¹ “Vital Tasks of the Communist Press”, in For A Lasting Peace, For A People's Democracy! (Bucharest. December 8, 1950.)Google Scholar The praise by which this criticism was prefaced did not in any way diminish the significance of the attack aiming at the elimination of the “bourgeois” tendencies of Togliatti.

² The developments leading to the climax of October 20 are still shrouded in the mystery we have come to expect, but, as far as can be ascertained, this is the chronology of events. The Central Committee of the French Communist Party met in Paris in September 29, 1950, to hear a report by the Secretary-General, Maurice Thorez. The report was published in full in l'Humanié of September 30, 1950. The publication of the October, 1950, issue of the Cahiers du Communisme, the official organ of the Central Committee of the Party, was delayed for a few days to enable it to publish the text of the resolutions voted as a result of the September 29 meeting. The defense of peace and of the United Front appear as their main themes. On October 10, Thorez suffered the stroke from which he is now recovering in Moscow. Auguste Lecoeur, who appears to have taken over the leadership of the Party, called the Central Committee to meet in Saint-Ouen on October 20. At that time, Lecoeur delivered an address (see full text in Cahiers du Communisme, December, 1950, pp. 47–60Google Scholar) in which remarks alleged to have been made by Thorez at the September 29 meeting, but not before mentioned anywhere, served as the basis for the presentation by Lecoeur of the following resolution: “The members of the Central Committee of the French Communist Party, … conscious of their responsibilities, engage themselves: (1) to strengthen their ideological education by devoting regularly the necessary amount of time to the study of Marxist-Leninist classics as well as of all essential party documents and documents of the Cominform and other mass organizations, and to prepare carefully the meetings of their study group; (2) to improve the quality of their work, and to organize each meeting of the Central Committee in such a way as to bring the most constructive elements to the discussion and formulation of the political line; (3) to double their efforts to clarify political problems, and to control carefully and rigorously the total execution by those concerned of the decisions reached, since the political line must not simply be proclaimed but must be executed.”

³ La Trahison Permanente: Parti Communiste et Politique Russe. By Ceyrat, Maurice. (Paris: Spartacus. 1948. Pp. 167.)Google ScholarHistoire du Parti Communiste Français. By Walter, Gérard. (Paris: Somogy. 1948. Pp. 391.)Google ScholarPhysiologie du Parti Communiste Français. By Rossi, A.. (Paris: Éditions Self. 1948. Pp. xxxvi, 465.)Google Scholar Abridged English translation: A Communist Party in Action. By Rossi, A.. Translated and edited with an introduction by Kendall, Willmoore. (New Haven: Yale University Press. 1949. Pp. xxiv, 301.)Google Scholar Reviewed in the June, 1950, issue of this journal, pp. 470–73.

⁴ Deux Ans d'Alliance Germano-Soviétique. Août 1939-Juin 1941. By Rossi, A.. (Paris: Fayard. 1949. Pp. 225.)Google Scholar

⁵ Ricordi di un Operaio Torinese. By Montagnana, Mario. (Rome: Rinascita. 1949. 2 Vols. Pp. 299, 201.)Google Scholar In the same category can be included Enfance: Souvenirs d'Enfance et de Jeunesse. By Vaillant-Couturier, P., with preface by Aragon, . (Paris: Editions Hier et Aujourd'hui. 1946. Pp. 250.)Google Scholar

⁶ Les Expériences Syndicates en France de 1939 à 1950. By Lefranc, Georges. (Paris: Aubier. 1950. Pp. 381.)Google ScholarLa CGIL dal Patto di Roma at Congresso di Genova. By the Ufficio Stampa e Propaganda della CGIL. (Rome: CGIL. 1949. Vol. I. Pp. 286. Vol. III. Pp. 397.)Google Scholar Four more volumes are to follow shortly. The entire series will cover the years 1944–1949.

