Helen Strong Curry Chair in International Law, Vanderbilt Law School, and William S. Beinecke Professor of Law, Columbia Law School, respectively. The authors are co-Editors-in-Chief of the American Journal of International Law. They were not involved in the selection of this Article for publication; the selection process was instead overseen by Jeffrey Dunoff and Neha Jain of the Board of Editors, adhering to the Journal's usual double-blind, peer-review standards. The authors are grateful for helpful comments received during workshops at Vanderbilt Law School, the 2023 Mid-Year Meeting of the American Society of International Law, and Columbia Law School, and from Rebecca Allensworth, Arnulf Becker Lorca, Eyal Benvenisti, Alejandro Chehtman, Jacob Katz Cogan, Gregory Fox, Thomas Grant, Tanisha Fazal, Claus Kreß, Don Herzog, David Hughes, Asaf Lubin, Tamar Megiddo, Marko Milanovic, Sean Murphy, Umut Özsu, Mark Pollack, Steven Ratner, Juan Pablo Scarfi, Alexander Schmidt, Stefan Talmon, Jamie Trinidad, and Timothy William Waters. The authors are also grateful to William McGovern, Zachary Orr, Kathleen Sharkey, Natalie Smith, and Cherry Tang for excellent research support.