Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T13:33:56.833Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Was Welling, Ohio (33-Co-2), a Clovis Basecamp or Lithic Workshop? Employing Experimental Models to Interpret Old Collections

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 November 2020

Fernando Diez-Martin ,
Briggs Buchanan ,
James D. Norris  and
Metin I. Eren
Fernando Diez-Martin
Affiliation:
Department of Prehistory and Archaeology, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain (fdimar@fyl.uva.es)
Briggs Buchanan
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Tulsa, Tulsa, OK 74104, USA (briggs-buchanan@utulsa.edu)
James D. Norris
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA (jnorri24@kent.edu)
Metin I. Eren*
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44240, USA; Department of Archaeology, Cleveland Museum of Natural History, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
*
(meren@Kent.edu, corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Archaeological collections are foundational to the discipline. Yet, researchers who study curated assemblages can face challenges. Here, we show how experimental archaeology can play a vital role in the interpretation of old archaeological collections. The Welling site, in Coshocton County, Ohio, is a multicomponent, stratified site with a substantial Clovis component in its lower levels. Using experimental flaked stone replication, we create an analog model of a “pure” Clovis bifacial debitage assemblage, as might be found at a lithic workshop. We predicted that if the Welling Clovis debitage assemblage was representative of a lithic workshop, then it would be similar to the experimental model. If the debitage assemblage was representative of a base camp, however, then it would be significantly different from the model because Clovis people would have been using, transporting, resharpening, rejuvenating, and recycling the debitage—all activities that would modify a “pure” Clovis bifacial debitage assemblage. Our statistical analyses supported the latter prediction. Overall, our study illustrates how productive the integration of experimental and archaeological data can be, and it emphasizes how important the curation and accessibility of both archaeological and experimental collections are to the discipline.

Las colecciones arqueológicas son fundamentales para nuestra disciplina. Sin embargo, los investigadores que estudian colecciones en depósito pueden enfrentarse a algunos desafíos. En este trabajo mostramos cómo la arqueología experimental puede desempeñar un papel crucial en la interpretación de antiguas colecciones arqueológicas. Welling, en el condado de Coshocton, Ohio, es un yacimiento compuesto por varios niveles arqueológicos, entre los que destaca un horizonte Clovis localizado a muro del depósito. Mediante la réplica experimental de varias secuencias de lascado, hemos creado un modelo análogo a un conjunto “típico” de desbastado bifacial Clovis, tal como podría hallarse en un lugar de talla. Hemos propuesto que si la colección de desbastado Clovis recuperada en Welling fuera representativa de un taller lítico, ésta sería similar al modelo experimental. Por el contrario, si la colección de lascas representara un campamento base, entonces diferiría significativamente del modelo, puesto que los grupos humanos Clovis habrían estado usando, transportando, afilando, reavivando y reciclando productos de desbaste—actividades, todas ellas, que modificarían de manera sustancial un conjunto “típico” de talla bifacial Clovis. Nuestros análisis estadísticos respaldan la segunda predicción. En general, nuestro estudio pone de manifiesto cuán productiva puede ser la integración de datos experimentales y arqueológicos, al tiempo que enfatiza lo importante que es para nuestra disciplina la conservación y accesibilidad de las colecciones arqueológicas y experimentales.

