Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-8kt4b Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-16T06:36:29.483Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The conservation-welfare nexus in reintroduction programmes: a role for sensory ecology

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 January 2023

RR Swaisgood
RR Swaisgood*
Affiliation:
Division of Applied Animal Ecology, San Diego Zoo's Institute for Conservation Research, 15600 San Pasqual Valley Road, Escondido, CA 92027, USA
*
email: rswaisgood@sandiegozoo.org
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Since reintroduction programmes involve moving animals from captive or wild environments and releasing them into novel environments, there are sure to be a number of challenges to the welfare of the individuals involved. Behavioural theory can help us develop reintroductions that are better for both the welfare of the individual and the conservation of populations. In addition to modifying captive environments to prepare animals for release to the wild, it is possible to modify the animals’ experience in the post-release environment. For releases to be more successful, they need to better accommodate the ecological and psychological needs of individuals. A better understanding of sensory ecology — how animals acquire and respond to information in their environment — is needed to develop new, more successful management strategies for reintroductions. Sensory ecology integrates ecological and psychological processes, calling for better synergy among researchers with divergent backgrounds in conservation and animal welfare science. This integrative approach leads to new topics of investigation in reintroduction biology, including more careful consideration of post-release stress and the role of social support. Reintroductions are essentially exercises in ‘forced’ dispersal; thus, an especially promising avenue of research is the role of proximate mechanisms governing dispersal and habitat selection decisions. Reintroduction biologists have much to gain from the study of mechanism because mechanisms, unlike function or adaptive value, can be manipulated to enhance conservation and welfare goals.

Keywords

animal welfareconservation breedinghabitat selectionreintroductionsensory ecologystress
Type
Research Article
Information
Animal Welfare , Volume 19 , Issue 2 , May 2010 , pp. 125 - 137
Copyright
© 2010 Universities Federation for Animal Welfare

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Alberts, A 2007 Behavioral considerations of headstarting as a conservation strategy for endangered Caribbean rock iguanas. In: Swaisgood RR (ed) Animal Behaviour, Conservation and Enrichment. Special Issue, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 380–391CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersson, M 1994 Sexual Selection. Princeton University Press: Princeton, USACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anthony, LL and Blumstein, DT 2000 Integrating behaviour into wildlife conservation: The multiple ways that behaviour can reduce Ne. Biological Conservation 95: 303–315CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aragón, P, Meylan, S and Clobert, J 2006 Dispersal status-dependent response to the social environment in the common lizard, Lacerta vivipara. Functional Ecology 20: 900–907CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archer, J 1988 The Behavioural Biology of Aggression. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKGoogle Scholar
Armstrong, DP and Seddon, PJ 2008 Directions in reintroduction biology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 23: 20–25CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Armstrong, DP, Castro, I and Griffiths, R 2007 Using adaptive management to determine requirements of re-introduced populations: the case of the New Zealand hihi. Journal of Applied Ecology 44: 953–962CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, PB, Norrdahl, K and Korpimäki, E 2002 Mobility decisions and the predation risks of reintroduction. Biological Conservation 103: 133–138CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, B 1995 Reintroduction, zoos, conservation, and animal welfare. In: Norton, BG, Hutchins, M, Stevens, EF and Maple, TL (eds) Ethics and the Ark: Zoos, Animal Welfare, and Wildlife Conservation pp 155–163. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, USAGoogle Scholar
Beck, BB, Kleiman, DG, Dietz, JM, Castro, I, Carvalho, C, Martins, A and Rettberg-Beck, B 1991 Losses and reproduction in reintroduced golden lion tamarins Leontopithecus rosalia. Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust 27: 50–61Google Scholar
