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BETH-SHEMESH AND SELLOPOULO: TWO COMMEMORATIVE SCARABS OF AMENHOTEP III AND THEIR CONTRIBUTION TO AEGEAN CHRONOLOGY

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 January 2014

Baruch Brandl ,
Shlomo Bunimovitz  and
Zvi Lederman
Baruch Brandl
Affiliation:
Israel Antiquities Authority
Shlomo Bunimovitz
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University
Zvi Lederman*
Affiliation:
Institute of Archaeology, Tel Aviv University
*
Zvi.lederman@gmail.com
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Abstract

A medium-size Amenhotep III scarab recently discovered in the excavations at Tel Beth-Shemesh, Israel, together with two decorated Late Minoan IIIA1 cups enables a fresh look at the synchronism between Late Minoan IIIA1 and Amenhotep III. The scarab is identified as commemorative, produced on the occasion of Amenhotep III's first Jubilee or Sed festival. In light of this interpretation a new examination of the renowned and debated Amenhotep III scarab from Sellopoulo Tomb 4 is presented. It is proposed here to identify this scarab also as commemorative as it includes, in addition to the pharaoh's prenomen, an epithet which relates it too to Amenhotep III's first Sed festival.

Both scarabs, from Beth-Shemesh and Sellopoulo, are shown to have been produced between Amenhotep III's Regnal Years 28/25 and 34 respectively – most probably around Regnal Year 28 – and presumably reached their destination about that time. Further analysis led to the conclusion that the envisioned Egyptian embassy to the Aegean, which may have been the source for the ‘Aegean List’ of Kom el-Hetan, took place also during Amenhotep III's Regnal Year 28.

The two culturally different and geographically remote contexts in which the Beth-Shemesh and Sellopoulo scarabs were found – a destruction layer in Canaan and a tomb in Crete – tell the same story: Late Minoan IIIA1 was in vogue at least until the last decade of Amenhotep III's reign in the mid-fourteenth century bc. This conclusion has important implications for the political and cultural history of Knossos and may anchor the sequence of events of the Final Palatial period in a more solid chronological framework.

Beth-Shemesh και Σελλόπουλο: δύο αναμνηστικοί σκαραβαίοι της εποχής της βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ' και η συμβολή τους στην Αιγαιακή χρονολόγηση

Ένας μεσαίου μεγέθους σκαραβαίος της εποχής της βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ΄, που ανακαλύφθηκε πρόσφατα στις ανασκαφές στη θέση Tel Beth-Shemesh, στο Ισραήλ, μαζί με δύο διακοσμημένα κύπελλα ϒστερομινωικής ΙΙΙΑ1 περιόδου, προσφέρει τη δυνατότητα αναθεώρησης του χρονολογικού συγχρονισμού μεταξύ της ϒστερομινωικής ΙΙΙΑ1 περιόδου και της εποχής της βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ΄. Ο σκαραβαίος έχει αναγνωριστεί ως αναμνηστικός, που κατασκευάστηκε με αφορμή την επέτειο για τα τριάντα χρόνια βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ'. ϒπό το φως αυτής της ερμηνείας παρουσιάζεται μια επανεξέταση του γνωστού και διαφιλονικούμενου σκαραβαίου της εποχής της βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ' από τον Τάφο 4 στο Σελλόπουλο. Η πρόταση που γίνεται εδώ είναι να ερμηνευτεί και αυτός ο σκαραβαίος ως αναμνηστικός καθώς περιλαμβάνει, εκτός από το όνομα θρόνου του Φαραώ, ένα επίθετο που σχετίζεται επίσης με την πρώτη επέτειο βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ '.

Και οι δύο σκαραβαίοι, τόσο από το Beth-Shemesh όσο και από το Σελλόπουλο, φαίνεται να έχουν κατασκευαστεί ανάμεσα στα έτη 28/25 και 34 της βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ' – πιθανόν γύρω στο έτος βασιλείας 28 – και κατά πάσα πιθανότητα έφτασαν στον προορισμό τους την εποχή εκείνη. Περαιτέρω ανάλυση οδήγησε στο συμπέρασμα ότι το ταξίδι της φαραωνικής πρεσβείας στο Αιγαίο, που ενδεχομένως ήταν η πηγή για τη «Λίστα του Αιγαίου» από το Kom el-Hetan, πραγματοποιήθηκε επίσης κατά τη διάρκεια του έτους 28 της βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ'.

Τα δύο διαφορετικά ανασκαφικά συμφραζόμενα, τόσο από πολιτισμική όσο και από γεωγραφική άποψη, στα οποία βρέθηκαν οι σκαραβαίοι από το Beth-Shemesh και το Σελλόπουλο – ένα στρώμα καταστροφής στη Χαναάν και ένας τάφος στην Κρήτη – διηγούνται την ίδια ιστορία: η ϒστερομινωική ΙΙΙΑ1 ήταν στο προσκήνιο τουλάχιστον μέχρι την τελευταία δεκαετία της βασιλείας του Αμένωφι Γ΄, στα μέσα του δέκατου τέταρτου αιώνα π.Χ. Το συμπέρασμα αυτό έχει σημαντικές επιπτώσεις στην πολιτική και πολιτιστική ιστορία της Κνωσού και μπορεί να θέσει την αλληλουχία των γεγονότων της Τελικής Ανακτορικής περιόδου σε ένα πιο σταθερό χρονολογικό πλαίσιο.

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Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 108 , November 2013 , pp. 67 - 95
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Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2014 

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