Keywords

experimentmodelCloviscurationexperimentarmodeloCloviscuración
Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 86 , Issue 1 , January 2021 , pp. 183 - 198
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2020. Published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Society for American Archaeology

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Ahler, Stanley A. 1989 Mass Analysis of Flaking Debris: Studying the Forest Rather Than the Tree. Archaeological Papers of the American Anthropological Association 1:85–118.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, David G. 1990 The Paleoindian Colonization of Eastern North America: A View from the Southeastern United States. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankersley, Kenneth B. and Isaac, Barry L., pp. 163–216. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Anderson, David G. 1995 Paleoindian Interaction Networks in the Eastern Woodlands. In Native American Interaction: Multi-Scalar Analyses and Interpretations in the Eastern Woodlands, edited by Nassaney, Michael S. and Sassaman, Kenneth E., pp. 1–26. University of Tennessee Press, Knoxville.Google Scholar
Anderson, David G. 1996 Models of Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement in the Lower Southeast. In The Paleoindian and Early Archaic Southeast, edited by Anderson, David G. and Sassaman, Kenneth E., pp. 29–57. University of Alabama Press, Tuscaloosa.Google Scholar
Andrefsky, William Jr. 2007 The Application and Misapplication of Mass Analysis in Lithic Debitage Studies. Journal of Archaeological Science 34:392–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebber, Michelle, Lycett, Stephen J., and Eren, Metin I. 2017 Developing a Stable Point: Evaluating the Temporal and Geographic Consistency of Late Prehistoric Unnotched Triangular Point Functional Design in Midwestern North America. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 47:72–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bebber, Michelle, Miller, G. Logan, Boulanger, Matthew, Andrews, Brian, Redmond, Brian G., Jackson, Donna, and Eren, Metin I. 2017 Description and Microwear Analysis of Clovis Artifacts on a Glacially Deposited Secondary Chert Source near the Hartley Mastodon Discovery, Columbiana County, Northeastern Ohio, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 12:543–552.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis 1980 Willow Smoke and Dogs’ Tails: Hunter-Gatherer Settlement Systems and Archaeological Site Formation. American Antiquity 45:4–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blank, James 1970 The Archaic Component of the Welling Site, 33-Co-2, Coshocton County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 20:269–281.Google Scholar
Boulanger, Matthew, Buchanan, Briggs, O'Brien, Michael J., Redmond, Brian G., Glascock, Michael, and Eren, Metin I. 2015 Neutron Activation Analysis of 12,900-Year-Old Stone Artifacts Confirms 450–510+ km Clovis Tool-Stone Acquisition at Paleo Crossing (33ME274), Northeast Ohio, U.S.A. Journal of Archaeological Science 53:550–558.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradbury, Andrew, and Carr, Phillip 2004 Combining Aggregate and Individual Methods of Flake Debris Analysis: Aggregate Trend Analysis. North American Archaeologist 25:65–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradbury, Andrew, and Carr, Phillip 2009 Hits and Misses When Throwing Stones at Mass Analysis. Journal of Archaeological Science 36:2788–2796.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradbury, Andrew, and Franklin, Jay D. 2000 Raw Material Variability, Package Size, and Mass Analysis. Lithic Technology 25:42–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bradley, Bruce, Collins, Michael B., and Hemmings, C. Andrew 2010 Clovis Technology. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Briggs, Eren, Metin I., Boulanger, Matthew, and O'Brien, Michael J. 2015 Size, Shape, Scars, and Spatial Patterning: A Quantitative Assessment of Late Pleistocene (Clovis) Point Resharpening. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 3:11–21.Google Scholar
Buchanan, Briggs, O'Brien, Michael J., David Kilby, J., Huckell, Bruce B., and Collard, Mark 2012 An Assessment of the Impact of Hafting on Paleoindian Projectile Point Variability. PLoS ONE 7(5):e36364. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0036364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carr, Kurt, Michael Stewart, R., Stanford, Dennis J., and Frank, Michael 2013 The Flint Run Complex: A Quarry-Related Paleoindian Complex in the Great Valley of Northern Virginia. In In the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition, edited by Gingerich, Joseph A. M., pp. 156–217. