I would like to thank Eric Zolov for his valuable comments on various earlier drafts of this article, as well as the anonymous reviewers of The Americas. The research and writing of this article were assisted by an ACLS New Faculty Fellows award, with the support of The Andrew Mellon Foundation.

1. Numerosos conjuntos celebran el triunfo del FRETULI, La Opinin, March 30, 1973, p. 22; Con msica de rock, 20.000 jvenes celebraron el triunfo peronista, La Opinin, April 1, 1973, p. 1.

2. On the multiple meanings of the notion of liberation in Latin America, see Sorensen, Diana A Turbulent Decade Remembered: Scenes from the Latin American Sixties (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2007), pp. 2–3.Google Scholar

3. Vila, Pablo, Rock Nacional: The Struggle for Meaning, Latin American Music Review 10: 1 (1989), pp. 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the meanings of authenticity in rock cultures at large, see Beebe, Roger Fulbrook, Denise and Saunders, Ben Rock over the Edge: Transformations in Popular Music (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2002), pp. 1–23.Google Scholar

4. Alabarces, Pablo Entre gatos y violadores: el rock nacional en la cultura argentina (Buenos Aires: Colihue, 1995).Google Scholar

5. Daz, Claudio Libro de viajes y extravos: un recorrido por el rock argentino (1965–1985) (Urquillo, Crdoba: Editorial Narvaja, 2005).Google Scholar

6. Smulovitz, Catalina En bsqueda de la frmula perdida: Argentina, 1955–1966, Desarrollo Econmico 31: 121 (April-June, 1991), pp. 113–124;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Altamirano, Carlos Bajo el signo de las masas (1943–1973), (Buenos Aires: Ariel, 2001), pp. 62–102.Google Scholar

7. The classic study of Onganas regime is ODonnell, Guillermo Bureaucratic-Authoritarianism: Argentina 1966–1973 in Comparative Perspective (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988).CrossRefGoogle Scholar See also the notion of traditionalist blockade in Tern, Oscar Nuestros aos sesenta: la formacin de una izquierda intelectual en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Puntosur, 1991),Google Scholar esp. chapt. 6. This notion has been crucial in other general studies on the 1960s: see Pujol, Sergio La dcada rebelde: los sesenta en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Emec, 2000).Google Scholar

8. Among the most important histories of Argentine rock are those written by rock journalists Grinberg, Miguel La msica progresiva en la Argentina (Buenos Aires: Convergencia, 1977);Google Scholar Marzullo, Osvaldo and Muoz, Pancho Rock en la Argentina: la historia y sus protagonistas (Buenos Aires: Galerna, 1985);Google Scholar Fernndez Bitar, Marcelo Historia del rock en la Argentina: una investigacin cronolgica (Buenos Aires: Distal, 1987);Google Scholar and Kreimer, Juan Carlos and Polimeni, Carlos eds., Ayer no ms (Buenos Aires: Musimundo, 2006).Google Scholar

9. Zolov, Eric Refried Elvis: The Rise of a Mexican Counterculture (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1999), pp. 177–178;Google Scholar Dunn, Christopher Brutality Garden: Tropiclia and the Emergence of a Brazilian Counterculture (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2001), pp. 112–113;Google Scholar Barr-Melej, Patrick Siloismo and the Left in Allendes Chile: Youth, Total Revolution, and the Roots of the Humanist Movement, Hispanic American Historical Review 86: 4 (November 2006), pp. 747–784.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

10. Zolov, Eric Expanding our Conceptual Horizons: The Shift from an Old to a New Left in Latin America, A Contracorriente 5: 2 (Winter 2008), pp. 47–73,Google Scholar p. 51.

