Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-7cvxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-12T09:17:29.048Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Lowland Maya Archaeology at the Crossroads

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Joyce Marcus*
Affiliation:
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109

Abstract

The Lowland Maya region has seen an enormous increase of new data over the last decade, but our progress is hampered by a tendency for cyclic return to previous theoretical positions. This results from several factors: too short a view of the discipline's history; a lack of familiarity with the rest of Mesoamerica; a lack of collaboration among archaeologists, ethnohistorians, and epigraphers; and a tendency to view alternative methodologies as competing rather than complementary. This paper synthesizes some of the major new discoveries and suggests where progress might be made if differing approaches were used in concert rather than in isolation.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1983

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Adams, Richard E. W. 1977 Comments on the Glyphic Texts of the “Altar Vase. ” In Social Process in Maya Prehistory: Studies in Honour of Sir Eric Thompson, edited by Norman, Hammond, pp. 409420. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W. (editor) 1977 The Origins of Maya Civilization. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W., and Aldrich, Robert C. 1980 A Reevaluation of the Bonampak Murals: A Preliminary Statement on the Paintings and Texts. In Third Palenque Hound Table, 1978, Part 2, Volume V, edited by Merle Greene, Robertson, pp. 4559. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W., Brown, W. E. Jr. , and Culbert, T. Patrick 1981 Radar Mapping, Archeology, and Ancient Maya Land Use. Science 213:14571463.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, Richard E. W., and Jones, Richard C. 1981. Spatial Patterns and Regional Growth Among Classic Maya Cities American Antiquity 46:301322.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W., and Smith, Woodruff D. 1980 Feudal Models for Classic Maya Civilization. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Wendy, Ashmore, pp. 335349. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Adams, Richard E. W., and Valdez, Fred Jr. 1980 The Ceramic Sequence of Colha, Belize: 1979 and 1980 Seasons. In The Co Jha Project. - Second Season, 1980 Interim Report, edited by Hester, T. R., Eaton, J. D., and Shafer, H. J., pp. 1539. University of Texas at San Antonio, Center for Archaeological Research.Google Scholar
Andrews, Anthony P. 1980 Salt-Making, Merchants and Markets: The Role of a Critical Resource in the Development of Maya Civilization. Ph. D. dissertation, University of Arizona, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy 1981 Some Issues of Method and Theory in Lowland Maya Settlement Archaeology. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Wendy, Ashmore, pp. 3769. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Ashmore, Wendy (editor) 1981 Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Barthel, Thomas S. 1968 El complejo “emblema.” Estudios de cultura Maya. VII:159-193. Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico D. F. Google Scholar
Becker, Marshall J. 1979 Priests, Peasants, and Ceremonial Centers: The Intellectual History of a Model. In Maya Archaeologyand Ethnohistory, edited by Norman, Hammond and Willey, Gordon R., pp. 320. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bell, Robert E. 1965 Investigaciones arqueologicas en el sitio de El Inga, Ecuador. Editorial Casa de la Cultura Ecuatoriana, Quito. Google Scholar
Berlin, Heinrich 1958 El glifo “emblema” en las inscripciones mayas. Journal de la Societe des Americanistes de Paris, n. s. 47:111119.Google Scholar
Berlin, Heinrich 1959 Glifos nominales en el sarcofago de Palenque: un ensayo. Humanidades II(10):1-8. Universidad de San Carlos, Guatemala.Google Scholar
Bird, Junius, and Cooke, Richard G. 1977 Los artefactos mas antiguos de Panama. Revista national de cu Jtura 6:7-31. Instituto Nacional de Cultura, Panama.Google Scholar
Blanton, Richard E., Kowalewski, Stephen A., Gary, Feinman, and Jill, Appel 1981 Ancient Mesoamerica: A Comparison of Change in Three Regions. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Bloch, Marc 1961 Feudal Society. 2 vols. Translated by Manyon, L. A.. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Bove, Frederick J. 1981. Trend Surface Analysis and the Lowland Classic Maya Collapse American Antiquity 46:93112.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bronson, Bennet 1966 Roots and the Subsistence of the Ancient Maya. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 22:251279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullard, William R. 1960 Maya Settlement Pattern in Northeastern Peten. American Antiquity 25:355372.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bullard, William R. 1964 Settlement Patterns and Social Structures in the Southern Maya Lowlands During the Classic Period. Paper presented at the XXXV Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, Mexico. Google Scholar
Caldwell, James R. 1980 Archeobotanical Aspects of the 1980 Field Season, Colha, Belize. In The Colha Project: Second Season, 1980 Interim Report, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Eaton, Jack D., and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 257268. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Carneiro, Robert L. 1981 The Chiefdom: Precursor of the State. In The Transition to Statehood in the New World, edited by Jones, Grant D. and Kautz, Robert R., pp. 3779. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England.Google Scholar