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Dibble, Harold, McPherron, Shannon, Sandgathe, Dennis, Goldberg, Paul, Turq, Alan, and Lenoir, Michel 2009 Context, Curation, and Bias: An Evaluation of the Middle Paleolithic Collections of Combe-Grenal (France). Journal of Archaeological Science 36:2540–2550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Donnelly, Steven M., and Kramer, Andrew 1999 Testing for Multiple Species in Fossil Samples: An Evaluation and Comparison of Tests for Equal Relative variation. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 108:507–529.3.0.CO;2-0>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellis, Christopher J. 1989 The Explanation of Northeastern Paleoindian Lithic Procurement Patterns. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, Christopher J. and Lothrop, Jonathan C., pp. 139–164. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J. 2008 The Fluted Point Tradition and the Arctic Small Tool Tradition: What's the Connection? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27:298–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J. 2011 Measuring Paleoindian Range Mobility and Land-Use in the Great Lakes/Northeast. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30:385–401.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J., Carr, Dillon, and Loebel, Thomas 2011 The Younger Dryas and Late Pleistocene Peoples of the Great Lakes Region. Quaternary International 242:534–545.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J., and Deller, Brian 2000 An Early Paleo-Indian Site near Parkhill, Ontario. Mercury Series No. 159. Canadian Museum of Civilization, Gatineau, Quebec.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engmann, Sonja, and Cousineau, Denis 2011 Comparing Distributions: The Two-Sample Anderson-Darling Test as an Alternative to the Kolmogorov-Smirnoff Test. Journal of Applied Quantitative Methods 6(3):1–17.Google Scholar
Eren, Metin I. 2009 Paleoindian Stability during the Younger Dryas in the North American Lower Great Lakes. In Transitions in Prehistory: Papers in Honor of Ofer Bar-Yosef, edited by Shea, John J. and Lieberman, Daniel E., pp. 385–417. Harvard University American School of Prehistoric Research Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Eren, Metin I. 2011 Behavioral Adaptations of Human Colonizers in the North American Lower Great Lakes Region. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas.Google Scholar
Eren, Metin I. 2012 Were Unifacial Tools Regularly Hafted by Clovis Foragers in the North American Lower Great Lakes Region? An Empirical Test of Edge Class Richness and Attribute Frequency among Distal, Proximal, and Lateral Tool-Sections. Journal of Ohio Archaeology 2:1–15.Google Scholar
Eren, Metin I. 2013 The Technology of Stone Age Colonization: An Empirical, Regional-Scale Examination of Clovis Unifacial Stone Tool Reduction, Allometry, and Edge Angle from the North American Lower Great Lakes Region. Journal of Archaeological Science 40:2101–2112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., and Andrews, Brian 2013 Were Bifaces Used as Mobile Cores by Clovis Foragers in the North American Lower Great Lakes Region? An Archaeological Test of Experimentally Derived Quantitative Predictions. American Antiquity 78:166–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., and Bebber, Michelle R. 2019 The Cerutti Mastodon Site and Experimental Archaeology's Quiet Coming of Age. Antiquity 93:796–797.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., and Buchanan, Briggs 2016 Clovis Technology. eLS. DOI:10.1002/9780470015902. a0026512.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., and Buchanan, Briggs 2018 A Formal Test of the Effect of Distance to Stone Source on Great Lakes Clovis Unifacial Tool Dorm. In In the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition, Vol. 2, edited by Gingerich, Joseph A. M., pp. 359–366. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Eren, Metin I., Buchanan, Briggs, and O'Brien, Michael J. 2015 Social Learning and Technological Evolution during the Clovis Colonization of the New World. Journal of Human Evolution 80:159–170.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Eren, Metin I., Chao, Anne, Chiu, Chun-Huo, Colwell, Robert, Buchanan, Briggs, Boulanger, Matthew, Darwent, John, and O'Brien, Michael J. 2016 Statistical Analysis of Paradigmatic Class Richness Supports Greater Paleoindian Projectile-Point Diversity in the Southeast. American Antiquity 81:174–192.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., Chao, Anne, Hwang, Wen-Han, and Colwell, Robert K. 2012 Estimating the Richness of a Population When the Maximum Number of Classes Is Fixed: A Nonparametric Solution to an Archaeological Problem. PLoS ONE 7(5): e34173. