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Nonmilitary Areas in UN Practice

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2017

Sydney D. Bailey
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Extract

There have been many occasions since the inception of the United Nations when it has been found useful to establish nonmilitary areas. A nonmilitary area is one from which all potential combatants, weapons, military equipment, and military installations are excluded and from which no hostile acts or activities in support of or related to the conduct of military operations may be undertaken. In addition to being of historical interest, demilitarization is again being implemented in Sinai and will almost certainly be resorted to in Namibia and other places in the future. Demilitarization thus gives rise to important questions: By whom may such zones be established? What purposes are they intended to serve? What are the implications for state sovereignty? Do such zones have any status for states not parties to the agreements establishing them or for the United Nations and its agencies? And how effective has the supervisory system been?

Type
Research Article
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 74 , Issue 3 , July 1980 , pp. 499 - 524
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 1980

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References

1 Documents relating to the program of the first hague peace conference 35 (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1921), Arts. 15-17.

2 The Hague Conventions Of 1899 (II) and 1907 (IV) respecting the laws and customs of war on land 18-19 (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 1915), Arts. 25 and 27 .

3 75 Units 970 (Art. 23 and Ann. I) and 973 (Arts. 14 and 15, and Ann. I).

4 UN Doc. A/32/144, Ann. I (1977), Arts. 59 and 60, reprinted in 16 ILM 1391 (1977).

5 3 UN SCOR, Spec. Supp. (No. 1), UN Doc. S/649/Rev.1 (1948), App. XI, Art. 2.

6 International Committee For The Red Cross, Hospital Localities And Safety Zones 24-28 (1952); J. Reynier, A JÉrusalem Un Rapeau Flottait Sur La Ligne De Feu 87-88 (1950)

7 UN Doc. S/845 (1948).8

8 Scor, Supp. (Apr.-June 1953), UN Doc. S/3015 (1953).

9 The text of the Israel-Jordan cease-fire agreement of Nov. 30, 1948, and the documents referred to in notes 34,41, and 50 infra have not been published; the full text will be printed in my How wars end, to be published by the Clarendon Press, Oxford.

10 4 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 3), UN Doc. S/1264/Rev.1 (1949), Art. VIII.

11 2 9 Scor, Supp. (Jan.-Mar. 1974), UN Doc. S/11198 (1974); 30 SCOR, Supp. (July- Sept. 1975), UN Doc. S/11818 (1975); Dep't Of State, Selected Documents No. 11, The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty (1979), reprinted in 18 ILM 362 (1979).

12 4 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 2), UN Doc. S/1353/Rev.1 (1949), Art. V.

13 29 Scor, Supp. (Apr.-June 1974), UN Doc. S/11302 (1974).

14 4 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 7), UN Doc. S/1430 (1949), Ann. 26, paras. D and E.

15 6 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1951), UN Doc. S/2432 (1951).

16 8 Scor, Supp. (July-Sept. 1953), UN Doc. S/3079 (1953), Art. 1.

17 18 Scor, Supp. (April-June 1963), UN Doc. S/5298 (1963), para. 4; 19 SCOR, Supp. (Jan.-March 1964), UN Doc. S/5501 (1964), para.13.

18 SC Res. 179, 18 Scor, Res. and Dec. 2, UN Doc. S/5331 (1963).

19 SC Res. 242, 22 Scor, Res. and Dec. 8, UN Doc. S/8247 (1967) .

20 SC Res. 54, 3 Scor, Res. and Dec. 22, UN Doc. S/902 (1948).

21 SC Res. 61, 3 Scor, Res. and Dec. 28, UN Doc. S/1070 (1948).

22 SC Res. 242, 22 Scor, Res. and Dec. 8, UN Doc. S/8247 (1967).

23 SC Res. 80, 5 Scor, Res. and Dec. 1, UN Doc. S/1469 (1950); SC Res. 91 and 96,6 SCOR, Res. and Dec. 1, 5, UN Docs. S/2017/Rev.1 and S/2392 (1951); 7 SCOR (572d mtg.) 34-35 (1952); SC Res. 98, 7 Scor, Res. and Dec. 1, UN Doc. S/2833 (1952); SC Res. 126, 12 SCOR, Res. and Dec. 3, UN Doc. S/3922 (1957).