11. Luis Alberto Spinetta, for example, argued that he and his group were neither for the left nor for the right, but for rock and truth. See Una charla con Invisible, Chaupinela 20, September 1975, n.p. In regard to the use of New Left in Argentina, one of its first appearances in public discussions occurred before the echoes of the Cuban Revolution had spread, in a book of interviews with intellectuals and militants who attempted to consider how to integrate leftist principles and action with the apparent persistence—and radicalizaron—of a Peronist identity among the working classes. See Strasser, Carlos Las izquierdas en el proceso poltico argentino (Buenos Aires: Pallestra, 1959).Google Scholar For recent historiographical uses of the concept, again with reference to the transformation of the political left through re-readings of Peronism and the embracing of armed struggle, see Hilb, Claudia and Lutzky, Daniel La nueva izquierda argentina, 1960–1980 (Buenos Aires: Centro Editorial de Amrica Latina, 1984);Google Scholar and Tonti, Mara Cristina El viejo Partido Socialista y los orgenes de la Nueva Izquierda (Buenos Aires: Prometeo, 2010).Google Scholar

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16. Detvose a integrantes de un tro musical, La Prensa, August 1, 1966, p. 7. For a reconstruction of that campaign, see Manzano, Valeria Sexualizing Youth: Morality Campaigns and Representations of Youth in Early-1960s Buenos Aires, Journal of the History of Sexuality 14: 3 (2005), pp. 433–461.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

17. Authors interview with Miguel Grinberg (b. 1937), Buenos Aires, September II, 2007. To protect my interviewees privacy, I use their first names and the initial of their last names unless they were public figures like Grinberg.

18. Grinberg, Miguel Cartas a la Beat Generation, Eco Contemporāneo 4 (December 1962), p. 14;Google Scholar Mufa y revolucin, Eco Contemporneo 5 (1963), p. 9.

19. Grinberg, Miguel Anatoma del desorden, Eco Contemporneo 8/9 (1965), p. 14.Google Scholar For analysis of El Club del Clan, see Pesce, Victor El discreto encanto de El Club del Clan, Cuadernos de ta Comuna 23 (1989), pp. 12–28;Google Scholar Alabarces, , Entre gatos y violadores, pp. 38–41;Google Scholar Pujol, , La dcada rebelde, pp. 247–254;Google Scholar Vrela, Mirta La televisin criolla: de sus inicios a la llegada del hombre a la luna (1951–1969) (Buenos Aires: Edhasa, 2005), pp. 143–152;Google Scholar and Manzano, Valeria Ha llegado la nueva ola: msica, consumo y juventud en la Argentina, 1956–1966, in Los 60 de otra manera: vida cotidiana, gnero y sexualidad en la Argentina, Cosse, Isabella Felitti, Karina and Manzano, Valeria eds. (Buenos Aires: Prometeo, 2010), pp. 19–59.Google Scholar

20. A la sombra de Los Beades se cosecha dinero y fama, La Nacin, February 1, 1966, p. 22.

21. King, John El Di Telia y el desarrollo cultural argentino en la dcada del sesenta (Buenos Aires: Ediciones de Arte Gaglianone, 1985), p. 138.Google Scholar

22. A description of the manzana loca is in Podalsky, Laura Specular City: Transforming Culture, Consumption, and Space in Buenos Aires (1955–1973) (Philadelphia, Pa.: Temple University Press, 2004), pp. 138–147.Google Scholar For the Zona Rosa, see Zolov, , Refried Elvis, pp. 135–137.Google Scholar

23. Con la violencia de un cross a la mandbula, Confirmado 51, June 9, 1966, p. 59.

24. Nebbia, Litto Una mirada: reflexiones y ancdotas de vida (Buenos Aires: Catlogos, 2004), pp. 22–24.Google Scholar

25. For a description of La Perla and the hotels, see the testimonies in Grinberg, , Cmo vino la mano, pp. 34–37.Google Scholar

26. As lleg a Buenos Aires la primavera, Siete Das 20, September 26, 1967, pp. 12–14.

27. Grant, McCracken Big Hair: A Journey into the Transformation of Self (New York: Overlook 1995), pp. 3,Google Scholar 61.

28. Authors interview with Tony C. (b. 1950 in the Valentn Alsina-Lans section of Buenos Aires), September 10, 2007.

29. Crdoba tiene sus beatniks, Siete Das 9, July 11, 1967, pp. 29–31; Cousinet, Graciela et al., Extramuros: Historia del rock mendocino (Mendoza, Argentina: Universidad Nacional de Cuyo, 2001), pp. 44–46.Google Scholar

30. La marabunta en Buenos Aires, La Razn, November 11, 1967, p. 7.

31. Hippies de utilera, Siete Das, December 12, 1967, pp. 32–33.

32. Zer, Jos de 48 horas con los hippies, Atlantida 1209 (December 1967), pp. 42–46.Google Scholar

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34. Hippies en Buenos Aires, La Razn, November 30, 1967, p. 13.