Beck, BB, Rapaport, LG, Stanley Price, MR and Wilson, AC 1994 Reintroduction of captive-born animals. In: Olney, P (ed) Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals pp 265–286. Chapman & Hall: London, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bélisle, M 2005 Measuring landscape connectivity: the challenge of behavioral landscape ecology. Ecology 86: 1988–1995CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biggins, DE, Vargas, A, Godbey, JL and Anderson, SH 1999 Influence of pre-release experience on reintroduced black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). Biological Conservation 89: 121–129CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumstein, DT, Daniel, JC and Bryant, AA 2001 Anti-predator behavior of Vancouver Island marmots: Using congeners to evaluate abilities of a critically endangered mammal. Ethology 107: 1–14CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumstein, DT, Mari, M, Daniel, JC, Ardron, JG, Griffin, AS and Evans, CS 2002 Olfactory predator recognition: Wallabies may have to learn to be wary. Animal Conservation 5: 87–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bolton, M, Medeiros, R, Hothersall, B and Campos, A 2004 The use of artificial breeding chambers as a conservation measure for cavity-nesting procellariiform seabirds: a case study of the Madeiran storm petrel (Oceanodroma castro). Biological Conservation 116: 73–80CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bremmer-Harrison, , Prodohl, PA and Elwood, RW 2004 Behavioural trait assessment as a release criterion: boldness predicts early death in a reintroduction programme of captive-bred swift fox (Vulpes vulpes). Animal Conservation 7: 313–320CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bright, PW and Morris, PA 1994 Animal translocation for conservation: performance of dormice in relation to release methods, origin and season. Journal of Applied Ecology 31: 699–708CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brittas, R, Marcström, V, Kenward, RE and Karlbom, M 1992 Survival and breeding success of reared and wild ring-necked pheasants in Sweden. Journal of Wildlife Management 56: 368–376CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Broom, DM and Johnson, KG 1993 Stress and Animal Welfare. Chapman & Hall: London, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bunin, JS and Jamieson, IG 1996 Responses to a model predator of New Zealand's endangered takahe and its closest relative, the pukeko. Conservation Biology 10: 1463–1466CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carlstead, K 1996 Effects of captivity on the behavior of wild mammals. In: Kleiman, DG, Allen, ME, Thompson, KV and Lumpkin, S (eds) Wild Mammals in Captivity pp 317–333. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, USAGoogle Scholar
Carlstead, K and Shepherdson, DJ 2000 Alleviating stress in zoo animals with environmental enrichment. In: Moberg, GP and Mench, JA (eds) The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare pp 337–354. CAB International: Wallingford, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carmichael, LE, Krizan, J, Nagy, A, Fuglei, E, Dumond, M, Johnson, D, Veitch, A, Berteaux, D and Strobeck, C 2007 Historical and ecological determinants of genetic structure in arctic canids. Molecular Ecology 16: 3466–3483CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Castro, MI, Beck, BB, Kleiman, DG, Ruiz-Miranda, CR and Rosenberger, AL 1998 Environmental enrichment in a reintroduction program for golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). In: Shepherdson, D, Mellen, J and Hutchins, M (eds) Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals pp 113–128. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, USAGoogle Scholar
Danchin, E, Heg, D and Doligez, B 2001 Public information and breeding habitat selection. In: Clobert, J, Danchin, E, Dhondt, AA and Nichols, JD (eds) Dispersal pp 243–258. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Davis, JM 2007 Preference or desperation? Distinguishing between natal habitat's effects on habitat choice. Animal Behaviour 74: 111–119CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davis, JM and Stamps, JA 2004 The effect of natal experience on habitat preferences. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19: 411–416CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
DeVries, AC 2002 Interaction among social environment, the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, and behavior. Hormones and Behavior 41: 405–413CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dobson, A and Poole, J 1998 Conspecific aggregation and conservation biology. In: Caro, T (ed) Behavioral Ecology and Conservation Biology pp 193–208. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Dugatkin, LA 1997 The evolution of cooperation. Bioscience 47: 355–362CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dusenbury, DB 1992 Sensory Ecology: How Organisms Acquire and Respond to Information. WH Freeman: New York, USAGoogle Scholar