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0034179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., and Lycett, Stephen J. 2012 Why Levallois? A Morphometric Comparison of Experimental “Preferential” Levallois Flakes Versus Debitage Flakes. PLoS ONE 7(1):e29273. DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0029273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., Lycett, Stephen J., Patten, Robert J., Buchanan, Briggs, Pargeter, Justin, and O'Brien, Michael J. 2016 Test, Model, and Method Validation: The Role of Experimental Stone Artifact Replication in Hypothesis-Driven Archaeology. Ethnoarchaeology 8:103–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., Miller, G. Logan, Buchanan, Briggs, Boulanger, Matthew, Bebber, Michelle R., Redmond, Brian G., Coates, Lisa, Boser, Patty, Sponseller, Becky, and Slicker, Matt 2019 The Black Diamond Site, Northeast Ohio, USA: A New Clovis Occupation in a Proposed Secondary Staging Area. Journal of Paleolithic Archaeology 2:211–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eren, Metin I., Redmond, Brian G., Miller, G. Logan, Buchanan, Briggs, Boulanger, Matthew, Hall, Ashley, and Hall, Lee 2016 The Wauseon Clovis Fluted Point Preform, Northwest Ohio, USA: Observations, Geometric Morphometrics, Microwear, and Toolstone Procurement Distance. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 10:147–154.Google Scholar
Eren, Metin I., Redmond, Brian G., Miller, G. Logan, Buchanan, Briggs, Boulanger, Matthew, Morgan, Brooke, and O'Brien, Michael J. 2018 The Paleo Crossing Site (33ME274): A Clovis Site in Northeastern Ohio. In In the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition, Vol. 2, edited by Gingerich, Joseph A. M., pp. 186–209. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Fligner, Michael A., and Killeen, Timothy J. 1976 Distribution-Free Two-Sample Tests for Scale. Journal of the American Statistical Association 71:210–213.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, William 1977 Flint Run Paleoindian Complex and Its Implications for Eastern North American Prehistory. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288:257–263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, William 1983 Stop Me If You've Heard This One Before: The Flint Run Pale-Oindian Complex Revisited. Archaeology of Eastern North America 11:49–64.Google Scholar
Gramly, Richard M. 1999 The Lamb Site: A Pioneering Clovis Encampment. Persimmon Press, Kenmore, New York.Google Scholar
Grayson, Donald, and Meltzer, David J. 2015 Revisiting Paleoindian Exploitation of Extinct North American Mammals. Journal of Archaeological Science 56:177–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammer, Øyvind, Harper, David A.T., and Ryan, Paul D. 2001 PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4:9.Google Scholar
Haythorn, Richard, Buchanan, Briggs, and Eren, Metin I. 2018 A New Look at Flaked Stone Projectiles from the Mixter Site (33-ER-4), Erie County, Ohio, USA. Lithic Technology 43:166–171.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jackson, Lawrence, Ellis, Christopher J., Morgan, Alan, and McAndrews, John 2000 Glacial Lake Levels and Eastern Great Lakes Palaeo-Indians. Geoarchaeology 15:415–440.3.0.CO;2-2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jennings, Thomas A., and Smallwood, Ashley M. 2019 The Clovis Record. SAA Archaeological Record 19(3):45–50.Google Scholar
Kilby, James D. 2015 A Regional Perspective on Clovis Blades and Caching Behavior. In Clovis: On the Edge of a New Understanding, edited by Smallwood, Ashley M. and Jennings, Thomas A., pp. 145–159. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Kuhn, Steven 1994 A Formal Approach to the Design and Assembly of Mobile Toolkits. American Antiquity 59:426–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lengyel, Gyorgy 2007 Upper Palaeolithic and Epipalaeolithic Lithic Technologies at Raqefet Cave, Mount Carmel East, Israel. British Archaeological Reports International Series 1681. Archaeopress, Oxford.Google Scholar
Lepper, Bradley 1986 Early Paleo-Indian Land Use Patterns in the Central Muskingum River Basin, Coshocton County, Ohio. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Ohio State University, Columbus.Google Scholar
Lepper, Bradley 2002 Reading between the Lines: Drawing the Boundaries of Paleoindian Culture Areas in Midcontinental North America. In The Paleoindian Period in Pennsylvania, edited by Carr, Kurt and Adovasio, James, pp. 49–89. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission, Harrisburg.Google Scholar
Lepper, Bradley 2005 Pleistocene Peoples of Midcontinental North America. In Ice Age Peoples of North America: Environments, Origins, and Adaptations of the First Americans, edited by Bonnichsen, Robson and Turnmire, Karen L., pp. 362–394. Center for the Study of the First Americans, Corvallis, Oregon.Google Scholar
Lin, Sam, Rezek, Zeljko, and Dibble, Harold 2018 Experimental Design and Experimental Inference in Stone Artifact Archaeology. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 25:663–688.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Loebel, Thomas 2005 The Organization of Early Paleoindian Economics in the Western Great Lakes. PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Illinois, Chicago.Google Scholar