Charnay, Desire 1887 The Ancient Cities of the New World. Translated by Gonino, J. and Conant, H. S.. Harper, New York.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1965 A Model of Ancient Community Structure in the Maya Lowlands. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21:97-114.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1973 The Maya Scribe and His World. Grolier Club, New York.Google Scholar
Coe, Michael D. 1978 Lords of the Underworld: Masterpieces of Classic Maya Ceramics. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J. Google Scholar
Coe, William R. 1965 Tikal, Guatemala, and Emergent Maya Civilization. Science 147:14011419.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coe, William R. 1967 Ti Jcal: A Handbook of the Ancient Maya Ruins. University of Pennsylvania University Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Coggins, Clemency C. 1975 Painting and Drawing Styles at Tikal: An Historical and Iconographic Reconstruction. Ph. D. dissertation, Harvard University, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Cook, Orator F. 1935 The Maya Breadnut in Southern Florida. Science 85:615616.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulborn, Rushton (editor) 1956 Feudalism in History. Princeton University Press, Princeton, N. J. Google Scholar
Cowgill, Ursula, and Hutchinson, G. Evelyn 1966 The History of the Petenxil Basin. In The History of Laguna de Petenxil: A Small Lake in Northern Guatemala , by Cowgill, Ursula M., Evelyn Hutchinson, G., Racek, A. A., Goulden, Clyde E., Ruth, Patrick, and Matsuo, Tsukada. Memoirs of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences XVII:121-126.Google Scholar
Culbert, T. Patrick (editor) 1973 The Classic Maya Collapse. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Dahlin, Bruce H. 1979 Cropping Cash in the Protoclassic: A Cultural Impact Statement. In Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory, edited by Norman, Hammond and Willey, Gordon R., pp. 2137. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Denevan, William M. 1982 Hydraulic Agriculture in the American Tropics: Forms, Measures, and Recent Research. In Maya Subsistence: Studies in Memory of Dennis E. Puleston, edited by Flannery, Kent V., pp. 181203. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Denevan, William M., and Turner, B. L. II 1974 Forms, Functions, and Associations of Raised Fields in the Old World Tropics. The Journal of Tropical Geography 39:2433.Google Scholar
Dillon, Brian 1977 Salinas de los Nueve Cerros, Alta Verapaz, Guatemala. Studies in Mesoamerican Art, Archaeologyand Ethnohistory 2. Ballena Press, Socorro, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Diitting, Dieter 1979 Birth, Inauguration, and Death in the Inscriptions of Palenque, Chiapas, Mexico. In Tercera Mesa Redonda de Palenque, vol. 4, edited by Merle Greene, Robertson and Donnan Call, Jeffers, pp. 183214. Herald Printers, Monterey, Calif.Google Scholar
Edmonson, Munro S. 1979 Some Postclassic Questions About the Classic Maya. In Tercera Mesa fledonda de Palenque, vol. 4, edited by Merle Greene, Robertson and Donnan Call, Jeffers, pp. 918. Herald Printers, Monterey, Calif.Google Scholar
Eggan, Fred 1934 The Maya Kinship System and Cross-Cousin Marriage. American Anthropologist 36:188202.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ekholm, Susanna M. 1979 The Lagartero Figurines. In Maya Archaeology and Ethnohistory, edited by Norman, Hamond and Willey, Gordon R., pp. 172186. University of Texas Press, Austin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. 1972 The Cultural Evolution of Civilizations. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 3:399426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flannery, Kent V. (Editor) 1982 Maya Subsistence: Studies in Memory of Dennis E. Puleston. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Ford, Richard I. 1972 Barter, Gift, or Violence: An Analysis of Tewa Intertribal Exchange. In Social Exchange and Interaction, edited by Wilmsen, Edwin N., pp. 2145. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Anthropological Papers 46. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Freidel, David A. 1977 A Late Preclassic Monumental Mask at Cerros, Northern Belize. Journal of Field Archaeology 4:488491.Google Scholar
Fry, Robert E., and Cox, Scott C. 1974 The Structure of Ceramic Exchange at Tikal, Guatemala. World Archaeology 6:209225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gann, Thomas W. F. 1918 The Maya Indians of Southern Yucatan and Northern British Honduras. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 64. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Gann, Thomas W. F. 1925 Mystery Cities: Exploration and Adventure in Lubaantun. Duckworth, London.Google Scholar
Ganshof, F. L. 1964 Feudalism. 3rd English ed. Harper & Row, New York.Google Scholar
Gibson, Eric C., and Shafer, Harry J. 1982 Late Classic Maya Settlement at Kichpanha, Northern Belize. Paper presented at the 47th annualmeeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Minneapolis.Google Scholar
Gordon, George B., and Mason, J. Alden 1925 -1943 Examples of Maya Pottery in the Museum and Other Collections. 3 vols. University Museum, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1972 Obsidian Trade Routes in the Mayan Area. Science 178:10921093.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hammond, Norman 1974 The Distribution of Late Classic Maya Major Ceremonial Centers in the Central Area. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches, edited by Norman, >Hammond, pp. 313334. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1977a The Earliest Maya. Scientific American 236:116133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1977b Ex Oriente Lux: A View from Belize. In The Origins of Maya Civilization, edited by Adams, Richard E. W., pp. 4576. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman 1980 Early Maya Ceremonial at Cuello, Belize. Antiquity LIV:176-190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Donaghey, Sara, Berger, Rainer, Atley, Susanne De, Switsur, V. R., and Ward, A. P. 1977 Maya Formative Radiocarbon Dates from Belize. Nature 267:608610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Pring, Duncan, Berger, Rainer, Switsur, V. R., and Ward, A. P. 1976 Radiocarbon Chronology for Early Maya Occupation at Cuello, Belize. Nature 260:579-581. Feldman Google Scholar