Endler, JA 1992 Signals, signal conditions, and the direction of evolution. American Naturalist 139: S125–S153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fischer, J and Lindenmayer, DB 2000 An assessment of the published results of animal relocations. Biological Conservation 96: 1–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, HS, Swaisgood, RR and Fitch-Snyder, H 2003a Countermarking by male pygmy lorises (Nycticebus pygmaeus): do females use odor cues to select mates with high competitive ability? Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 53: 123–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, HS, Swaisgood, RR and Fitch-Snyder, H 2003b Odor familiarity and female preferences for males in a threatened primate, the pygmy loris, Nycticebus pygmaeus: applications for genetic management of small populations. Naturwissenschaften 90: 509–512CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, RJ 2007 Species interactions and population density mediate the use of social cues for habitat selection. Journal of Animal Ecology 76: 598–606CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fretwell, SD and Lucas, HL 1970 On territorial behavior and other factors influencing habitat distribution in birds. Acta Biotheoretica 19: 16–36CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fritts, SH, Paul, WJ and Mech, LD 1984 Movements of translocated wolves in Minnesota. Journal of Wildlife Management 48: 709–721CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garner, JP, Mason, GJ and Smith, R 2003 Stereotypic route-tracing in experimentally caged songbirds correlates with general behavioural disinhibition. Animal Behaviour 66: 711–727CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gerber, LR, Seabloom, EW, Burton, RS and Reichman, OJ 2003 Translocation of imperiled woodrat population: integrating spatial and habitat patterns. Animal Conservation 6: 309–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goerlitz, HR and Siemers, BM 2007 Sensory ecology of prey rustling sounds: acoustical features and their classification by wild grey mouse lemurs. Functional Ecology 21: 143–153CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosling, LM and Roberts, SC 2001 Scent-marking by male mammals: cheat-proof signals to competitors and mates. Advances in the Study of Behavior 30: 169–217CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gosling, SD 2001 From mice to men: what can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological Bulletin 137: 45–86CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grandin, T 1998 Genetics and Behavior of Domestic Animals. Academic Press: San Diego, USAGoogle Scholar
Greenough, WT 1976 Enduring brain effects of differential experience and training. In: Rosenzweig, MR and Bennet, EL (eds) Neural Mechanisms of Learning and Memory pp 155–278. MIT Press: Cambridge, USAGoogle Scholar
Griffin, AS, Blumstein, DT and Evans, CS 2000 Training captive-bred or translocated animals to avoid predators. Conservation Biology 14: 1317–1326CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffith, B, Scott, J, Carpenter, J and Reed, C 1989 Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science 245: 478–480CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hartup, BK, Olsen, GH and Czekala, NM 2005 Fecal corticoid monitoring in whooping cranes (Grus americana) undergoing reintroduction. Zoo Biology 24: 15–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hellstedt, P and Kallio, ER 2006 Survival and behaviour of captive-born weasels (Mustela nivalis nivalis) released in nature. Journal of Zoology, London 266: 37–44CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hofer, H and East, ML 1998 Biological conservation and stress. Advances in the Study of Behavior 27: 405–525CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntingford, F and Turner, A 1987 Animal Conflict. Chapman & Hall: London, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Inglis, IR, Langton, S, Forkman, B and Lazarus, J 2001 An information primacy model of exploratory and foraging behaviour. Animal Behaviour 62: 543–557CrossRefGoogle Scholar
IUCN 1998 IUCN Guidelines for Re-introductions. IUCN/SSC Reintroduction Specialist Group: Gland, SwitzerlandGoogle Scholar
Jeffries, DS and Brunton, DH 2001 Attracting endangered species to ‘safe’ habitats: Responses of fairy terns to decoys. Animal Conservation 4: 301–305CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenward, RE and Hodder, KH 1998 Red squirrels (Sciurus vulgaris) released in conifer woodland: the effects of source habitat, predation and interactions with grey squirrels (Sciurus carolinensis). Journal of Zoology, London 244: 23–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, FW 1990 Conservation of crocodilians: the release of captive-reared specimens. Endangered Species Update 8: 48–51Google Scholar
Kleiman, DG 1989 Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation. BioScience 39: 152–161CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kleiman, DG 1996 Reintroduction programs. In: Kleiman, DG, Allen, ME, Thompson, KV and Lumpkin, S (eds) Wild Mammals in Captivity pp 297–305. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, USAGoogle Scholar
