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The Origin of the Law of Unneutral Service

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 June 2017

Norman L. Hill
Norman L. Hill*
Affiliation:
University of Nebraska
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Extract

The law of unneutral service deals with those acts of neutral vessels which constitute assistance to a belligerent, significant enough in consequences to give the offender a hostile character. It must be emphasized that, contrary to the inferences of some writers, unneutral service has nothing to do with acts committed by a hostile state. There are rules dealing with such acts, but they are not comprehended within the meaning of the term which is the subject of this discussion.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 23 , Issue 1 , January 1929 , pp. 56 - 67
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1929

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References

1 Atherley-Jones, Commerce in War (London, 1907), p. 54.

2 Ibid., p. 54.

3 Treaty July 17, 1656, Great Britain and Sweden, British and Foreign State Papers, Vol. I, p. 696.

4 Treaty, Oct. 21, 1661, Great Britain and Sweden, Dumont, Corps Diplomatique,Vol. VI, Pt. II, p. 384.

5 Treaty, May 23, 1667, England and Spain, Dumont, Vol. VII, p. 27.

6 Treaty, July 11, 1670, England and Denmark, Dumont, Vol. VII, Pt. 1, p. 133.

7 Treaty, 1674, England and Netherlands; Pratt, P., Law of Contraband of War, p. 226.

8 Treaty, Feb. 1677, France and England; Pratt, op. tit., p. 230.

9 Treaty, 1604, France, Spain, Burgundy; Atherly-Jones, op. cit., p. 54.

10 Atherley-Jones, op. cit., p. 64.

11 Robinson, Collectanea Maritima, p. 46.

12 Zouche, Juris et Judicii Fecialis, Part II, Sec. 8, pax. 6.

13 Bynkershoek, Quaestionum Juris Publici, Book I, Chap. 9, p. 68.

14 De Martens, Recueil de Principaux Traitis, Vol. Ill, p. 177.

15 Malloy, Treaties, Vol. II, p. 1240.

16 6 Robinson, 520, notes to Friendship case.

17 For an example of the change in the penalty, see the treaty between France and Holland of 1662, Dumont, VI, Pt. II, p. 415.

18 Chitty, Admiralty Law, p. 56.

19 Maraden, Law and Custom of the Sea, I, p. 345; Evans, International Law Cases,p. 635, footnotes.

20 Wheaton, International Law, p. 765.

21 Pratt, op. tit., p. 115.

22 Wheaton, Dana ed. (1866), p. 656, footnote.

23 J Dumont, Vol. VII, p. 316.

24 Kleen, Lois et Usages de la Neutraliti, Paris (1898), Vol. I, p. 464.

25 Malloy, Treaties, Vol. I, p. 477.

26 Malloy, ibid., Vol. II, p. 1724, U. S. and Sweden, p. 1783.

27 1 Marriott, 96.

28 Roscoe, Reports of Prize Cases, Vol. I, p. 29.

29 Creasy, First Platform of International Law, London (1876), p. 627.

30 Upton, The Law of Nations Affecting Commerce during War, N. Y. (1863), p. 332.

31 A list of the decisions of the decade is as follows: Orozembo, 6 Robinson, 430, 1807 (High Court of Admiralty); Atalanta, 6 Rob. 440, March, 1808 (High Court of Admiralty); The Constitution (Lords), July 14, 1802; Hope (Lords), April 23, 1802; Trende Sostre (Lords), Aug. 5, 1807; Susan (Lords), Apr. 1, 1808; Constantia (Lords), Mar. 15, 1808; Caroline, 6 Robinson, 464, April 1,1808 (High Court of Admiralty); Madison, Edwards, 234,1810 (High Court of Admiralty); Rapid, Edwards, 228, 1810 (High Court of Admiralty); Carolina, 4 Robinson, 256, Apr. 30, 1802; Friendship, 6 Robinson, 429, 1807.

32 6 C. Rob. 455. Ads

33 6 C. Rob. 440.

34 Ibid., 456.

35 Ibid., 457.

36 Ibid., 456

37 6 C. Rob. 461.

38 Ibid., 461.

39 Ibid., 461, notes.

40 6 C. Rob, 461 note.

41 Edwards, 224.

42 Ibid., 228.

43 4C . Rob. 256.

44 The Carolina was decided April 30, 1802, and the Constitution on July 14, 1802.

45 6 C. Rob. 420.

46 6 C. Rob. 430.

47 Ibid., 440.

48 Ibid.

49 Kleen, Lois et Usages de la Nevtralite, Paris (1898), Vol. I, p. 452.

50 Bonfils, Manuel (1905), p. 756.

51 Wiegner, Die Kriegskonterbande, Berlin (1904), p. 289.

52 Lawrence, Principles of International Law, 1895, p. 633; Walker, International Law,1895, p. 196.

53 Naval War College, 1898, p. 143.

54 Declaration of London, Chapter III.

55 Hershey, Essentials of International Public Law, N. Y. (1915), p. 507, footnotes.