireland: Cork and Waterford in the twelfth century’, in D Bracken and D Ó Riain-Raedel (eds), Ireland and Europe in the Twelfth Century: reform and renewal, 36–55, Four Courts Press, Dublin Google Scholar
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Kendrick, T D 1949. Late Saxon and Viking Art, Methuen, London Google Scholar
Kershaw, J 2010. Viking-Age Scandinavian Art Styles and their Appearance in the British Isles. Part 2: late Viking-Age art styles, Finds Research Group Datasheet 43, YorkGoogle Scholar
Lang, J T 1988. Viking Age Decorated Wood: medieval Dublin excavations 1962–81 , Series B, vol 1, National Museum of Ireland. Dublin Google Scholar
La Niece, S 1983. ‘Niello: an historical and technical survey’, Antiq J, 63, 279–97CrossRefGoogle Scholar
La Niece, S 1991. ‘Report on the scientific examination of a Viking sword guard’, unpublished scientific report, Envelope 6165, BMRL 40748VGoogle Scholar
La Niece, S and Stapleton, C 1993. ‘Niello and enamel on Irish metalwork’, Antiq J, 73, 148–51CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Larn, R and Larn, B 2000. Shipwreck Index of the British Isles. Volume 5: west coast and Wales, Lloyd’s Register of Shipping, London Google Scholar
Ljung, C 2016a. Under runristad hall. Tidigkristina gravmonument i 1000-talets Sverige, Stockholm Stud Archaeol 67: I, Stockholm University, StockholmGoogle Scholar
Ljung, C 2016b. Under runristad hall. Katalog över tidigkristina gravmonument, Stockholm Stud Archaeol 67: II, Stockholm University, StockholmGoogle Scholar
Ljung, C 2019. ‘Early Christian grave monuments and ecclesiastical developments in 11th-century Sweden’, Medieval Archaeol, 63, 154–90CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Macalister, R A S 1949. Corpus Inscriptionum Insularum Celticarum 2, Dublin Google Scholar
Maure, M 1977. ‘Les epées de l’époque Viking – essai de classification typologique’, Universiteits Oldsaksamlings Årbok 1975/1976, 95–116Google Scholar
Meyer, K 1911. Betha Colmáin Maic Luacháin , Todd Lecture Series 17, Royal Irish Academy, Dublin Google Scholar
Moe, O H 1955. ‘Urnes and the British Isles: a study of western impulses in Nordic styles of the eleventh century’, Acta Archaeologica, 26, 130 Google Scholar
Morris, L 1748. Plans of Harbours, Bars, Bays and Roads, in St George’s Channel, Lately Survey’d, under the direction of the Lords of the Admiralty, … With an Appendix Concerning the Improvements that might be made in the Several Harbours, etc …, LondonGoogle Scholar
Moss, A A 1953. ‘Niello’, Antiq J, 33, 75–7CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mullarkey, P 2014. ‘Appendix 1: XRF analysis of the central plate of the Cross of Cong’, in Murray, G. (ed), The Cross of Cong: a masterpiece of medieval Irish art, 300–1, Irish Academic Press, Dublin Google Scholar
Müller-Wille, M 1973. ‘Zwei wikingerzeitliche Prachtschwerter aus der Umbegebung von Haithabu’, in Schietzel, K (ed), Berichte über die Ausgrabungen in Haithabu 6. Das archäologische Fundmaterial II, 47–89, Karl Wachholtz Verlag, NeumünsterGoogle Scholar
Murray, G 2004. ‘The arm-shaped shrine of St Lachtín: technique, style and significance’, in Hourihane, C (ed), Irish Art Historical Studies in honour of Peter Harbison, 141–64, Index of Christian Art Occasional papers VII, DublinGoogle Scholar
Murray, G 2014. The Cross of Cong: a masterpiece of medieval Irish art, Irish Academic Press, Dublin Google Scholar
Murray, G 2015. ‘The art of politics: the Cross of Cong and the Hiberno-Urnes style’, in Clarke, H B and Johnson, R (eds), The Vikings in Ireland and Beyond: before and after the Battle of Clontarf, 416–37, Four Courts Press, Dublin Google Scholar
Murray, G 2016. ‘The Bearnán Chúláin bell-shrine from Glenkeen, Co. Tipperary: an archaeological and historical analysis’, Cork Historical and Archaeol Soc, 121, 19–27 Google Scholar
Murray, G 2021. ‘The history and provenance of two early medieval crosiers ascribed to Clonmacnoise’, Proc Royal Irish Acad C, 121, 157–89CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murray, G and O’Dwyer, K 2022. Saint Manchan’s Shrine: art and devotion in twelfth-century Ireland, Silver River Studios, TullamoreGoogle Scholar
Floinn, Ó, R 1983a. ‘Catalogue entry 81’, in Ryan 1983, 171–2Google Scholar
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