24 Y. Evron, The Demilitarization Of Sinai 6-10 (1975); W. Eytan, The First Ten Years: A Diplomatic History of Israel 33 (1958); E. L. M. Burns, Between Arab and Israeli 134, 170 (1962).

25 Hospital Localities And Safety Zones, supra note 6, at 24-28; J. Reynier.su/ira note 6, at 87-88; P. Azcárate, Mission In Palestine, 1948-1952, at 124 (1966).

26 D. Joseph, The Faithful City: The Siege Of Jerusalem 280-81 (1962).

27 Id. at 129.

28 Hospital Localities And Safety Zones, supra note 6, at 29-30,34-35; Icrc, Report Of The International Committee Of The Red Cross 1 July 1947-31 December 1948, at 107-08 (1949); D. Joseph, supra note 26, at 272, 280-82; F. Bernadotte, To Jerusalem 85 (1951); J. Reynier, supra note 6, at 93-94; P. Azcárate, supra note 25, at 10-11,47-48, 101; 3 Scor, Supp. (Oct. 1948), UN Doc. S/1023 (1948).

29 UN Doc. S/992 (1948).

30 Hospital Localities And Safety Zones, supra note 6, at 31-35; Report Of The Icrc, supra note 28, at 108; 3 GAOR, Supp. (No. 11) 40, UN Doc. A/648 (1948); 12 Scor, Supp. (July-Sept. 1957), UN Doc. S/3892 (1957); J. Reynier, supra note 6, at 94; F. Bernadotte, supra note 28, at 224,254-56, 258,267-68; P. Azcárate, supra note 25, at 124-26; D.Joseph, supra note 26, at 282; Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1948, vol. V, pt. 2, at 1319, 1375 (1976).

31 20 Scor, Supp. (April-June 1965), UN Docs. S/6315, S/6364, S/6370 (1965).

32 26 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1971), UN Docs. S/10433 and S/10466 (1971); 26 Gaor (2003d plen. mtg.) para. 10 (1971); U Thant, View From The Un 431-33 (1978).

33 UN Docs. A/7720 (1969), at 145-52 and A/8052 (1970), at 45-87.

34 See note 9 supra.

35 M. Dayan, Story of my Life 144-45 (1976).

36 4 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 1), UN Doc. S/1302/Rev.1 (1949), Arts. V(1)(b) and VI (11).

37 Foreign Relations Of The United States, 1949, vol. VI, at 1094,1098,1114,1127,1131- 33 (1977); P. Azcárate, supra note 25, at 128-29; 12 Scor, Supp. (July-Sept. 1957), UN Doc. S/3892 (1957), paras. 3 - 8 and Anns. D and H; 12 SCOR, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1957), UN Doc. S/3892/Add.1 (1957).

38 22 Scor (1347th mtg.) 3 (1967); 22 Scor (1353d mtg.) 198, 232, 242 (1967); 22 Scor, Supp. (Apr.-June 1967), UN Docs. S/7930, para. 2, S/7930/Add.3, para. 4, S/7930/Add.4, para. 8, S/7930/Add.5, para. 4, S/7930/Add.6, para. 4, and S/7930/Add.7, para. 1 (1967); 22 SCOR, Supp. (July-Sept. 1967), UN Docs. S/7930/Add.20, paras. 32-34, and S/7930/Add.27 (1967); 26 Scor, Supp. (Jan.-March 1971), UN Doc. S/10124 (1971); 26 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1971), UN Doc. S/10124/Add.1 (1971); 26 Scor Supp. (July-Sept. 1971), UN Doc. S/10124/ Add.2 (1971); 28 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1973), UN Doc. S/10929 (1973), para. 34; O. Bull, War And Peace In The Middle East 114-16,124, 138(1976); U Thant, ju/>ra note 32, at 2 5 5 - 56, 259-60; Y. Rabin, The Rabin Memoirs 106 (1979).

39 6 Scor, Supp. (July-Sept. 1951), UN Docs. S/2265, S/2266, and S/2267 (1951); M. Ridgway, The Korean War 198-99 (1967); W. G. Hermes, 2 united states army in the Korean war 16, 18, 28 (1966); W. H. Vatcher, Panmunjom: the story of the korean Military armistice negotiations 3, 5, 24-25, 31-37 (1958).