⁷ I Carissimi Nemici. By Gorresio, Vittorio. (Milan: Longanesi. 1949. Pp. 341.)Google Scholar

⁸ Les Communisles. By Aragon, Louis. (Paris: La Bibliothèque Françhise. Vol. I: Février-Septembre 1939. 1949. Pp. 265Google Scholar. Vol. II: Septembre-Novembre 1939. 1949. Pp. 364. Vol. III: Novembre 1939–Mara 1940. 1950. Pp. 413. Vol. IV: Mars–Mai 1940. 1950. Pp. 335.)

⁹ Roy, Claude, “Les Communistes d'Aragon”, Cahiers du Communisme, December, 1950, p. 114Google Scholar.

¹⁰ L'Homme Communiste. By Aragon, Louis. (Paris: Gallimard [NRF]. 1946. Pp. 246.)Google Scholar This is an earlier collection mostly of war-time writings giving an account of some of the more significant exploits of the Resistance.

¹¹ Un Popolo alla Macchia. By Longo, Luigi. (Milan: Mondadori. 1947. Pp. 501.)Google Scholar

¹² Opere di Antonio Gramsci. (Turin: Einaudi.) Vol. IGoogle Scholar: Lettere dal Carcere. (1947. Pp. 260.) Vol. IIGoogle Scholar: Il Materialismo Storico e la Filosofia di Benedetto Croce. (1948. Pp. xxiii, 299.) Vol. IIIGoogle Scholar: Gli Intellettuali e l'Organizzazione della Cultura. (1949. Pp. xv, 208.) Vol. IVGoogle Scholar: Il Risorgimento. (1949. Pp. xiv, 235.) Vol. VGoogle Scholar: Note sul Machiavelli, sulla Politica e sullo Stato Moderno. (1949. Pp. 371.)Google Scholar A collection of letters addressed to hia children while Gramsci was in prison was published separately: L'Albero del Riccio. (Milan: Milano-Sera Editrice. 1948. Pp. 227.)Google ScholarGramsci, On, see: Gramsci. (Rome: Edizioni Rinascita. 1948. Pp. 211.)Google Scholar This volume includes, among others, essays by Togliatti, Palmiro, Negarville, Celeste, Platone, Felice, and Grieco, Ruggero. See also Dal Diario di un Borghese. By Bandinelli, Ranuccio Bianchi. (Milan: Mondadori. 1948. Pp. 259.)Google Scholar

¹³ Seven volumes of Palmiro Togliatti's writings can be listed here: Per la Salvezza del Nostro Paese. (Turin: Elinaudi. 1946. Pp. 423.)Google Scholar Important for the texts of Togliatti's Radio Moscow broadcasts between June 27, 1941, and May 7,1943. Togliatti's indignation against Fascist aggression begins with the attack against the Soviet Union. His list of heroes and models for Italian patriots ranges from Petrarch to Mazzini and Garibaldi; it never once includes the foreign sounding names of Stalin, Marx and. Politica Comunista. (Rome: Società Editrice l'Unità. 1945. Pp. 352.)Google Scholar Includes the speeches from April, 1944, to August, 1945. Rinnovare l'Italia. (Rome: Società Editrice l'Unità. 1946. Pp. 119.)Google ScholarTre Minacce alia Democrazia Italiana. (Rome: Edizioni Rinascita. 1948. Pp. 243.)Google Scholar Reports and speeches before the fifth and sixth national Party Congresses of 1946 and 1948. Linea d'Una Politica. (Milan: Milano-Sera Editrice. 1949. Pp. 170.)Google Scholar Mostly parliamentary speeches up to the summer of 1948. Pace o Guerra. (Milan: Milano-Sera Editrice. 1949. Pp. 144.)Google Scholar Articles and speeches of 1948 and 1949 geared to the current Communist theme of the defense of peace. Discorso su Giolitti. (Rome: Rinascita. 1950. Pp. 108.)Google Scholar An interesting example of Communist interest in the recent revival of Giolitti.

¹⁴ Trattato sulla Tolleranza. By Voltaire, . With an introduction by Togliatti, Palmiro. (Rome: Universale Economica. 1949.)Google Scholar

¹⁵ Oeuvres de Maurice Thorez. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. Vol. I: Janvier 1930–Juin 1931. 1950. Pp. 230Google Scholar. Vol. II: Juin 1931–FéVrier 1932. 1950. Pp. 238.)