Lycett, Stephen J., and Chauhan, Parth 2010 Analytical Approaches to Palaeolithic Technologies: An Introduction. In New Perspectives on Old Stones, edited by Lycett, Stephen J. and Chauhan, Parth, pp. 1–22. Springer, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Magnani, Matthew, Grindle, Dalyn, Loomis, Sarah, Kim, Alexander, Egbers, Vera, Clindaniel, Jon, Hartford, Alexis, Johnson, Eric, Weber, Sadie, and Campbell, Wade 2019 Experimental Futures in Archaeology. Antiquity 93:808–810.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marwick, Ben, Guedes, Jade d'Alpoim, Barton, C. Michael, Bates, Lynsey, Baxter, Michael, Bevan, Andrew, Bollwerk, Elizabeth, Bocinsky, R. Kyle, Brughmans, Tom, Carter, Alison, Conrad, Cyler, Contreras, Daniel, Costa, Stefano, Crema, Enrico, Daggett, Adrianne, Davies, Benjamin, Drake, B. Lee, Dye, Thomas, France, Phoebe, Fullagar, Richard, Giusti, Domenico, Graham, Shawn, Harris, Matthew, Hawks, John, Heath, Sebastian, Huffer, Damien, Kansa, Eric, Kansa, Sarah, Madsen, Mark, Melcher, Jennifer, Negre, Joan, Neiman, Fraser, Opitz, Rachel, Orton, David, Przystupa, Paulina, Raviele, Maria, Riel-Salvatore, Julien, Riris, Philip, Romanowska, Iza, Strupler, Nehemie, Ullah, Isaac, Van Vlack, Hannah, Watrall, Ethan, Webster, Chris, Wells, Joshua, Winters, Judith, and Wren, Colin 2017 Open Science in Archaeology. SAA Archaeological Record 17(4):8–14.Google Scholar
Marwick, Ben, and Jacobs, Zenobia 2017 Here's the Three-Pronged Approach We're Using in Our Own Research to Tackle the Reproducibility Issue. The Conversation, 19 January. Electronic document, https://theconversation.com/heres-the-three-pronged-approach-were-using-in-our-own-research-to-tackle-the-reproducibility-issue-80997, accessed October 21, 2020.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2002 What Do You Do When No One's Been There Before? Thoughts on the Exploration and Colonization of New Lands. In The First Americans: The Pleistocene Colonization of the New World, edited by Jablonski, Nina G., pp. 27–58. California Academy of Sciences, Los Angeles.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2003 Lessons in Landscape Learning. In Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes: The Archaeology of Adaptation, edited by Rockman, Marcy and Steele, James, pp. 222–241. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2004 Modeling the Initial Colonization of the Americas: Issues of Scale, Demography, and Landscape Learning. In The Settlement of the American Continents: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Human Biogeography, edited by Barton, C. Michael, Clark, Geoffrey A., Yesner, David R. and Pearson, Georges A., pp. 123–137. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 2009 First Peoples in a New World: Colonizing Ice Age America. University of California Press, Berkeley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. Logan, Bebber, Michelle R., Rutkoski, Ashley, Haythorn, Richard, Boulanger, Matthew, Buchanan, Briggs, Bush, Jenn, Lovejoy, C. Owen, and Eren, Metin I. 2019 Hunter-Gatherer Gatherings: Stone-Tool Microwear from the Welling Site (33-Co-2), Ohio, U.S.A. Supports Clovis Use of Outcrop-Related Base Camps during the Pleistocene Peopling of the Americas. World Archaeology 51:47–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prendergast, Mary, Luque, Luis, Domínguez-Rodrigo, Manuel, Diez-Martín, Fernando, Mabulla, Audax, and Barba, Rebeca 2007 New Excavations at Mumba Rockshelter, Tanzania. Journal of African Archaeology 5:217–243.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Prufer, Olaf, and Pedde, Sara E. 1997 Welling 1964–1966: Postscript. Ohio Archaeologist 47:4–6.Google Scholar
Prufer, Olaf, and Wright, Norman 1970 The Welling Site (33co-2): A Fluted Point Workshop in Coshocton County, Ohio. Ohio Archaeologist 20:259–268.Google Scholar
Ram, Karthik, and Marwick, Ben 2017 Building toward a Future Where Reproducible, Open Science Is the Norm. In The Practice of Reproducible Research: Case Studies and Lessons from the Data-Intensive Sciences, edited by Kitzes, Justin, Turek, Daniel and Deniz, Fatma, pp. 61–70. University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Redmond, Brian G., and Tankersley, Kenneth 2005 Evidence of Early Paleoindian Bone Modification and Use at the Sheriden Cave Site (33WY252), Wyandot County, Ohio. American Antiquity 70:503–526.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schillinger, Kertin, Mesoudi, Alex, and Lycett, Stephen J. 2017 Differences in Manufacturing Traditions and Assemblage-Level Patterns: The Origins of Cultural Differences in Archaeological Data. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 24:640–658.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seeman, Mark, Summers, Garry, Dowd, Elaine, and Morris, Larry 1994 Fluted Point Characteristics at Three Large Sites: The Implications for Modeling Early Paleoindian Settlement Patterns in Ohio. In The First Discovery of America: Archaeological Evidence of the Early Inhabitants of the Ohio Area, edited by Dancey, William S., pp. 77–93. Ohio Archaeological Council, Columbus.Google Scholar