40 6 SCOR, Supp. (July-Sept. 1951), UN Docs. S/2304, S/2311, S/2326, and S/2341 (1951); 6 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1951), UN Docs. S/2361, S/2408, S/2412, and S/2432 (1951); 7 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 3), UN Doc. 5/2377(1951); 7 SCOR, Supp. (Jan.-Mar. 1952), UN Doc. S/2469 (1952); M. Ridgway, supra note 39, at 199-202; C. T . Joy, How Communists Negotiate 31 - 36 (1955); W. G. Hermes, supra note 39, at 40-50; W. H. Vatcher, supra note 39, at 55-66,73-75.

41 8 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1953), UN Docs. S/2991, S/2999, and S/3017 (1953); 30 SCOR,Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1975), UN Doc. S/l 1861 (1975); 31 SCOR, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1976), UN Doc.S/12263 (1976); 33 SCOR, Supp. (Jan.-Mar. 1978), UN Doc. S/12544(1978); UN Doc. S/13113(1979). For the text of the agreement on the headquarters area of the Military Armistice Commission, see supra note 9.

42 GA Res. 181 (III) (1947).

43 3 Scor, Supp. (July 1948), UN Docs. S/888, para. 31, S/906, and S/979; 3 SCOR (332d mtg.) 2 - 5, UN Docs. S/872 and S/873 (1948); 3 Scor, Supp. (Aug. 1948), UN Docs. S/961 and S/979; 3 SCOR (349th mtg.) 20, 24; 3 Scor(354th mtg.) 40-41, UN Doc. S/977 (1948); 3.

44 3 Gaor, Supp. (No. 11) 18, UN Doc. A/648 (1948); GA Res. 303 (IV) (1949); 4 Scor (453d mtg.) 4 (1949).

45 3 Gaor, Supp. (No. 11) 25, UN Doc. A/648 (1948); E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 158; C. Horn, Soldiering For Peace 3 (1966).

46 P. Azcárate, supra note 25, at 19; J. Reynier, supra note 6, at 69-77, 79-81, 213; D. Joseph, supra note 27, at 77-78.

47 UN Doc. S/1025 (1948); Meron, , The Demilitarization of Mount Scopus: a regime that was, 4 Israel L. Rev. 501, 519 (1968)Google Scholar; 3 SCOR (333d mtg.) 3 (1948); 6 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1953), UN Doc. S/3015, Annex; F. Bernadotte, supra note 28, at 86, 137, 140-43, 182, 192-94, 197-99; P. Azcárate, supra note 25, at 187-88; E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 157; D. Joseph, supra note 26, at 248-49, 266, 278-79, 289-315; 13 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1958), UN Doc. S/4030 (1958), para. 80.

48 4 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 1), UN Doc. S/1302/Rev.1 (1949), Art. VIII.

49 6 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1951), UN Doc. S/2388 (1951), paras. 28-31; 7 SCOR, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1952), UN Doc. S/2833 (1952), para. 36; 11 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1956), UN Doc. S/3596 (1956), para. 99 and Ann. 6; 12 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1957), UN Doc. S/3919 (1957), paras. 2-11.

50 See note 9 supra.

51 Meron, supra note 47, at 509.

52 D. Joseph, supra note 26, at 248-49; W. Eytan, supra note 24, at 40; E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 153-54,157-58; C. Hom.supra note 45, at 83-85; O. Bull, supra note 38, at 63-67, 88-91; E. H. Hutchinson, Violent Truce: A Military Observer Looks At The Arabisraeli Conflict 20-29, 40-41, 86-89 (1956); 7 SCOR, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1952), UN Docs. S/2833, paras. 27-28 and 37-38, and S/2833/Add.1 (1952); 8 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1953), UN Doc. S/33015 (1953); 13 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1958), UN Doc. S/4030 (1958), para. 76 and n.12; UN Press Release SG/653 (1958).

