Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T12:09:15.344Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Theoretical model of heat balance in pigs

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 August 2016

F. B. Fialho ,
R. A. Bucklin ,
F. S. Zazueta  and
R. O. Myer
F. B. Fialho*
Affiliation:
Embrapa Uva e Vinho, R. Livramento 515, 95700-000 Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
R. A. Bucklin
Affiliation:
Embrapa Uva e Vinho, R. Livramento 515, 95700-000 Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
F. S. Zazueta
Affiliation:
Embrapa Uva e Vinho, R. Livramento 515, 95700-000 Bento Gonçalves, RS, Brazil
*
† E-mail : bello@cnpuv.embrapa.br
Get access

Abstract

A theoretical model was developed to predict the heat balance and body temperature of growing and finishing pigs subjected to different environments. The heat transfer modes considered in the model were convection to the surrounding air, conduction to the floor, long-wave radiation between the animal and the surrounding walls, shortwave radiation from the sun, evaporation on the skin surface, evaporation and heating of air in the respiratory tract and heating of ingested food and water. The heat balance is the net heat gain or loss from the environment due to all these processes, added to the animal's heat production. Body temperature is calculated over time using the heat balance, the animal's mass and the specific heat of the animal's body. Behavioural responses to heat and cold environments, such as vasoconstriction, vasodilatation, posture changes and huddling were expressed as changes in heat transfer coefficients and exposed surface area. The increase in evaporation under hot conditions was also considered. It was assumed that the animal's reaction to the environment may be expressed as a function of mean body temperature. The animal's heat production was considered an input to the model, which should reflect the increased metabolic rate in cold environments. Although further research is still needed to determine precisely some of the parameters, the model may be integrated with other models in order to compose a complete pig model.

Keywords

environmentheat stresspigssimulation
Type
Non-ruminant nutrition, behaviour and production
Information
Animal Science , Volume 79 , Issue 1 , August 2004 , pp. 121 - 134
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Science 2004

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and AirConditioning Engineers. 1989. Handbook of fundamentals, SI edition. ASHRAE, Atlanta.Google Scholar
Beckett, F. E. 1965. Effective temperature for evaluating or designing hog environments. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 8: 163–166.Google Scholar
Black, J. L., Bray, H. J. and Giles, L. R. 1999. The thermal and infectious environment. In A quantitative biology of the pig (ed. Kyriazakis, I.), pp. 71–97. CABI Publishing, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Black, J. L., Campbell, R. G., Williams, I. H., James, K. J. and Davies, G. T. 1986. Simulation of energy and amino acid utilisation in the pig. Research and Development in Agriculture 3: 121–145.Google Scholar
Bruce, J. M. and Clark, J. J. 1979. Models of heat production and critical temperature for growing pigs. Animal Production 28: 353–369.Google Scholar
Curtis, S.E. 1983. Environmental management in animal agriculture. Iowa State University Press, Ames, IA.Google Scholar
Fialho, F. B. 1997. Simulation model of growth and development of swine. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Florida.Google Scholar
Fialho, F. B., Milgen, J. van, Noblet, J. and Quiniou, N. 2004. Modelling the effect of heat stress on food intake, heat production and growth in pigs. Animal Science 79: 135–148.Google Scholar
Giles, L. R. 1992. Energy expenditure of growing pigs at high ambient temperatures. Ph. D. thesis, University of Sydney.Google Scholar
Green, D. M. and Whittemore, C. T. 2003. Architecture of a harmonized model of the growing pig for the determination of dietary net energy and protein requirements and of excretions into the environment (IMS Pig). Animal Science 77: 113–130.Google Scholar
Ingram, D. L. and Mount, L. E. 1975. Man and animals in hot environments. Springer-Verlag, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morrison, S. R., Bond, T. E. and Heitman Jr, H. 1967. Skin and lung moisture loss from swine. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 10: 691–692, 696.Google Scholar
Mount, L. E. 1974. The concept of thermal neutrality. In Heat loss from animals and man (ed. Montieth, J. L. and Mount, L. E.), pp. 425–439. Butterworths, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mount, L. E. 1975. The assessment of thermal environment in relation to pig production. Livestock Production Science 2: 381–392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nienaber, J. A., Hahn, G. L. and Yen, J. T. 1987. Thermal environment effects on growing-finishing swine. 1. Growth, feed intake and heat production. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 30: 1772–1775.Google Scholar
Ouwerkerk, E. N. J. van. 1992. Modelling the heat balance of pigs at animal and housing levels. In CIGR second report of working group on climatization of animal houses, pp. 1–17. Centre for Climatization of Animal Houses, State University of Ghent.Google Scholar
Schiavon, S. and Emmans, G. C. 2000. A model to predict water intake of a pig growing in a known environment on a known diet. British Journal of Nutrition 84: 873–883.Google Scholar
Turnpenny, J. R., McArthur, A. J., Clark, J. A. and Wathes, C. M. 2000a. hermal balance of livestock. 1. A parsimonious model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 101: 15–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turnpenny, J. R., Wathes, C. M., Clark, J. A. and McArthur, A. J. 2000b. Thermal balance of livestock. 2. Applications of a parsimonious model. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology 101: 29–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Usry, J. L., Turner, L. W., Bridges, T. C. and Nienaber, J. A. 1992. Modeling the physiological growth of swine. 3. Heat production and interaction with environment. Transactions of the American Society of Agricultural Engineers 35: 1019–1028.Google Scholar