¹⁶ Fils du Peuple. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1949. Pp. 253.)Google Scholar This is a new edition, brought up to date, of a book which had already appeared before the War.

¹⁷ Une Politique de Grandeur Française. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1945. Pp. 384.)Google Scholar This volume includes the report to the eighth Party Congress of 1936, the report to the ninth Party Congress of 1937, the report to the May 19, 1939, meeting of the Central Committee of the Party, the report and the final address to the tenth Party Congress of 1945. Au Service du Peuple de France. (Paris: Éditions du Parti Communiste Français. 1947. Pp. 89.)Google Scholar This is the report to the eleventh Party Congress of 1947. La Lutte pour l'Indépendance Nationale et pour la Paix. (Paris: 1950. Pp. 95.)Google Scholar This is the report to the twelfth Party Congress of 1950.

¹⁸ Pour l'Union: Communistes et Socialistes. By Thorez, Maurice and Duclos, Jacques. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1949. Pp. 63.)Google ScholarPour l'Union: Communistes et Catholiques. By Thorez, Maurice. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1949. Pp. 47.)Google ScholarPour l'Union: le Front Français. By Thorez, Maurice. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1949. Pp. 93.)Google Scholar

¹⁹ Besse, Guy, “Maurice Thorez et Son Apport Théorique au Mouvement Révolutionnaire Français”, La Nouvelle Crilique, May, 1950, pp. 13–33Google Scholar. In another article of the same issue, “Maurice Thorez, Écrivain Public du XX^e Siecle”, by Mouillaud, Maurice (pp. 34–46)Google Scholar, Thorez is presented as a writer of a new type. His style is defined as “the style of happiness,” because it is the style of the fighting people. “It is because the Communists are the opposite of fatalists that they can write in the style of Maurice Thorez, the style of the French proletariat of our time: optimistic, effective, moving.” It is not surprising, according to the author of this essay of literary criticism, to find that this style which mirrors what is best in the French heritage “should also be the one closest to Stalin's style.”

²⁰ Leg Sources Françaises du Socialisme Scientifique. By Garaudy, Roger. (Paris: Éditions Hier et Aujourd'hui. 1948. Pp. 284.)Google Scholar See also his Grammaire de la Liberé. (Paris: Editions Sociales. 1950. Pp. 160.)Google Scholar

²¹ Karl Marx el la Pensée Moderne: Contribution à l'Étude de la Formation du Marxisme. By Cornu, Auguste. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1948. Pp. 190.)Google Scholar

²² “Le Retour à Hegel, Dernier Mot du Révisionnisme Universitaire”, La Nouvelle Critique, November, 1950, pp. 43–54Google Scholar.

²³ Réalité de la Nation: l'Attrape-nigaud du Cosmopolilisme. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1950. Pp. 192.)Google ScholarL'Histoire du Parti Bolchevik et ses Enseignements Actuels. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1949. Pp. 47.)Google Scholar

²⁴ Cogniot uses the reports on “Low-Income Families and Economic Stability” of the Joint Committee on the Economic Report.

²⁵ Hervé, Pierre, “L'Homme Marxiste”, in Les Grands Appels de l'Homme Contemporain, pp. 79–109. (Paris: Éditions du Temps Présent. 1947. Pp. 237.)Google Scholar

²⁶ La Femme et le Communisme: Anthologie des Grands Textes du Marxisme. Edited, with an introductory essay, by Fréville, Jean, and with a preface by Jeannette Vermeersch. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1950. Pp. 223.)Google Scholar

²⁷ Chief among them Le Matérialisme Dialectique. (Paris: Alcan. 1939.)Google Scholar In preparation, an eight volume Traité; du Matérialisme Dialectique. (Paris: Éditions Sociales.)Google Scholar

²⁸ Critique de la Vie Quolidienne, Introduction. (Paris: Grasset. 1947. Pp. 248.)Google Scholar A second volume is soon to follow.