53 13 Scor, Supp. (Apr.-June 1958), UN Docs. S/4011, S/4012, and S/4030 (1958); 13 Scor, Supp. (July-Sept. 1958), UN Doc. S/4050/Add.1 (1958); 22 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1967), UN Docs. S/7867, S/7873, S/7876, S/7882, S/7886, and S/7922 (1967); C. Horn, supra note 45, at 69, 93-94, 250; O. Bull, supra note 38, at 63-67, 70, 88-91.

54 3 Scor (367th mtg.) 37-38 (1948); 3 SCOR (374th mtg.) 33 (1948); 3 Scor (378th mtg.) 63 (1948); 3 Scor, Supp. (Nov. 1948), UN Doc. S/1064 (1948), para. 5; SC Res. 61, 3 SCOR, Res. and Dec. 28, UN Doc. S/1070 (1948).

55 Un Press Release Pal/381 (1948).

56 W. Eytan, supra note 24, at 33-35; Foreign Relations Of The United States, supra note 37, at 689-90, 707, 718, 749, 755, 760, 764.

57 Foreign Relations Of The United States, supra note 37, at 689-90, 701-02, 705-07, 713, 718-19, 731-32, 734-35, 749, 752, 761; E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 26.

58 4 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 3), UN Doc. S/1264/Rev.1 (1949), Art. VIII; E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 92.

59 5 Scor, Supp. (Sept.-Dec. 1950), UN Doc. S/1797 (1950), paras. 2-4; 9 SCOR, Supp. (Jan.-Mar. 1954), UN Doc. S/3172 (1954); 11 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1956), UN Doc. S/3596, paras. 67-71, 84, and Ann. 5; B. Urquhart, Hammarskjold 136 (1972); E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 92-98, 101, 104-07, 134-35, 145-46, 160, 181; O. Bull.su/wa note 39, at 55-56.

60 11 Scor, Supp. (July-Sept. 1956), UN Doc. S/3659 (1956), Annex; 11 SCOR (748th mtg.) 17-18 (1956); W. Eytan, supra note 24, at 33; E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 170.

61 N. Bar-Yaacov, The Israel-Syrian Armistice: Problems or Implementation, 1949- 1966, at 43-63 (1967); W. Eytan, supra note 24, at 43; N. Lorch, The Edge of the Sword: Israel’ s War Of Independence, 1947-1949, at 43 (1961); Foreign Relations Of The United States, supra note 37, at 1030-32, 1053-55, 1100-02, 1225, 1231, 1233-35.

62 4 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 2), UN Doc. S/1353/Rev.1 (1949), Art. V and Ann. II.

63 6 Scor (542d mtg.) 98 (1951).

64 6 Scor, Supp. (Apr.-June 1951), UN Docs. S/2049, S/2067, S/2084, S/2088, S/2099, 8/2101,8/2111,5/2113,5/2118,5/2120,8/2122,8/2123,8/2124,8/2127,8/2136,8/2138,8/2139, S/2148, S/2173, S/2185, and S/2213 (1951); 6 Scor, Supp. (July-Sept. 1951), UN Docs. S/2234 and S/2300 (1951); 6 SCOR, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1951), UN Docs. S/2359 and S/2389 (1951); 7 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1952), UN Doc. S/2833 (1952), paras. 45-61; 8 Scor, Supp. (Oct.- Dec. 1953), UN Doc. S/3122 (1953); 8 SCOR (645th mtg.) 15-20 (1953); 10 SCOR, Supp. (Jan.-Mar. 1955), UN Doc. S/3343 (1955); 11 SCOR, Supp. (July-Sept. 1956), UN Doc. S/3659 (1956), sec. III of Annex and App. B; 12 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1957), UN Doc. S/3815 (1957); 12 SCOR, Supp. (July-Sept. 1957), UN Doc. S/3844 (1957); 13 Scor, Supp.(Oct.-Dec. 1958), UN Doc. 5/4124(1958); 15 Scor ,Supp.(Jan.-Mar. 1960), un Doc.S/4270(1960); 18 SCOR, Supp. (July-Sept. 1963), UN Doc. S/5401 and Addenda; 21 SCOR, Supp.(Oct.-Dec. 1966), UN Docs. S/7561/Rev.1 and S/7573 (1966); SC Res. 93, 6 SCOR, Res. and Dec. 7, UN Doc. S/2157 (1951); N. Bar-yaacov, supra note 61, at 66-113, 182-213, 282-87,318-38; E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 111, 113-18; C. horn, supra note 45, at 69, 77-80,115-25; O. Bull, supra note 39, at 49-52, 54, 77, 87-88, 95, 101-03, 110.

