Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T23:22:37.017Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

How Atlatl Darts Behave: Beveled Points and the Relevance of Controlled Experiments

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Devin B. Pettigrew
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701 (dpettig08@gmail.com)
John C. Whittaker
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA (, whittake@grinnell.edu)
Justin Garnett
Affiliation:
Kansas City, MO, (justin@basketmakeratlatl.com)
Patrick Hashman
Affiliation:
Story City, IA, (pathashman@gmail.com)

Abstract

Beveled retouch on stone projectile points has often been considered as a device to spin and stabilize a projectile. A recent paper showed that a beveled point will spin a small shaft under tightly controlled laboratory conditions. However, this experiment has little relevance for real projectiles such as atlatl darts, which flex dramatically and spin unevenly inflight, quite independent of point form. The spinning is related to the flexibility of the dart, which is necessary for spearthrower functión. A beveled point cannot spin a dart in the air, but is likely to cause some rotation when encountering a solid target like flesh. Beveled points are probably not related to spinning either darts or arrows inflight and present a good example of why we need to have both theoretical understanding and experimental observations of details of projectile behavior before interpreting artifacts. Spinning in a carcass could make beveled points more lethal, but the suggestion that beveling mostly results from sharpening and other modification of stone points remains the best explanation.

Résumé

Résumé

El retoque biselado en las puntas de piedra arrojadizas con frecuencia ha sido considerado como estrategia para hacer girar y estabilizar un proyectil. Un estudio recién mostró que una punta biselada hará girar una asta pequeña bajo condiciones extremadamente controladas en el laboratorio. Sin embargo, este experimento tienepoca relevancia en cuanto losproyectiles auténticas como los dardos del atlatl (estolica), que se flexionan dramáticamente y giran erráticamente en vuelo, no importa la forma de la punta. La rotación se relaciona con la flexibilidad del dardo, la cual es necesaria para la buenafuncion del atlatl. Una punta biselada no puede hacer girar un dardo en el aire, pero probablemente va a causar algo de rotación cuando encuentra un bianco sólido como la came. Las puntas biseladas probablemente no se relacionan con la rotación de dardos niflechas en vuelo, y presentan un buen ejemplo de la necesidad de tener ambos el conocimiento teórico y observaciones experimentales de los detalles del funcionamiento de los proyectiles antes de interpretar los artefactos. La rotación en una carcasa podria hacer más letales las puntas biseladas, pero la sugerencia que el biselado resulta principalmente del afdamiento y otras modificaciones de las puntas de piedra permanece la mejor explicación.