²⁹ Le Communisme, la Pensée ei l'Art. By Casanova, Laurent. (Paris: Éditions du Parti Communiste Français. 1947. Pp. 17.)Google ScholarLe Parti Communiste, les Intellectuels ei la Nation. By Casanova, Laurent. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1949. Pp. 141Google Scholar. Second, considerably enlarged, edition, 1950.) Responsabilités de l'Intellectuel Communiste. By Casanova, Laurent. (Paris: Éditions de La Nouvelle Critique. 1949. Pp. 32.)Google ScholarScience Bourgeoise et Science Prolétarienne. By Cohen, Francis, Desanti, Jean, Guyot, Raymond and Vassails, Gérard, with an introduction by Casanova, Laurent. (Paris: Éditions de La Nouvelle Critique. 1950. Pp. 47.)Google ScholarScienza, Marxismo, Cultura. By Sereni, Emilio. (Milan: Edizioni Sociali. 1949. Pp. 249.)Google ScholarEsame di Coscienza di un Comunista. By Onofri, Fabrizio, with preface by Pajetta, Gian Carlo. (Milan: Milano-Sera Editrice. 1949. Pp. 123.)Google ScholarLa Nouvelle Critique has also published a series of translations of Russian and other tracts dealing with the problem of culture: La Littérature et la Démocratie Populaire. By Reval, Joseph. (Paris: Éditions de La Nouvelle Critique. 1950. Pp. 39.)Google ScholarSur la Littérature, la Philosophie et la Musique. By Jdanov, Andrei. (Paris: Éditions de La Nouvelle Critique. 1950. Pp. 94.)Google Scholar

³⁰ Typical is the official Italian Communist Party pamphlet Il Piano Marshall e i Comunisti. (Rome: Centro Diffusione Stampa del P.C.I. 1949. Pp. 113.)Google Scholar

³¹ Organizzazione del Capitate Finanziario Italiano. By Radar, , with a preface by Pesenti, Antonio. (Rome: Edizioni Italiane. 1948. Pp. 397.)Google ScholarStruttura dei Monopoli Industriali in Italia. By the Confederazione Generale Italiana del Lavoro, Ufficio Statistica. (Rome: Casa Editrice Progresso. 1949. Pp. 399.)Google Scholar

³² L'Église, le Communisme et les Chrétiens. By Garaudy, Roger. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1949. Pp. 397.)Google Scholar

³⁸ La Questione Agraria nella Rinascita Nazionale Italiana. By Sereni, Emilio. (Rome: Einaudi. 1946. Pp. 461.)Google ScholarIl Mezzogiorno all'Opposizione. By Sereni, Emilio. (Turin: Einaudi. 1948. Pp. 165.)Google ScholarIntroduzione alia Riforma Agraria. By Grieco, Ruggero. (Turin: Einaudi. 1949. Pp. 333.)Google ScholarI Comunisti e la Lotta per la Riforma Agraria. By Grieco, Ruggero. (Rome: Centro Diffusione Stampa del P.C.I. 1949. Pp. 77.)Google Scholar

³⁴ Le Parti Communiste et la Question Paysanne. Preface by Rochet, Waldeck. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1949. Pp. 54.)Google Scholar

³⁵ The current one is Almanack Ouvrier-Paysan 1950. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1950. Pp. 288.)Google Scholar

³⁶ Peut-On Collaborer avec les Communistes? Voice …. By Séve, Père Marie-Paul. (Paris: Bonne Presse. 1950. Pp. 62.)Google Scholar The decree said that Catholics could not become Party members or contribute to the distribution of Communist printed matter. It denied admission to the sacraments for those Catholics who knowingly and of free will either became members or helped spread Communist propaganda; and it also provided for the excommunication of those Catholics who defended Communist doctrine. These penalties have been seldom invoked.

³⁷ Bigo, P., “Le Communisme et Nous”, Revue de l'Action Populaire, December, 1950, pp. 725–744Google Scholar.