Sholts, Sabrina, Stanford, Dennis, Flores, Louise, and Warmlander, Sebastian 2012 Flake Scar Patterns of Clovis Points Analyzed with a New Digital Morphometrics Approach: Evidence for Direct Transmission of Technological Knowledge across Early North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:3018–3026.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Simons, Donald 1997 The Gainey and Butler Sites as Focal Points for Caribou and People. In Caribou and Reindeer Hunters of the Northern Hemisphere, edited by Jackson, Lawrence J. and Thacker, Paul T., pp. 105–131. Avebury, Aldershot, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Smallwood, Ashley M. 2010 Clovis Biface Technology at the Topper Site, South Carolina: Evidence for Variation and Technological Flexibility. Journal of Archaeological Science 37:2413–2425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smallwood, Ashley M. 2012 Clovis Technology and Settlement in the American Southeast: Using Biface Analysis to Evaluate Dispersal Models. American Antiquity 77:689–713.10.7183/0002-7316.77.4.689CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smallwood, Ashley M., and Jennings, Thomas (editors) 2015 Clovis: On the Edge of a New Understanding. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Smith, Eric 1990 Settlement Patterns in the Wyandotte Chert Source Area, Unglaciated South-Central Indiana. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankerseley, Kenneth B. and Isaac, Barry L., pp. 217–258. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Storck, Peter, and Spiess, Arthur 1994 The Significance of New Faunal Identifications Attributed to an Early Paleoindian (Gainey Complex) Occupation at the Udora Site, Ontario, Canada. American Antiquity 59:121–142.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Surovell, Todd, Toohey, Jason, Myers, Adam, LaBelle, Jason, Ahern, James, and Reisig, Brian 2017 The End of Archaeological Discovery. American Antiquity 82:288–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankersley, Kenneth 1990 Late Pleistocene Lithic Exploitation in the Midwest and Mid-South: Indiana, Ohio, and Kentucky. In Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America, edited by Tankerseley, Kenneth B. and Isaac, Barry L., pp. 259–392. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Tankersley, Kenneth 1995 Seasonality of Stone Procurement: An Early Paleoindian Example in Northwestern New York State. North American Archaeologist 16:1–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankersley, Kenneth 1996 General Stratigraphy and Geochronology of the Arc Site, Genesee County, New York. Current Research in the Pleistocene 13:125–127.Google Scholar
Tankersley, Kenneth, Vanderlaan, Stan, Holland, John B., and Bland, Stephen 1997 Geochronology of the Arc Site: A Paleoindian Habitation in the Great Lakes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America 25:31–44.Google Scholar
Thomas, Kaitlyn, Story, Brett, Eren, Metin I., Buchanan, Briggs, Andrews, Brian, O'Brien, Michael J., and Meltzer, David J. 2017 Explaining the Origin of Fluting in North American Pleistocene Weaponry. Journal of Archaeological Science 81:23–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waters, Michael, Pevny, Charlotte, and Carlson, David 2011 Clovis Lithic Technology: Investigation of a Stratified Workshop at the Gault Site, Texas. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Waters, Michael, Stafford, Tom Jr., Redmond, Brian G., and Tankersley, Kenneth 2009 The Age of the Paleoindian Assemblage at Sheriden Cave, Ohio. American Antiquity 74:107–112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Werner, Angelia, Jones, Kathleen, Miller, G. Logan, Buchanan, Briggs, Boulanger, Matthew, Key, Alastair, Reedy, Crystal, Bebber, Michelle R., and Eren, Metin I. 2017 The Morphometrics and Microwear of a Small Clovis Assemblage from Guernsey County, Southeastern Ohio, USA. Journal of Archaeological Science: Reports 15:318–329.Google Scholar
Williams, Jeremy, Simone, Diane, Buchanan, Briggs, Boulanger, Matthew, Bebber, Michelle R., and Eren, Metin I.. 2019 Nine-Thousand Years of Optimal Toolstone Selection through the North American Holocene. Antiquity 93:313–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, Henry 1989 Late Glacial Foragers in Eastern North America. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, Christopher J. and Lothrop, Jonathan C., pp. 345–351. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Diez-Martin et al. supplementary material

Diez-Martin et al. supplementary material

Download Diez-Martin et al. supplementary material(File)
File 806.7 KB