35. Hippies al calabozo, La Razn, Januar) 10, 1968, p. 8; La guerra anti-hippies, La Razn, January 23, 1968, p. 6.

36. See Pipo Lernouds testimony in Pintos, Vctor Tanguito (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1992), p. 127.Google Scholar

37. Tumultos en la misa negra, Siete Das 36, January 16, 1968, p. 15; Descomunal desorden entre hippies y anti-hippies en Mar del Plata, La Razn, January 11, 1968, p. 8.

38. Ser posible?, La Razn, January 12, 1968, p. 7; and Hippies, January 24, 1968, p. 6. Several people wrote to back Coral: Correo, Primera Plana 265, January 23, 1968, p. 4; Siete Das 37, January 23, 1968, p. 15.

39. Correo de lectores, Siete Das 18, September 12, 1967, p. 5; October 3, 1967, p. 7.

40. Correo de lectores, Siete Das 31, December 12, 1967, p. 7; January 16, 1968, p. 6; and March 12, 1968, p. 5.

41. Hippies en Buenos Aires: al paredn o tolerancia?, Gente 116, October 12, 1967, p. 37. On the work of Eva Giberti, see Plotkin, Mariano Freud in the Pampas: Origins and Development of a Psychoanalytical Culture in Argentina (Stanford, Calif: Stanford University Press, 2001), pp. 108–114;Google Scholar and Cosse, Isabella Argentine Mothers and Fathers and the New Psychological Paradigm of Child-Rearing (1958–1973), Journal of Family History 35:2 (2010), pp. 180–202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

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43. See among others Feijoo, Mara del Carmen and Nari, Marcela Women in Argentina during the 1960s, Latin American Perspectives 23: 1 (Winter 1996), pp. 7–26;Google Scholar Felitti, Karina El placer de elegir: anticoncepcin y liberacin sexual en la dcada del sesenta, in Historia de las mujeres en la Argentina, Vol. 2, Lozano, Fernanda Gil Pita, Valeria and Ini, Mara Gabriela eds. (Buenos Aires: Taurus, 2000), pp. 155–170;Google Scholar Barrancos, Dora Mujeres en la sociedad argentina: una historia de cinco siglos (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2007), pp. 224–235;Google Scholar Cosse, Isabella Probando la libertad: cambios y continuidades en el cortejo y el noviazgo entre los jvenes porteos (1950–1970), Entrepasados 39 (2008), pp. 31–47.Google Scholar

44. Manzano, Valeria The Age of Youth in Argentina: Culture, Politics, and Sexuality from Pern to Videla (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, forthcoming 2014),CrossRefGoogle Scholar chapt. 4.

45. Ministerio de Educacin y Cultura, Estadstica Educativa (Buenos Aires: Departamento de Estadstica Educativa: 1970), pp. 68–71; Direccin de Enseanza Secundaria, Circular No. 37/969, June 4, 1969; Administracin Nacional de Educacin Media, Nota D-015/971, May 18, 1971, Instituto Superior del Pro-fesorado Joaqun V. Gonzlez Archive.

46. Melenudos del mundo, unios, Panorama 101, April 1, 1969, pp. 10–11.

47. Incidentes en el Colegio Mariano Acosta, La Opinin, August 18, 1971, p. 18. For a similar episode, see La ropa que vos usis, Primera Plana 478, March 28, 1972, p. 31

48. Cantilo, Miguel Chau Loco los hippies en la Argentina de los setenta (Buenos Aires: Galerna, 2000), pp. 19–20.Google Scholar

49. On the notion of hegemonic masculinity, see Connell, R.W. Masculinities (Cambridge, Mass.: Polity Press, 2005), pp. 39–10.Google Scholar

50. Sedgwick, Eve Kosofsky Between Men: English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire (New York: Columbia University Press, 1985), p. 25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

51. Zolov, , Refried Elvis, pp. 102–105,Google Scholar 133–134; Barr-Melej, , Siloismo and the Left, pp. 764–778.Google Scholar