Koolhaas, JM, Korte, SM, De Boer, SF, Van Der Vegt, BJ, Van Reenen, CG, Hopster, H, De Jong, IC, Ruis, MAW and Blokhuis, HJ 1999 Coping styles in animals: current status in behavior and stress-physiology. Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 23: 925–935CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kreger, MD, Hatfield, JS, Estevez, I, Gee, GF and Clugston, DA 2005 The effects of captive rearing on the behavior of newly-released whooping cranes (Grus americana). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 93: 165–178CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kreger, MD, Hatfield, JS, Estevez, I, Gee, GF and Clugston, DA 2006 Behavioral profiles of captive juvenile whooping crane as an indicator of post-release survival. Zoo Biology 25: 11–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Gouar, P, Robert, A, Choisy, JP, Henriquet, S, Lecuyer, P, Tessier, C and Sarrazin, F 2008 Role of survival and dispersal in reintroduction success of the griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus). Ecological Applications 18: 859–872CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Letty, J, Marchandeau, S, Colbert, J and Aubineau, J 2000 Improving translocation success: an experimental study of antistress treatment and release method for wild rabbits. Animal Conservation 3: 211–219CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lim, MML, Sodhi, NS and Endler, JA 2008 Conservation with sense. Science 319: 281CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lima, SL 1996 Towards a behavioral ecology of ecological landscapes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11: 131–135CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lima, SL and Dill, LM 1990 Behavioral decisions made under the risk of predation: a review and prospectus. Canadian Journal of Zoology 68: 619–640CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linklater, WL 2004 Wanted for conservation research: behavioral ecologists with a broader perspective. Bioscience 54: 352–360CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linklater, WL and Swaisgood, RR 2007 Behavioural modification in meta-population management of black rhino, southern Africa. Re-introduction News 25: 37–39Google Scholar
Linklater, WL and Swaisgood, RR 2008 Reserve size, conspecific density, and translocation success for black rhinoceros. Journal of Wildlife Management 72: 1059–1068CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Linnell, JDC, Aanes, R, Swenson, JE, Odden, J and Smith, ME 1997 Translocation of carnivores as a method for managing problem animals: a review. Biodiversity and Conservation 6: 1245–1257CrossRefGoogle Scholar
López, P and Martín, J 2002 Chemical rival recognition decreases aggression levels in male Iberian wall lizards, Podarcis hispanica. Behavioral Ecology and Sociobiology 51: 461–465Google Scholar
Mason, G, Clubb, R, Latham, N and Vickery, S 2007 Why and how should we use environmental enrichment to tackle stereotypic behaviour? In: Swaisgood RR (ed) Animal Behaviour, Conservation and Enrichment. Special Issue, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 10: 163–188CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDonald, WR and St Clair, CC 2004 The effect of artificial and natural barriers on the movement of small mammals in Banff National Park. Oikos 105: 397–407CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDougall, PT, Réale, D, Sol, D and Reader, SM 2006 Wildlife conservation and animal temperament: causes and consequences of evolutionary change for captive, reintroduced, and wild populations. Animal Conservation 9: 39–48CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, I, Holzer, C and Studholme, B 1999 Teaching predator-recognition to a naive bird: implications for management. Biological Conservation 87: 123–130CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McLean, IG, Schmitt, NT, Jarman, PJ, Duncan, C and Wynne, CDL 2000 Learning for life: Training marsupials to recognise introduced predators. Behaviour 137: 1361–1376Google Scholar
McPhee, EM and Silverman, ED 2004 Increased behavioral variation and the calculation of release numbers for reintroduction programs. Conservation Biology 18: 705–715CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meehan, CL and Mench, JA 2002 Environmental enrichment affects the fear and exploratory responses to novelty of young Amazon parrots. Applied Animal Behavior Science 79: 75–88CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, B, Biggins, D, Vargas, A, Hutchins, M, Hanebury, L, Godbey, S, Anderson, S, Wemmer, C and Oldemeier, J 1998 The captive environment and reintroduction: the black-footed ferret as a case study with comments on other taxa. In: Shepherdson, DJ, Mellen, JD and Hutchins, M (eds) Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals pp 97–112. Smithsonian Institution Press: Washington, USAGoogle Scholar
