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Archaeological Corn from Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico: Dates, Contexts, Sources

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Linda S. Cordell ,
H. Wolcott Toll ,
Mollie S. Toll  and
Thomas C. Windes
Linda S. Cordell
Affiliation:
School for Advanced Research, P.O. Box 2188, Santa Fe, NM 87505-2188 (cordell@sarsf.org)
H. Wolcott Toll
Affiliation:
Museum of New Mexico Office of Archaeological Studies, P.O. Box 2087, Santa Fe, NM, 87504-2087 (wolky.toll@state.nm.us, mollie.toll@state.nm.us)
Mollie S. Toll
Affiliation:
Museum of New Mexico Office of Archaeological Studies, P.O. Box 2087, Santa Fe, NM, 87504-2087 (wolky.toll@state.nm.us, mollie.toll@state.nm.us)
Thomas C. Windes
Affiliation:
Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, 305 Richmond Dr. S.E., AlbuquerqueNM, 87106 (windes@unm.edu)
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Abstract

We report measurements made on eight corncobs (Zea mays) excavated in the 1890s from Pueblo Bonito, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. Seven of these corncobs were analyzed previously in a geochemical study aimed at determining the locations of the fields in which they were grown. We report radiocarbon dates obtained on these seven corncobs. Comparing the morphologies of the eight corncobs with other archaeological samples of corn from the San Juan Basin supports observations that Pueblo Bonito cobs are larger and have more kernel rows than some other basin samples. The radiocarbon dates preclude the possibility that these seven corncobs represent modern or historic period maize. The dates presented do not support a previous interpretation that there was a change over time in the locations where this corn may have been grown. Not ruling out other possibilities, the dates obtained, the special characteristics of this corn, and its presence in older rooms in Pueblo Bonito argue for continued use of Pueblo Bonito for special purposes over many centuries. In Pueblo belief, as among many indigenous agricultural cultures of the Americas, corn is an important source of sacred power.

Résumé

Résumé

Este es un reporte de medidas y observaciones hechas en ocho mazorcas (Zea mays) excavadas en los años 1890, en Pueblo Bonito, Cañón Chaco, Nuevo México. Siete de estas mazorcas fueron previamente analizadas en un estudio de química de sue-los con el fin de determinar las locaciones en las que se cultivaron. Damos el reporte con las fechas de radiocarbono obtenidas de estas siete mazorcas. Las ocho mazorcas analizadas no son representativos del maíz local (de Pueblo Bonito o del Cañón Chaco) porque no están quemados. Sin embargo, al comparar las morfologías de las ocho mazorcas con otras muestras arqueológicas de maíz de la Cuenca San Juan, se sustentan observaciones que las mazorcas de Pueblo Bonito son más grandes y tienen más hileras de granos que otras de la cuenca. Las ocho mazorcas aquí descritas tienen medidas dentro de los rangos dados para otro maíz arqueológico de Pueblo Bonito y de Chetro Ketl Talus Unit en el Cañón Chaco, así como de algunas habitaciones de Salmon Ruin en el Río San Juan que datan del período de mayor florecimiento del Chaco. Las mazorcas de esos lugares son más grandes y tienen más hileras de granos que el maíz arqueológico de sitios más pequeños dentro del Cañón Chaco, desde Pueblo Alto, sitios tardíos de las grandes casas y la ocupación post-Chaco de Salmon Ruin. Las fechas de radio-carbono impiden la posibilidad de que las siete mazorcas de Pueblo Bonito puedan ser maíz moderno o histórico. Estas fechas de radiocarbono tampoco no sustentan la interpretación acerca de un cambio en la temporalidad y el lugar en los que se pudo haber cultivado y después llevado a Pueblo Bonito. Sin descartar otras posibilidades, las características especiales de este maíz y su presencia en Pueblo Bonito, en habitaciones más antiguas nos recuerdan que en las comunidades de los Pueblos Ancestrales, lo que llamamos "desechos" puede contener altares y objetos sagrados de poder. En la ideología de los Pueblos, así como en muchas culturas agrícolas indígenas de América, el maíz es una importante fuente sagrada de poder.

Type
Reports
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 73 , Issue 3 , July 2008 , pp. 491 - 511
Copyright
Copyright © Society for American Archaeology 2008

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