52. Deborah Paccini Hernndez, Hctor Fernndez LHoeste, and Eric Zolov have pointed out the criminalization of rock and the harassment of rockers as a Latin American singularity, see Mapping Rock Cultures across the Americas, in Rockin Las Americas: The Global Politics of Rock in Latin/o America, Hernndez, Deborah Paccini LHoeste, Hctor Fernndez and Zolov, Eric eds. (Pittsburgh, Pa.: Pittsburgh University Press, 2004), pp. 7–9.Google Scholar

53. La multiplicacin de los instrumentos, Mercado 95, May 5,1971, p. 40; Andrs, Jorge Los jvenes fuertes, Anlisis No. 464, February 2, 1970, p. 48.Google Scholar

54. Berti, Eduardo, Spinetta: Crnicas e iluminaciones (Buenos Aires: Editora 12, 1988), p. 15.Google Scholar

55. La vida es como un long play, Anlisis 402, November 27, 1968, p. 52.

56. La supremaca masculina es notoria en el mbito de la msica moderna, La Opinin, January 26, 1972, p. 18.

57. Authors interview with Hilda L. (b. 1950 in the city of Buenos Aires), August 22, 2007.

58. Adis al secundario, La Bella Gente 3, February 1970, p. 78.

59. Bitar, Fernndez, El rock en la Argentina, p. 52.Google Scholar

60. See Coates, Norma, (R)evolution Now? Rock and the Political Potential of Gender, in Sexiiig the Groove: Popular Music and Gender, Whiteley, Sheila, ed. (New York: Routledge, 1997), pp. 54–57.Google Scholar

61. As examples of how those poetics and music styles functioned, listen to Spinetta, Luis Alberto Hoy todo el hielo en la ciudad, on Almendra, 1970,Google Scholar RCA (now Sony-BMG); Martinez, Javier and Gabis, Claudio Avellanedas Blues, in Manal, Manal, 1970,Google Scholar Mandioca (now Sony-BMG).

62. Vila, , Rock Nacional, pp. 12–13;Google Scholar Alabarces, , Entre gatos y violadores, p. 49.Google Scholar

63. Authors interview with Mario Rabey (b. 1949 in the city of Buenos Aires), July 22, 2008.

64. El contestador, La Bella Gente 8, September 1970, p. 85.

65. Vila, , Rock nacional, p. 8.Google Scholar

66. Editorial: Bueno/Malo, Pelo 3, April 1970, p. 4. According to Pelos former director, the magazine sold 150,000 copies monthly in Argentina and was exported to other Latin American countries as well. Authors interview with Daniel Ripoll (b. 1944 in city of Buenos Aires), June 27, 2007.

67. Msica pop argentina, Pelo 1, February 1970, p. 3; Los conjuntos de la msica pop argentinos, Pelo, April 1970, pp. xvii–xxiv.

68. See Huyssen, Andreas, Afier the Great Divide: Modernism, Mass Culture, Postmodernism (Blooming-ton: Indiana University Press, 1986), pp. 50–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar For the way in which the dichotomy between pop and rock was crafted in the Anglo-Saxon context, see McRobbie, Angela and Frith, Simon Rock and Sexuality [1978], in On Record: Rock, Pop, and the Written Word, Frith, Simon and Goodwin, Andrew eds. (New York: Rout-ledge, 1990), pp. 371–389;Google Scholar and for more recent discussions, Biddle, Ian and Jarman-lvens, Freya Oh, Boy! Making Masculinity in Popular Music, in Oh, Boy! Masculinities and Popular Music, Ivens, Freya Jarman ed. (New York: Routledge, 2007), pp. 1–17;Google Scholar and Frank, Gillian Discophobia: Antigay Prejudice and the 1979 Backlash against Disco, Journal of the History of Sexuality 16: 2, May 2007, pp. 276–306.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