Miller, B, Ralls, K, Reading, R, Scott, J and Estes, J 1999 Biological and technical considerations of carnivore translocation: a review. Animal Conservation 2: 59–68CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, SD and Ballard, WB 1982 Homing of transplanted Alaskan brown bears. Journal of Wildlife Management 46: 869–876CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moberg, GP and Mench, JA 2000 The Biology of Animal Stress: Basic Principles and Implications for Animal Welfare. CAB International: Wallingford, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Moehrenschlager, A and Macdonald, DW 2003 Movement and survival parameters of translocated and resident swift foxes Vulpes velox. Animal Conservation 6: 199–206CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, K and Tromborg, C 2007 Sources of stress in captivity. In: Swaisgood RR (ed) Animal Behaviour, Conservation and Enrichment. Special Issue, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 262–302CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morris, PA, Meakin, K and Sharafi, S 1993 The behaviour and survival of rehabilitated hedgehogs (Erinaceus europaeus). Animal Welfare 2: 53–66Google Scholar
Munkwitz, NM, Turner, JM, Kershner, EL, Farabaugh, SM and Heath, SR 2005 Predicting release success of captive-reared loggerhead shrikes (Lanius ludovicianus) using pre-release behaviour. Zoo Biology 24: 447–458CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Newton, I, Davis, PE and Moss, D 1994 Philopatry and population growth of red kites, Milvus milvus, in Wales. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B 257: 317–323Google Scholar
Owen, M, Swaisgood, RR, Czekala, NM, Steinman, K and Lindburg, DG 2004 Monitoring stress in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): behavioural and hormonal responses to ambient noise. Zoo Biology 23: 147–164CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, MA and Swaisgood, RR 2008 Polar bears on thin ice: How long can they hang on? Biodiversity 9: 123–129Google Scholar
Owen-Smith, N 2003 Foraging behavior, habitat suitability, and translocation success, with special reference to large mammalian herbivores. In: Festa-Bianchet, M and Apollonio, M (eds) Animal Behavior and Wildlife Conservation pp 93–109. Island Press: Washington, USAGoogle Scholar
Parejo, D, Danchin, E and Aviles, JM 2004 The heterospecific habitat copying hypothesis: can competitors indicate habitat quality? Behavioral Ecology 16: 96–105CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parker, GA and Rubenstein, DI 1981 Role assessment, reserve strategy, and acquisition of information in asymmetric animal contests. Animal Behaviour 29: 221–240CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piper, WH, Meyer, MW, Klich, M, Tischler, KB and Dolsen, A 2002 Floating platforms increase reproductive success of common loons. Biological Conservation 104: 199–203CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Price, EO 1999 Behavioral development in animals undergoing domestication. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 65: 245–271CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Réale, D, Reader, SM, Sol, D, McDougall, PT and Dingemanse, NJ 2007 Integrating animal temperament within ecology and evolution. Biological Reviews 82: 291–318CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Reed, JM 2004 Recognition behavior based problems in species conservation. Acta Zoologica Fennica 41: 859–877Google Scholar
Reed, JM and Dobson, AP 1993 Behavioural constraints and conservation biology: conspecific attraction and recruitment. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 253–255CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Renner, MJ and Rosenzweig, MR 1987 Enriched and Impoverished Environments: Effects on Brain and Behavior. Springer-Verlag: New York, USACrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rich, TJ and Hurst, JL 1999 The competing countermarks hypothesis: reliable assessment of competitive ability by potential mates. Animal Behaviour 58: 1027–1037CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roberts, SC and Gosling, LM 2004 Manipulation of olfactory signaling and mate choice for conservation breeding: a case study of harvest mice. Conservation Biology 18: 548–556CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sachser, N, Durshlag, M and Hirzel, D 1998 Social relationships and the management of stress. Psychoneuroendocrinology 23: 891–904CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saltz, D, Rowen, M and Rubenstein, DI 2000 The effect of space-use patterns of reintroduced Asiatic wild ass on effective population size. Conservation Biology 14: 1852–1861Google ScholarPubMed
Sapolsky, RM, Romero, LM and Munck, AU 2000 How do glucocorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory, and preparative actions. Endocrine Reviews 21: 55–89Google ScholarPubMed
