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International Law and Governance in a Changing Arctic

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Brian R. Israel
Brian R. Israel*
Affiliation:
Office of the Legal Adviser, U.S. Department of State*
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Abstract

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Type
Recent Books on International Law
Information
American Journal of International Law , Volume 108 , Issue 2 , April 2014 , pp. 348 - 359
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of International Law 2014

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References

1 Jeffries, Martin O., Overland, James E. & Petrovich, Donald K., The Arctic Shifts to a New Normal, 66 Physics Today 35 (2013)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

2 On May 10, 2013, President Obama signed the National Strategy for the Arctic Region, which supplements National Security Presidential Directive 66 of January 9, 2009. A compilation of Arctic states’ national Arctic strategies is available at http://www.arcticcouncil.org/index.php/en/document-archive/category/12-arctic-strategies. States beyond the region have also adopted Arctic policies, such as the United Kingdom’s Arctic policy framework, Adapting to Change, published October 17, 2013, at https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/adapting-tochange-uk-policy-towards-the-arctic. The Arctic Council’s extensive Document Archive, at http://www.arctic-council.org/index.php/en/documentarchive, contains all of the council’s documents cited in this review essay.

3 Charles Emmerson & Glada Lahn, Arctic Opening: Opportunities and Risk in the High North (2012).

4 This situation is to be contrasted with the Antarctic Treaty, which serves as the legal framework for international governance of the area below 60 degrees south latitude.

5 Ilulissat Declaration, Arctic Ocean Conference, May 28, 2008, 48 ILM 362 (2008).

6 See, e.g., European Parliament Resolution of 9 October 2008 on Arctic Governance, para. 15, Eur. Parl. Doc. P 6_TA(2008)0474.

7 See, e.g., Rothwell, Donald, The Arctic in International Law: Time for a New Regime? (Australian Nat’l Univ. Coll. of Law Research Paper No. 08-37, 2008)Google Scholar, at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=1314546.

8 Michael Byers, Who Owns the Arctic? Understanding Sovereignty Disputes in the North (2010).

9 U.S. Geological Survey, Circum-Arctic Resource Appraisal:Estimates of Undiscovered Oil and Gas North of the Arctic Circle (2008).

10 See, e.g., Borgerson, Scott, Arctic Meltdown: The Economic and Security Implications of Global Warming, 87 Foreign Aff. 63 (2008)Google Scholar.

11 Winkler, Thomas, Danish Interests in the Arctic, in Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea 482 (Nordquist, Myron H., Moore, John Norton & Heidar, Thomas H. eds., 2010)Google Scholar.

12 See, e.g., Rob Huebert, Cooperation or Conflict in the Arctic?, in Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea, supra note 11, at 30.

13 See Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, Announcement by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs About the Russian Federation’s Continental Shelf in the Arctic Ocean (Jan. 17, 2014), at http://www.mid.ru/brp_4.nsf/english.

14 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, opened for signature Dec. 10, 1982, 1833 UNTS 397.

15 See Announcement by the Russian Ministry of Foreign Affairs About the Russian Federation’s Continental Shelf in the Arctic Ocean, supra note 13.

16 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, supra note 14, Art. 76(8).

17 See Chase, Steven, Harper Orders New Draft of Arctic Seabed Claim to Include the North Pole, Globe and Mail, Dec. 4, 2013 Google Scholar, at http://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/politics/harper-orders-new-draft-of-arcticseabed-claim-to-include-north-pole/article15756108/.

18 See, e.g., Byers, Michael, Canada Can Help Russia with the Northern Sea Route, Moscow Times (June 9, 2012)Google Scholar, at http://www.themoscowtimes.com/news/article/canada-can-help-russia-with-northern-sea-route/460127.html.

19 See Ted L. McDorman, The Northwest Passage: International Law, Politics and Cooperation, in Changes in the Arctic Environment and the Law of the Sea, supra note 11, at 227, 246–50.

20 See Byers, supra note 8, at 82–83; Byers, Michael & LaLonde, Suzanne, Who Controls the Northwest Passage, 42 Vand. J. Transnat’l L. 1133, 1170 (2009)Google Scholar.

21 For a detailed analysis of Article 234 in relation to the Northwest Passage, see Bartenstein, Kristin, The “Arctic Exception” in the Law of the Sea Convention: A Contribution to Safer Navigation in the Northwest Passage?, 42 Ocean Dev. & Int’l L. 22 (2011)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

22 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea, Ch. V, Regs. 10, 11, Nov. 1, 1974, 1184 UNTS 278.

23 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, supra note 14, Art. 60.

24 See Det Norske Veritas GL, Barents 2020 Reports, at http://www.dnvusa.com/resources/reports/barents2020.asp.

25 Arctic Council, Senior Arctic Officials’ Report to Ministers, Kiruna, Sweden 32–33 (May 15, 2013).

26 S.J. Res. 17, 110th Cong. (2008).

27 North Pacific Fishery Management Council, Fishery Management Plan for Fish Resources of the Arctic Management Area (Aug. 2009), at http://www.npfmc.org/ wp-content/PDFdocuments/fmp/Arctic/ArcticFMP.pdf.

28 See Press Statement, U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Oceans and International Environmental and Scientific Affairs, Chairman’s Statement at Meeting on Future Arctic Fisheries (May 1, 2013), at http://www.state.gov/e/oes/rls/pr/2013/209176.htm.

29 See, e.g., Chatuverdi, Sanjay, Geopolitical Transformations: ‘Rising’ Asia and the Future of the Arctic Council, in The Arctic Council: Its Place in the Future of Arctic Governance 225 (Axworthy, Thomas, Koivurova, Timo & Hasnat, Waliul eds., 2012)Google Scholar.

30 Declaration on the Establishment of the Arctic Council, Sept. 19, 1996,35 ILM 1387. For anexcellent contemporaneous account of the Arctic Council’s establishment, see Bloom, Evan T., Establishment of the Arctic Council, 93 AJIL 712 (1999)CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

31 Michael C. Byers, International Law and the Arctic 8–9 & n.36 (2013).

32 See, e.g., Nikolas Sellheim, The Establishment of the Permanent Arctic Council Secretariat: Challenges and Opportunities, in The Arctic Council: Its Place in the Future of Arctic Governance, supra note 29, at 60, 67–68.

33 Arctic Council Secretariat, Terms of Reference (adopted at the May 15, 2012, Deputy Ministers’ Meeting in Stockholm). 2014]

34 See, e.g., Erik J. Molenaar, Current and Prospective Roles of the Arctic Council System Within the Context of the Law of the Sea, in The Arctic Council: Its Place in the Future of Arctic Governance, supra note 29, at 139.

35 On identifying when an international agreement is an optimal mechanism for cooperation, see Israel, Brian, Help from Above: The Role of International Law in Facilitating the Use of Outer Space for Disaster Management, in The International Law of Disaster Relief (Caron, David, Kelly, Michael & Telesetsky, Anastasia eds., forthcoming 2014)Google Scholar.