69. El festival para sacar cabeza, Pelo 10, November 1970, p. 52; author interview with Daniel Ripoll, June 27, 2007.

70. BAROCK II: al fin y al cabo, naci para ser salvaje, Panorama 238, November 16, 1971, pp. 46–47.

71. Beat, un estilo de vida, Clarn, Revista de los Jueves, December 2, 1971, n.p.

72. The literature on this process of political radicalization is abundant. For general overviews, see Pucciareli, Alfredo ed. La primaca de la poltica: Lanusse, Pern y la Nueva Izquierda en tiempos del GAN (Buenos Aires: EUdeBA, 1999);Google Scholar and Riz, Liliana de La poltica en suspenso, 1966–1976 (Buenos Aires: Paids, 2000).Google Scholar For the development of the most important guerrilla groups, see Gillespie, Richard Soldiers of Pern: Argentinas Montoneros (New York: Clarendon Press, 1982);Google Scholar and Pozzi, Pablo Por las sendas argentinas: el PRT-ERP, la guerrilla marxista (Buenos Aires: EUdeBA, 2001).Google Scholar

73. For the reverberations of this figure throughout Latin America, see especially Sal-daa-Portillo, Maria Josefina The Revolutionary Imagination in the Americas in the Age of Development (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2003), pp. 67–77;Google Scholar Sorensen, , A Turbulent Decade Remembered, pp. 14–41;Google Scholar and Zolov, , Expanding our Conceptual Horizons, pp. 67–69.Google Scholar

74. Ortolani, Luis [signing as Julio Parra], Moral y proletarizacin, Polticas de la Memoria 5 (2004– 2005), pp. 99–100.Google Scholar It first appeared in a clandestine publication of the PRT-ERP militants who, like Ortolani, were imprisoned in Rawson (Chubut), in 1972. It was reprinted in 1974, and its reading was mandatory for incoming PRT-ERP militants.

75. Carta de un compaero a Manuel Belloni y Diego Frondizi, Nuevo Hombre 21, December 8, 1971, pp. 8–9.

76. Weinhauer, Klaus The End of Certainties: Drug Consumption and Youth Delinquency in West Germany, in Between Marx and Coca Cola: Youth Cultures in Changing European Societies, 1960–1980, Schildt, Alex and Siegfried, Detlef, eds. (New York: Bergham Books, 2006), pp. 376–397;Google Scholar Giachetti, , Anni sessanta, pp. 320–321.Google Scholar

77. Robles, Adriana Perejiles: los otros Montoneros (Buenos Aires: Colihue, 2004), p. 40.Google Scholar A similar story unfolds in the testimony of a PRT-ERP female militant, Lili, in Diana, Marta Mujeres guerrilleras: la mili-tanciade los setenta en el testimonio de sus protagonistasfemeninas (Buenos Aires: Planeta, 1997), pp. 108–109.Google Scholar

78. Granovsky, Martn, El tema de Pablut, in La otra juvenilia: militancia y represin en el Colegio Nacional de Buenos Aires, 1971–1986, Santiago Garao and Werner Pertot, eds. (Buenos Aires: Biblos, 2002), pp. 191–194.Google Scholar

79. Pozzi, Pablo Por las sendas argentinas, p. 146.Google Scholar

80. Cattaruzza, Alejandro El mundo por hacer, p. 18.Google Scholar

81. Una nueva feria de artesanos persigue claros objetivos polticos, La Opinin, August 15, 1973, p. 16.

82. Authors interview with Carlos T. (b. 1951 in Valentn Alsina-Lans), September 13, 2007.

83. Interview with Luis Salinas (b. 1954 in Buenos Aires), Memoria Abierta Archive, File 0260.

84. Beat Buenos Aires: canta la ciudad, Panorama 121, August 19, 1969, p. 52.

85. Kreimer, Juan Carlos Agrrate!!! Testimonios de la msica joven argentina (Buenos Aires, Galerna, 1970).Google Scholar

86. Garca, Germn Msica beat: los jvenes frente al espejo, Los Libros 18, April 1971, pp. 26–28.Google Scholar

87. See El grupo Arco Iris detenido en el formalismo y el vaco ideolgico, La Opinin, December 24, 1971, p. 22; and Pretensin formal y vaguedad son los sntomas del actual rock argentino, La Opinin, February 2, 1973, p. 21.

88. Parfrasis beat sobre el Padre Nuestro con visibles acentuaciones polticas, La Opinin, December 18, 1971, p. 23; Una obra con msica de rock critica la deformacin del lenguaje de Jess, September 8, 1972, p. 18.