Sarrazin, F and Legendre, S 2000 Demographic approach to releasing adults versus young in reintroductions. Conservation Biology 14: 488–500CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sarrazin, F, Bagnolini, C, Pinna, JL and Danchin, E 1996 Breeding biology during establishment of a reintroduced Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus population. Ibis 138: 315–325CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seddon, PJ 1999 Persistence without intervention: assessing success in wildlife reintroductions. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 14: 503CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sergio, F and Penteriani, V 2005 Public information and territory establishment in a loosely colonial raptor. Ecology 86: 340–346CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepherdson, DJ, Carlstead, KC and Wielebnowski, N 2004 Cross-institutional assessment of stress responses in zoo animals using longitudinal monitoring of faecal corticoids and behaviour. Animal Welfare 13: 105–113Google Scholar
Shier, DM 2006 Effect of family support on the success of translocated black-tailed praire dogs. Conservation Biology 20: 1780–1790CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shier, DM and Owings, DH 2006 Effects of predator training on post-release survival of captive prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Biological Conservation 132: 126–135CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shier, DM and Owings, DH 2007 Effects of social learning on predator training and post-release survival in juvenile black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus). Animal Behaviour 73: 567–577CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Short, J, Bradshaw, S, Giles, J, Prince, R and Wilson, G 1992 Reintroduction of macropods (Marsupialia: Macropodoidea) in Australia: a review. Biological Conservation 62: 189–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sih, A, Bell, AM and Johnson, JC 2004 Behavioral syndromes: an ecological and evolutionary overview. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 19: 372–378CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sjöåsen, T 1996 Survivorship of captive-bred and wild-caught reintroduced European otters Lutra lutra in Sweden. Biological Conservation 76: 161–165CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, AT and Peacock, MM 1990 Conspecfic attraction and the determination of metapopulation rates. Conservation Biology 4: 320–323CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Souter, NJ, Bull, CM and Hutchinson, MN 2004 Adding burrows to enhance a population of the endangered pygmy blue tongue lizard, Tiliqua adelaidensis. Biological Conservation 116: 403–408CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamps, JA 1987 Conspecifics as cues to territory quality 1: A preference for previously used territories by juvenile lizards (Anolis aeneus). American Naturalist 129: 629–642CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamps, JA 1988 Conspecific attraction and aggregation in territorial species. American Naturalist 131: 329–347CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamps, JA 2001 Habitat selection by dispersers: integrating proximate and ultimate approaches. In: Clobert, J, Danchin, E, Dhondt, AA and Nichols, JD (eds) Dispersal pp 230–242. Oxford University Press: Oxford, UKGoogle Scholar
Stamps, JA 2006 The silver spoon effect and habitat selection by dispersers. Ecology Letters 9: 1179–1185CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stamps, JA and Krishnan, VV 1999 A learning-based model for territory establishment. Quarterly Review of Biology 74: 291–318CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamps, JA and Krishnan, VV 2005 Non-intuitive cue use in habitat selection. Ecology 86: 2860–2867CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamps, JA, Krishnan, VV and Reid, M 2005 Search costs and habitat selection by dispersers. Ecology 86: 510–518CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamps, JA and Swaisgood, RR 2007 Someplace like home: experience, habitat selection and conservation biology. In: Swaisgood RR (ed) Animal Behaviour, Conservation and Enrichment. Special Issue, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 392–409CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stamps, JA, Davis, JM, Blozis, SA and Boundy-Mills, KL 2007 Genotypic variation in refractory periods and habitat selection by natal dispersers. Animal Behaviour 74: 599–610CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaisgood, RR and Schulte, BA Applying knowledge of mammalian social organization, mating systems and communication to management. In: Kleiman, DG, Thompson, KV and Baer, CK (eds) Wild Mammals in Captivity, 2nd Edition. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, in pressGoogle Scholar
Swaisgood, RR 2007 Current status and future directions of applied behavioral research for animal welfare and conservation. In: Swaisgood RR (ed) Animal Behaviour, Conservation and Enrichment. Special Issue, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 139–162CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaisgood, RR, Lindburg, D, White, AM, Zhang, H and Zhou, X 2004 Chemical communication in giant pandas: experimentation and application. In: Lindburg, D and Baragona, K (eds) Giant Pandas: Biology and Conservation pp 106–120. University of California Press: Berkeley, USAGoogle Scholar