³⁸ Comunismo e Giustizia Sociale Cristiana. By Mons, . Angrisani, Giuseppe. (Turin: Marietti. 1949. Pp. 217.)Google ScholarIl Comunismo. By Angelo Brucculeri, S.J. (Rome: Edizioni “La Civiltà Cattolica.” 1944. Pp. 116.)Google Scholar

³⁹ La Filosofia del Comunismo: Atti della Settimana di Studio Indetta dall' Accademia di S. Tommaso, 19–24 Aprile 1949. (Turin: Marietti. 1949. Pp. 273.)Google Scholar

⁴⁰ A serious effort at critical analysis of Soviet literature on dialectical materialism undertaken by Father Wetter of the faculty of the Pontifical Oriental Institute in Rome should also be mentioned here: Il Materialismo Dialettico Sovietico. By Wetter, Gustavo A. S.J. (Turin: Einaudi. 1948. Pp. xxiii, 431.)Google Scholar The book is divided into an historical section which, starting from Hegel and Marx, carries the story to Lenin, the mechanistic school, the Menshevik idealism of Deborin and Trotsky, and comes down to the Metin and Stalin contributions of the '30s. This historical discussion is followed by a systematic criticism of Soviet dialectical materialism.

⁴¹ See, as typical of the rejection of the Communist version of Marxism, La Tragédie du Marxisme. By Collinet, Michel. (Paris: Calmann-Lévy. 1948. Pp. 337.)Google ScholarDe Marx au Marxisme 1848–1948. Edited by Aron, Robert. (Paris: Éditions de Flore. 1948. Pp. 319.)Google Scholar

⁴² Pierhal, Armand, “Socialisme et Communisme en France”, La Nef, June–July, 1950, pp. 145–150Google Scholar. This article is included in a special issue bearing the title “Le Socialisme Français, Victime du Marxisme?“

⁴³ Questions du Communisme. Edited by Stéphane, Roger. (Paris: Confluences. Nos. 18–20. 1947. Pp. 344.)Google Scholar

⁴⁴ Psychanalyse du Communisme. By Pollès, Henri. (Paris: Éditions Henri Lefebvre. 1949. Pp. 569.)Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Sociologie du Communisme. By Monnerot, Jules. (Paris: Gallimard (NRF). 1949. Pp. 510.)Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Le Grand Schisme. By Aron, Raymond. (Paris: Gallimard [NRF]. 1948. Pp. 346.)Google Scholar

⁴⁷ A good example of the rebellion of the intellectual is that of Charlotte Haldane, J.B.S.'s wife: Truth Will Out. By Haldane, Charlotte. (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson. 1949. Pp. 339.)Google Scholar

⁴⁸ The God That Failed. By Arthur Koestler, Ignazio Silone, Richard Wright, André Gide, Louis Fischer, Stephen Spender; Richard Crossman, editor. (New York: Harper and Brothers. 1949. Pp. 273.) French edition: Le Dieu des Ténèbres. (Paris: Callman-Lévy. 1950.)Google Scholar

⁴⁹ See the review of the book by Domenach, Jean-Marie in Esprit, November, 1950, p. 713Google Scholar.

⁵⁰ On Koestler, see Le Traitre et le Prolétaire, ou l'Entreprise Koestler and Co. Ltd. By Kanapa, Jean. (Paris: Éditions Sociales. 1950. Pp. 64.)Google Scholar On Silone, see La Documentation Française, Articles et Documents, February 3, 1950Google Scholar, No. 1,772, a special issue on the Silone case which includes a long letter by Togliatti recounting the events which led, according to the Italian Communist leader, to the “expulsion” of Silone from the Party. In substance, this action allegedly resulted from Silone's refusal to follow the pre-Popular Front Stalin line of attack against all democratic parties declared guilty of “social-Fascism.”

⁵¹ Le Procès Kravchenko: Compte Rendu Sténographique. (Paris: Éditions Albin Michel. 1949. 2 Vols. Pp. 678, 648.)Google Scholar

⁵² Humanisme et Terreur, Essai sur le Problème Communiste. By Merleau-Ponty, Maurice. (Paris: Gallimard [NRF]. 1947. Pp. xliii, 206.)Google Scholar

⁵³ Trots Idoles Romantiques: Le Dynamisme, l'Existentialisme, la Dialectique Matérialisle. By Benda, Julien. (Geneva: Éditions du Mont Blanc. 1948. Pp. 175.)Google Scholar

⁵⁴ Ordre, September 4, 1947. Quoted in Nouveau Diclionnaire des Girouettes. By Orion, . (Paris: Éditions Le Régent. 1948. Pp. 347.)Google Scholar This is an entertaining collection of contradictory utterances of public men, fashioned after the original Diclionnaire des Girouettes, published in 1815.