89. Desrdenes en el Luna Park frustraron un recital de rock, La Opinion, October 22, 1972, p. 11. For a sensationalist chronicle, see Perdn, muchachos, esto es rock?, Gente 379, October 26, 1972, p. 4.

90. La marcha de Pedro hacia la bronca, Pelo 12, January 1971, pp. 14–17.

91. Vida, Alma y Hoy te queremos cantar, on Alma y Vida, Vol. 2, RCA (now Sony-BMG), 1972;Google Scholar Narvaja, Roque Camilo y Ernesto and Balada para Luis on Octubre (mes de cambios). Talent, 1972.Google Scholar

92. Jazz y rock: balance final de una encuesta, Primera Plana 492, July 4, 1972, p. 52.

93. For a pioneering work on New Latin American Song, see Matta, Fernando Reyes The New Song and Its Confrontation in Latin America, in Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, Cary Nelson and Lawrence Grossberg, eds. (Chicago: The University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 447–461.Google Scholar For its repercussions in Mexico, see Zolov, , Refried Elvis, pp. 225–233.Google Scholar

94. Diez canciones montoneras, El Descamisado 31, December 10,1973, pp. 20–21; Fervor politico en un Festival de la JP, Noticias, December 30, 1973, p. 19.

95. Buen recital de rock, Noticias, December 28, 1973, p. 17; Nuevo disco de Arco Iris, January 28, 1974, p. 22.

96. Discos para la liberacin, Noticias, January 26, 1974, p. 15. The record was distributed by the Ministry of Education at schools in the metropolitan areas of Buenos Aires.

97. Pinto, Zully Rock nacional: en busca de una definicin, Panorama 317, May 24, 1973, pp. 51–52.Google Scholar

98. Tabachnik, Hugo Rock y revolucin, Pelo 37, March 1973, pp. 40–41.Google Scholar

99. Correo, Pelo 38, April 1973, pp. 82–83; Pelo 39, May 1973, pp. 88–89.

100. On the relations between the emergent feminist groups and the revolutionary left, see Nari, Marcela Abrir los ojos, abrir la cabeza: el feminismo en la Argentina de los aos 70, Feminaria 9: 18/19, 1996, pp. 15–21;Google Scholar Vasallo, Alejandra Movilizacin, poltica y orgenes del feminismo argentino en los 70, in Historia, gnero y poltica en los aos 70, Andujar, Andrea ed. (Buenos Aires: Feminaria, 2005), pp. 61–88.Google Scholar On the emergence of a gay-rights movement, and especially on the tense relationships between the Frente de Liberacin Homosexual and the Montoneros, see Rapisardi, Favio and Modarelli, Alejandro Fiestas, baos y exilios: los gays porteos durante la ltima dictadura (Buenos Aires: Sudamericana, 2001), pp. 159–163.Google Scholar For other Latin American experiences, see Rodrguez, Ileana Women, Guerrillas, and Love: Understanding War in Central America (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 1996), esp. pp. 93–113;Google Scholar and Green, James N. A luta pela igualdade: desejos, homossexualidade e a esquerda na Amrica Latina, Cadernos Edgard Leuenroth, Homosscxualidade: Sociedade, Movimentos e Lutas, 18/19, 2003, pp. 13–39.Google Scholar

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102. Solicitada: 20 de Junio-Ezeiza-20 de Julio, Clarn, July 20, 1973, p. 5.

103. See Cowan, Ben A. Sex and the Security State: Gender, Sexuality, and Subversion at Brazils Escola Superior de Guerra, 1964–1985, Journal of the History of Sexuality 16: 3 (July 2007), pp. 459–481;CrossRefGoogle Scholar and Langland, Victoria Birth Control Pills and Molotov Cocktails: Reading Sex and Revolution in 1968 Brazil, in In from the Cold: Latn Americas New Encounters with the Cold War, Joseph, Gilbert M. and Spenser, Daniela eds. (Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2009), pp. 308–349.Google Scholar

104. El contrabajista y cantante Alejandro Medina ratific su originalidad, La Opinin, March 26, 1974, p. 18.

105. Among those withdrawn was Daniel Ripolls program at Radio Antrtida. Ripoll recalls that he had first received some pressure from left-leaning Peronists, who wanted more commitment, and then from right-wing Peronists, who finally censored the program, Authors interview with Daniel Ripoll, June 27, 2007.

