¹ Rafidain is an entity controlled by the Government of Iraq.

² 55 Fed. Reg. 31,803 (1990).

³ 31 C.F.R. §§575.101–575.901 (1993).

⁴ Consarc Corp. v. Iraqi Ministry of Indus., No. 90–2269–SS, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 4884, at *3 (D.D.C. Apr. 10, 1991).

⁵ Id.

⁶ The license did not permit the transfer of funds or the execution of any judgment.

⁷ Consarc Corp. v. Iraqi Ministry of Indus. & Minerals, No. 90–2269–SS, 1991 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 11,646 (D.D.C. Aug. 22, 1991).

⁸ Consarc Corp. v. Iraqi Ministry of Indus. & Minerals, No. 90–2269–SS, 1992 U.S. Dist. LEXIS 19,727 (D.D.C. Dec. 29, 1992).

⁹ Id. at *3.

¹⁰ Id.

¹¹ 50 U.S.C. §§1701–1706 (West Supp. 1989).

¹² The court pointed to the following cases: Rockwell Int’l Sys. Inc. v. Citibank S.A., 719 F.2d 583, 589 (2d Cir. 1983); KMW Int’l v. Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A., 606 F.2d 10, 16 (2d Cir. 1979).

¹³ See Centrifugal Casting Mach. v. American Bank & Trust, 966 F.2d 1348 (10th Cir. 1992); Semetex Corp. v. UBAF Arab Am. Bank, 853 F.Supp. 759 (S.D.N.Y. 1994); Engel Indus, v. First Am. Bank, 803 F.Supp. 426 (D.D.C. 1992).

¹⁴ Semetex, 853 F.Supp. at 770.

¹⁵ 966 F.2d at 1351.

¹⁶ Id. at 1349.

¹⁷ Id.

¹⁸ Id. at 1352–53

¹⁹ Id. at 1351.

²⁰ Id.

²¹ Id. at 1351 n.4.

²² The issuing bank remains liable to the beneficiary in the event that the confirming bank does not pay. “A confirmation of an irrevocable Credit by another bank (the ‘Confirming Bank’) upon the authorisation or request of the Issuing Bank, constitutes a definite undertaking of the Confirming Bank, in addition to that of the Issuing Bank ….” International Chamber of Commerce, Pub. No. 500, Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits, Art. 14(d)(i) (1993 rev. in force as of Jan. 1, 1994) [hereinafter UCP].

²³ Centrifugal, 966 F.2d at 1352; Semetex, 853 F.Supp. at 770.

²⁴ 966 F.2d at 1352.

²⁵ 853 F.Supp. at 771.

²⁶ UCP, supra note 22, Art. 3(a).

²⁷ 966 F.2d at 1353.

²⁸ Id.

²⁹ “A Credit may be advised to a Beneficiary through another bank (the ‘Advising Bank’) without engagement on the part of the Advising Bank ….” UCP, supra note 22, Art. 7(a).