65 Foreign Relations of the United States, supra note 31, pt. 1 at 447.

66 4 SCOR, Spec. Supp. (No. 7), UN Doc. S/1430/Add.1 (1949), Ann. 26, pt. II. See also 5 SCOR, Supp. (Sept.-Dec. 1950), UN Doc. S/1791, Ann. II.

67 sc res. 47, 3 Scor, res. and dec. 3, un doc. s/726 (1948); sc res. 80, 5 Scor, res. and Dec. 1, UN Doc. S/1469 (1950); SC Res. 91 and 96, 6 SCOR, Res. and dec. 1, 5, un docs. S/2017/Rev.1 and S/2392 (1951); 7 SCOR (572d mtg.) 34-35 (1952); sc res. 98, 7 SCOR, Res. and dec. 1, un doc. S/2833 (1952); sc res. 126, 12 Scor, res. and dec. 3, un doc. S/3922 (1957).

68 19 SCOR, Supp. (July-Sept. 1964), UN Doc. S/5950 (1964), paras. 33 and 232(b); 19 Scor (1151st mtg.) 22 (1964); 29 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1974), Un Doc. S/11568 (1974), paras. 16-17.

69 29 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1974), UN Doc. S/11568 (1974), paras. 16-17.

70 3 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 1), UN Doc. S/649/Rev.1 (1948), paras. 22-24.

71 Id., Un Doc. S/649/Rev.1, App. XI; 3 Scor, Supp. (June 1948), Un Docs. S/780, ch. V, and S/848/Add.1, ch. V (1948).

72 Un Docs. S/845 (1948) and S/1025 (1948); 3 Gaor, Supp. (No. 11) 35, Un Doc. A/648 (1948).

73 3 GAOR, Supp. (No. 11) 41, UN Doc. A/648 (1948); M. DAVAN, supra note 35, at 144-45.

74 4 SCOR, Spec. Supp. (No. 7), UN Doc. S/1430/Add.1 (1949), Ann. 26.

75 I am grateful to George Sherry of the UN Secretariat for information on this point (letters of Feb. 16, 1979, Feb. 21, 1979, March 15, 1979).

76 D. Acheson, Present at the Creation 465 (1969); C. Whitney, Macarthur: His Rendezvous with History 411,417 (1956); S. Dayal, India's Role in the Korean Question 118(1959).

77 7 Scor, Spec. Supp. (No. 3), UN Doc. S/2507 (1952); W. G. Hermes, supra note 39, at 113- 19,484-85; W. H. Vatcher, supra note 39, at 79-86,201; L. M. Goodrich, Korea: A Study of us Policy in the United Nations 187-88 (1956); M. Ridgway, supra note 39, at 202-03,225.

78 8 SCOR, Supp. (July-Sept. 1953), UN Doc. S/3079 (1953), Art. 1.

79 30 Scor, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1975), UN Doc. S/11861 (1975), Annex.

80 SC Res. 344, 28 SCOR, Res. and Dec. 13, UN Doc. S/11156 (1973).

81 E. O’ballance, no victor, no vanguard: the yom kippur war 257-58 (1978); w. quandt, decade of decisions: american policy towards the arab-israeli conflict, 1967-1976, at 214-25 (1977); m. golan, the secret conversations of henry kissinger 160-61 (1976); m. dayan, supra note 35, at 562-63; e. r. f. sheehan, the arabs, israelis, and kissinger 108-09 (1976); a. sadat, in search of identity 293 (1970); b. & m. kalb, kissinger 530-42 (1974).

82 29 SCOR, Supp. (Jan.-Mar. 1974), UN Doc. S/11198 (1974).