⁵⁵ Entretiens sur la Politique. By Sartre, J-P., Rousset, David, Rosenthal, Gérard. (Paris: Gallimard [NRF]. 1949. Pp. 215.)Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Situations, III. By Sartre, Jean-Paul. (Paris: Gallimard [NRF]. 1949. Pp. 311.)Google Scholar

⁵⁷ L'Heure du Choix. By Aveline, Claude, Cassou, Jean, Chamson, André, Friedmann, Georges, Martin-Chauffier, Louis, Vercors, . (Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit. 1947. Pp. 170.)Google Scholar

⁵⁸ Cassou, Jean and Vercors, , “Il Ne Faut Pas Tromper le Peuple”, Esprit, December, 1949, pp. 943–953Google Scholar. For a Communist answer, see Reponse à Jean Cassou. By Wurmser, André. (Paris: Éditions de La Nouvelle Critique. 1950. Pp. 32.)Google Scholar

⁵⁹ As typical examples, the names of Ada Alessandrini and Franco Rodano may be mentioned. Rodano is a regular contributor to Rinascita. See also his article “Il Discorso di Pio XII agli Operai Belgi”, Società, December, 1949, pp. 681–691Google Scholar. It deals chiefly with the decree of the Holy Office on Communism.

⁶⁰ Un Prêtre Prend Position. By Boulier, Jean. (Paris: Les Éditions de Minuit. 1949. Pp. 79.)Google Scholar

⁶¹ Un Catholique Retour de l'U.R.S.S. By Debray, Pierre. (Paris: Éditions du Pavilion. 1950. Pp. 140.)Google Scholar

⁶² For other examples, see Mandouze, André, “Prendre la Main Tendue”, in Les Chritiens el la Politique. By Guillemin, Henri, Mandouze, André, Ricoeur, Paul, Hourdin, Georges, Villey, Daniel, Montuclard, M. I.. (Paris: Éditions du Temps Présent. 1948. Pp. 169.)Google Scholar For a witty attack on Catholics such as Debray, see Un Jeune Catholique Devient Communiste Malgré les Cordiaux Avertissements de Louis Salleron. By Salleron, Louis. (Paris: Le Jeune Parque. 1949. Pp. 81.)Google Scholar

⁶³ Marxisme et Pensée Chrétienne. By Vancourt, R.. (Paris: Bloud & Gay. 1947. Pp. 301.)Google ScholarDoctrine Économique et Sociale de Karl Marx. By Bartoli, Henri. (Paris: Éditions du Seuil. 1950. Pp. 413.)Google ScholarMarxisme, Existentialisme, Personnalisme: Présence de l'Éternité dans le Temps. By Lacroix, Jean. (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France. 1950. Pp. 120.)Google Scholar

⁶⁴ Among his books, see: Révolution Personnaliste el Communautaire. Paris. 1934Google Scholar. Liberté sous Condition. Paris. 1946Google Scholar. Qu'esl-ce que le Peronnalisme? Paris. 1947Google Scholar.

⁶⁵ Mounier, Emmanuel, “Fidé1ité”, Esprit, February, 1950, pp. 177–182Google Scholar.

⁶⁶ On the work of Emmanuel Mounier, see the special issue of Esprit, published in December, 1950. Of special importance are the brilliant essays by Goguel, François, Positions Politiques, pp. 797–819Google Scholar, and by Domenach, Jean-Marie, Les Pricipes du Choix Politique, pp. 820–838Google Scholar. On the Communist reaction to the doubts of Esprit and its editor, note La Nouvelle Critique for April, 1950, and Lettre a Emmanuel Mounier, Homme d'“Esprit.” By Garaudy, Roger. (ParisÉditions de La Nouvelle Critique. 1950. Pp. 17.)Google Scholar