Type
Reports
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Ashby, Ed 2005 Arrow Lethality Study Update, Part I. Electronic Document, http://www.alaskabowhunting.com/PR/Ashby_2005_Update_1.pdf, accessed June 18, 2015.Google Scholar
Ashby, Ed 2007 Why Single-Bevel Broadheads? Electronic document, http://www.alaskabowhunting.com/PR/Single_Bevel_Broadheads.pdf, accessed March 18, 2015.Google Scholar
Ashby, Ed 2010 Momentum, Kinetic Energy, and Arrow Penetration (and What They Mean for the Bowhunter). Electronic document, http://www.alaskabowhunting.com/Ashby-On-Momentum-Kinetic-Energy-Arrow-Penetration-W19.aspx, accessed March 18, 2015.Google Scholar
Bradley, Bruce 1997 Sloan Site Biface and Projectile Point Technology. In Sloan: A Paleoindian Dalton Cemetery in Arkansas, edited by Dan F. Morse, pp. 5357. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Cattelain, Pierre 1997 Hunting during the Upper Paleolithic: Bow, Spearthrower, or Both? In Projectile Technology, edited by Heidi Knecht, pp. 213240. Plenum, New York. CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chapman, Carl H. 1975 The Archaeology of Missouri. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.Google Scholar
Cundy, B. J. 1989 Formal Variation in Australian Spear and Spearthrower Technology. BAR International Series 546. British Archaeological Reports, Oxford.Google Scholar
Harper, Veronica, Marcello, Azzura Di, and Jaynes, Jessica 2007 Beveled Projectile Points and Ballistics Technology. Electronic document, http://www.csulb.edu/∼clipo/papers/551Posters-2007/BeveledProjectilePoints.pdf, accessed August 18, 2014.Google Scholar
Hough, Walter 1891 Arrow Feathering and Pointing. American Anthropologist 4:6063.Google Scholar
Hughes, Susan S. 1998 Getting to the Point: Evolutionary Change in Prehistoric Weaponry. Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory 5:345408.Google Scholar
Justice, Noel D. 1987 Stone Age Spear and Arrow Points of the Midcontinental and Eastern United States: A Modern Survey and Reference. Indiana University Press, Bloomington.Google Scholar
Lipo, Carl P., Dunnell, Robert C., Harper, Veronica, and Dudgeon, John 2010 Beveled Bifaces and Ballistics Technology. Electronic document, http://www.isu.edu/anthro/dudgeon/pubs/Lipo_et_al_2011.pdf, accessed January 2, 2012.Google Scholar
Lipo, Carl P., Dunnell, Robert C., O'Brien, Michael J., Harper, Veronica, and Dudgeon, John 2012 Beveled Projectile Points and Ballistics Technology. American Antiquity 77:774788.Google Scholar
Mesoudi, Alex, and O'Brien, Michael J. 2008 The Cultural Transmission of Great Basin Projectile-Point Technology: An Experimental Simulation. American Antiquity 73:328.Google Scholar
Morse, Dan F. 1997 Sloan: A Paleoindian Dalton Cemetery in Arkansas. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
O'Brien, Michael J., and Raymond Wood, W. 1998 The Prehistory of Missouri. University of Missouri Press, Columbia.Google Scholar
Peale, Franklin 1861 On the Stone Implements of the Indians of North America with a Classification and Description of the Methods of Making Them. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 8:265272. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Pettigrew, Devin 2015 The Ballistics of Archaic North American Atlatls and Darts. Master's thesis, Department of Anthropology, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville. University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Schlief, Ed 2012 Bone Busting with GrizzlyStik Single Bevel Broad-heads. Electronic document, http://www.alaskabowhunting.com/Webpage.aspx?WebpageId=71, accessed March 18, 2015.Google Scholar
Sellers, George Ercol 1886 Observations on Stone-Chipping. Smithsonian Institution Annual Report 1885:871891. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Smith, Arthur George 1953 Beveled or “Rotary” Points. American Antiquity 18:269270.Google Scholar
Sollberger, J. B. 1971 A Technological Study of Beveled Knives. Plains Anthropologist 16:209218.Google Scholar
Tait, Lawson 1874 Feathering in Flint Weapons. Nature 30:245.Google Scholar
Whittaker, John C. 2010 Weapon Trials: The Atlatl and Experiments in Hunting Technology. In Designing Experimental Research in Archaeology: Examining Technology through Production and Use, edited by Jeff Ferguson, pp. 195224. University Press of Colorado, Boulder. Google Scholar
Whittaker, John C. 2012 Projectile Behavior: Flex, Spin, and Beveled Points. Paper presented at 77th Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Memphis.Google Scholar
Whittaker, John C. 2013 Dart Speed Measurements. The Atlatl 26(11):912.Google Scholar
Whittaker, John C. 2015 Levers, Not Springs: How a Spearthrower Works and Why it Matters. In Multidisciplinary Scientific Approaches to the Study of Stone-Age Weaponry, edited by Radu Iovita and Katsuhiro Sano. Springer Verlag, in press.Google Scholar
Whittaker, John, and Kamp, Kathryn 2007 How Fast Does a Dart Go? The Atlatl 20(2):1315.Google Scholar
Whittaker, John, and Maginniss, Andrew 2006 Atlatl Flex: Irrelevant. The Atlatl 19(2):13.Google Scholar
Wilson, Thomas 1898 Class A, Beveled Edges. The American Archaeologist 2:141143.Google Scholar
Wilson, Thomas 1899 Arrowpoints, Spearheads, and Knives of Prehistoric Times. Report of the United States National Museum 1897:811988. Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Figure S1

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 16.4 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 8.1 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 5.7 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 79.6 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Table S1

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 98.5 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Table S2

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 12.6 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 24.6 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 22.3 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 2.3 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 18.1 MB
Supplementary material: PDF

Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download Pettigrew et al. Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 4.2 MB