Swaisgood, RR, Owen, MA, Czekala, NM, Hawk, K, Kinoshita, R and Tang, J 2006 Evaluating stress and well being in giant pandas: a system for monitoring. In: Wildt, DE, Zhang, AJ, Zhang, H, Janssen, D and Ellis, S (eds) Giant Pandas: Biology, Veterinary Medicine and Management pp 299–314. Cambridge University Press: Cambridge, UKCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swaisgood, RR, Rowe, MP and Owings, DH 1999 Assessment of rattlesnake dangerousness by California ground squirrels: exploitation of cues from rattling sounds. Animal Behaviour 57: 1301–1310CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Swaisgood, RR, White, AM, Zhou, X, Zhang, G and Lindburg, DG 2005 How do giant pandas respond to varying properties of enrichments? A comparison of behavioral profiles among five enrichment items. Journal of Comparative Psychology 119: 325–334CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tarlow, E and Blumstein, D 2007 Evaluating methods to quantify anthropogenic stressors on wild animals In: Swaisgood RR (ed) Animal Behaviour, Conservation and Enrichment. Special Issue, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 429–451CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, SS, Jamieson, IG and Armstron, DP 2005 Successful island reintroductions of New Zealand robins and saddlebacks with small numbers of founders. Animal Conservation 8: 415–420CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Teixeira, CP, Schetini de Azevedo, C, Mendl, M, Cipreste, CF and Young, RJ 2007 Revisiting translocation and reintroduction programmes: the importance of considering stress. Animal Behaviour 73: 1–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Temeles, EJ 1994 The role of neighbors in territorial systems: when are they ‘dear enemies?’ Animal Behaviour 47: 339–350CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tinbergen, N 1963 On the aims and methods of ethology. Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie 20: 410–433CrossRefGoogle Scholar
van Heezik, Y, Seddon, PJ and Maloney, RF 1999 Helping reintroduced houbaara bustards avoid predation: effective anti-predator training and the predictive value of pre-release behaviour. Animal Conservation 2: 155–163CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargas, A and Anderson, SH 1998 Ontogeny of black-footed ferret predatory behavior towards prairie dogs. Canadian Journal of Zoology 76: 1696–1703CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vargas, A and Anderson, SH 1999 Effects of experience and cage enrichment on predatory skills of black-footed ferrets (Mustela nigripes). Journal of Mammalogy 80: 263–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vickery, SS and Mason, GJ 2004 Behavioral persistence and its implication for reintroduction. Ursus 14: 35–46Google Scholar
Vrijenhoek, RC and Leberg, PL 1991 Let's not throw out the baby with the bathwater: a comment on management for MHC diversity in captive populations. Conservation Biology 5: 252–254CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ward, MP and Schlossberg, S 2004 Conspecific attraction and conservation of territorial songbirds. Conservation Biology 18: 519–525CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Warren, CD, Peek, JM, Servheen, GL and Zager, P 1996 Habitat use and movements of two ecotypes of translocated caribou in Idaho and British Columbia. Conservation Biology 10: 547–553CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Watters, JV and Meehan, CL 2007 Different strokes: can managing behavioral types increase post-release success? In: Swaisgood RR (ed) Animal Behaviour, Conservation and Enrichment. Special Issue, Applied Animal Behaviour Science 102: 364–379CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wedekind, C 2002 Sexual selection and life-history decisions: Implications for supportive breeding and the management of captive populations. Conservation Biology 16: 1204–1211CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilson, DS, Coleman, K, Clark, AB and Biederman, L 1993 Shy-bold continuum in pumpkinseed sunfish (Lepomis gibbosus): an ecological study of a psychological trait. Journal of Comparative Psychology 107: 250–260CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wolf, CM, Garland, T and Griffith, B 1998 Predictors of avian and mammalian translocation success: reanalysis with phylogenetically independent contrasts. Biological Conservation 86: 243–255CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yalden, DW 1993 The problems of reintroducing carnivores. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 65: 289–306Google Scholar
Zhang, Z, Swaisgood, RR, Wu, H, Zhang, Z, Li, M, Yong, Y, Hu, J and Wei, FW 2007 Factors predicting den use by maternal giant pandas. Journal of Wildlife Management 71: 2694–2698CrossRefGoogle Scholar