106. Grinberg, Miguel Rock y liberacin, Rolanroc 1, March 1974, pp. 1–3.Google Scholar

107. At the same time that some Argentine rockers began to leave, some Chilean rock bands, for example Los Jaivas, fled to Argentina to get away from General Augusto Pinochets dictatorship, established in September of 1973. Los Jaivas remained in Buenos Aires until the imposition of the military coup in March of 1976.

108. Cantilo, , Chau Loco, p. 109.Google Scholar

109. Diario de Sesiones de la Cmara de Diputados, Vol. 2, September 19, 1974, pp. 2856–2868. The law was passed as part of a set of agreements between the Argentine and U.S. governments. Under the agreements, the U.S. government committed itself to provide training, equipment, and other resources to back the federal police in a war on drugs. Argentina served as a showcase for this type of agreement, which was favored by the Nixon and Ford administrations as a way to build influence in Latin American and Asian nations. See Gootenberg, Paul Andean Cocaine: The Making of a Global Drug (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2008), pp. 308–310;Google Scholar and Kim, Pil Ho and Shin, Hyunjoon The Birth ofRok: Cultural Imperialism, Nationalism, and the Glocalization of Rock Music in South Korea, 1964–1975, positions: east asian cultures critique 18: 1 (Spring 2010), esp. pp. 220–222.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

110. See for instance Mom, Jorge Moras Toxicomana y delito (Buenos Aires: Abeledo-Perrot, 1975), pp. 149–158.Google Scholar

111. Drogas, qu pasa en la Argentina?, Gente 503, March 12, 1975, pp. 64–67; Editorial: Drogas y subversion, Clarn, May 12, 1975, p. 12.

112. Cmara de Empresarios de Locales de Expansin Nocturna to the Jefe de la Cmara de Diputados and the Jefe de la Cmara de Senadores, File 16386, Box 27; letter from the Cmara de Empresarios to the Ministro del Interior, and letter from the Ministro del Interior to the Cmara de Empresarios, Files 16610 and 16204, Box 15, Expediented Generales, Archivo General de la Nacin (AGN).

113. See for example Redadas en Plaza Irlanda, Clarn, March 15, 1975, p. 22. For an overview of the year 1975, see Drogas, los tentculos de la corrupcin, Siete Das 445, December 12, 1975, pp. 90–95,

114. Adolescencia y drogas, Actualidad Psicolgica 4 (July 1975), pp. 1–3.

115. Adriana Sesto and others to the Ministro del Interior, File No. 160785, Box 26; Marina Santos and others, Villa Crespo, to the Ministro del Interior, File No. 172222, Box 13, Expedientes Generales, AGN.

116. Gillespie, , Soldiers of Pern, pp. 215–216.Google Scholar

117. Garao, and Pertot, , La otra juvenilia, pp. 99–105.Google Scholar

118. Sui Gneris y 36.000 personas demostraron que el rock es lo ms grande en la Argentina, Pelo 69, October 1975, p. 3.

119. Argentinas National Commission on Disappeared People, Nunca Ms (Never Again) (London: Faber and Faber, 1986 [1984]), p. 285.Google Scholar

120. Vila, Pablo Rock Nacional and Dictatorship in Argentina, Popular Music 6: 2, May 1987, pp. 129–148;CrossRefGoogle Scholar Pujol, Sergio Rock y dictadura (Buenos Aires: Emec, 2004).Google Scholar

121. Interview with Eduardo Blaustein, Memoria Abierta Archive, File 0251. There is a similar story in Los chicos del exilio: Argentina (1975–1984), Diana Guelar, Vera Jarach, and Beatriz Ruiz, eds. (Buenos Aires: Ediciones El Pas de Nomeolvides, 2002), p. 116.

122. Grossberg, Lawrence We Gotta Get out of This Place: Popular Conservatism and Postmodern Culture (New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 147–148.Google Scholar

123. Authors interview with Emilio C. (b. 1955 in Valentn Alsina-Lans), August 12, 2007.

124. Reportaje a Luis Alberto Spinetta, Grito Joven 3, September 1974, n.p.