83 A. Sadat, supra note 81, at 275; M. Dayan, supra note 35, at 569-70; M. Golan, supra note 81, at 165, 168-69; E. R. F. Sheehan, supra note 81, at 109-11. There were the usual difficulties over implementation, as the agreement referred to an artillery battery, which in Israel has 6 guns but in Egypt 12. W. Quandt, supra note 81, at 228.

84 W. Quandt, supra note 81, at 232, 233, 236-37; M. Golan, supra note 81, at 182, 189; A. Eban, An Autobiography 567, 574 (1978).

85 W. Quandt, supra note 81, at 240.

86 Id. at 237-41; A. Eban, supra note 84, at 559.

87 A. Eban, supra note 84, at 574; M. Golan, supra note 81, at 195, 206; E. R. F. Sheehan, supra note 81, at 119, 124; W. Quandt, supra note 81, at 241-43.

88 29 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1974), UN Doc. S/11300/Adds.2 and 3 (1974); E. R. F. Sheehan, supra note 81, at 143; M. Golan, supra note 81, at 208.

89 W. Quandt, supra note 81, at 242 n.51.

90 Id. at 260, 262-63, 265-67; M. Golan, supra note 81, at 229-30, 243; E. R. F. Sheehan, supra note 81, at 156-62, 165.

91 W. Quandt, supra note 81, at 272-73; 30 SCOR, Supp. (July-Sept. 1975), UN Doc. S/11818 and Add.1 (1975); A. Sadat, supra note 81, at 296.

92 Half-yearly reports have been made to the President and transmitted to Congress.

93 Jerusalem Post Weekly, Aug. 26, 1975, Sept. 23, 1975, and Oct. 21, 1975; Early Warningin Sinai: Hearings Before the Senate Comm. on Foreign Relations, 94th Cong., 1st Sess. 249-53 (1975); E. R. F. Sheehan, supra note 81, at 190.

94 The Egyptian-Israeli Peace Treaty, supra note 11.

95 The mandate of the UN Emergency Force lapsed on July 24, 1979.

96 UN Doc. S/13578 (1979).

97 Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, [1949] ICJ Rep. 174, 180.

98 Crawford, , The Criteria for Statehood in International Law, 48 Brit. Y.B. Int’l L. 93–182 (1976-77)Google Scholar. And see generally W. Sukiennicki, La Souverainete Des Etats en Droit International Moderne (1927) ; and I . Delupis, International Law and the Independent State (1974).

99 S.S. Wimbledon, [1923] PCIJ, ser. A, No. 1.

100 Compare A. Coret, Le Condominium (Paris 1960).

101 2 SCOR, Supp. (No. 1), UN Doc. S/224 (1946), Enc. 6, Art. 3.

102 2 GAOR, Res. (1947) 131, Res. 181.

103 The Antarctic Treaty, 1959, 12 UST 794, TIAS No. 4780.

104 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and other Celestial Bodies, 1967, 18 UST 2410, TIAS No. 6347,610 UNTS 2.

105 [1971] ICJ Rep. 16,50-54.

106 UN Docs. S/13611, S/13621, S/13634, and S/19376 (1979).

107 N. Bar-Yaacov, supra note 61, at 157, 318.

108 Id. at 57, 64, 84-86, 320; E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 113; O. Bull, supra note 38, at 50, 51, 103.

109 O. Bull, supra note 38, at 176.

110 Eight reports of the Sinai Support Mission have been issued.

111 E. L. M. Burns, supra note 24, at 96, 114, 117; C. HORN, supra note 45, at 69, 83-85, 93, 119, 123; O. Bull, supra note 38, at 65-67.

112 3 SCOR, Spec. Supp. (No. l),UNDoc. S/649/Rev.1 (1948), App.XI, Art. 5; 3 SCOR, Supp. (June 1948), UN Doc. S/848/Add.1 (1948), ch. V, sec. 6.

113 8 SCOR, Supp. (Apr.-June 1953), UN Doc. S/3015 (1953), Art. 4.

114 M. Ridgway, supra note 40, at 199.

115 31 SCOR, Supp. (Oct.-Dec. 1976), UN Doc. S/12263 (1976), para. 6.

116 ICRC, Report on the Work of the Conference of Government Experts on the Reaffirmation and Development of International Humanitarian Law Applicable in Armed Conflicts, para. 3.205 (1972).