Hammond, Norman, Pring, Duncan, Wilk, Richard, Donaghey, Sara, Saul, Frank P., Wing, Elizabeth S., Miller, Arlene V., and H., Lawrence 1979 The Earliest Lowland Maya? Definition of the Swasey Phase. American Antiquity 44:92110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, Peter D. 1981 Some Aspects of Preconquest Settlement in Southern Quintana Roo, Mexico. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Wendy, Ashmore, pp. 259286. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Harrison, Peter D., and Turner, B. L. II (editors) 1978 Pre-Hispanic Maya Agriculture. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1968 Ancient Lowland Maya Social Organization. In Archaeological Studies in Middle America, pp. 93117. Middle American Research Institute, Publication 26. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1969 A New Population Estimate for Tikal, Guatemala. American Antiquity 34:429433.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1970 Tikal, Guatemala, and Mesoamerican Urbanism. World Archaeology 2:186198.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haviland, William A. 1977 Dynastic Genealogies from Tikal, Guatemala: Implications for Descent and Political Organization. American Antiquity 42:6167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hester, Thomas R. 1980 Radiocarbon Dates from Colha, Belize. In The Colha Project: Second Season, 1980 Interim Report, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Eaton, Jack D., and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 289290. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R. (Editor) 1979 The Colha Project, 1979: A Collection of Interim Papers. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Hester, Thomas R., Eaton, Jack D., and Shafer, Harry J. (editors) 1980 The Colha Project: Second Season, 1980 Interim Report. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Johnson, Gregory A. 1973 Local Exchange and Early State Development in Southwestern Iran. Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan Anthropological Papers 51. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Jones, Christopher 1977 Inauguration Dates of Three Late Classic Rulers of Tikal, Guatemala. American Antiquity 42:2860.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones, Christopher, Coe, William R., and Haviland, William A. 1981 Tikal: An Outline of Its Field Study (1956-1970) and a Project Bibliography. In Archaeology, edited by Sabloff, Jeremy A., pp. 296312. Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 1. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Kelley, David H. 1962 Glyphic Evidence for a Dynastic Sequence at Quirigua, Guatemala. American Antiquity 27:323335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kelley, David H. 1976 Deciphering the Maya Script. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Lambert, John D. H., and Arnason, J. Thor 1982 Ramon and Maya Ruins: An Ecological, Not an Economic, Relation. Science 216:298299.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lundell, Cyrus L. 1933 The Agriculture of the Maya. Southwest Review 19:6577.Google Scholar
Mac Neish, Richard S. 1981 Second Annual Report of the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance. Robert S. Peabody Foundation for Archaeology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.Google Scholar
Mac Neish, Richard S. 1982 Third Annual Report of the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance. Robert S. Peabody Foundationfor Archaeology, Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass.Google Scholar
Mac Neish, Richard S., Peterson, Frederick A., and Flannery, Kent V. 1970 The Prehistory of the Tehuacan Valley, Vol. 3: Ceramics. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Mac Neish, Richard S., Jeffrey, S. Wilkerson, K., and Nelken-Terner, Antoinette 1980 First Annual Report of the Belize Archaic Archaeological Reconnaissance. Robert S. Peabody Foundationfor Archaeology. Phillips Academy, Andover, Mass. Google Scholar
Maler, Teobert 1911 Explorations in the Department of Peten, Guatemala: Tikal. Report of Explorations for the Museum. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, 5(1). Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1971 Maya Kinship Terms, Ancestor Worship, and the Role of Elite Women in Ritual During the Classic. Ms. in possession of the author, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1973a Regional Dress Patterns of Classic Maya Women. Ms. in possession of the author, Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1973b Territorial Organization of the Lowland Classic Maya. Science 180:911916.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marcus, Joyce 1974a An Epigraphic Approach to the Territorial Organization of the Lowland Classic Maya. Ph. D. dissertation, Department of Anthropology, Harvard University.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1974b Reply to Romanov and Hammond. Science 183:876877.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1974c The Iconography of Power Among the Classic Maya. World Archaeology 6:8394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1976a Emblem and State in the Classic Maya Lowlands: An Epigraphic Approach to Territorial Organization. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D. C.Google Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1976b The Origins of Mesoamerican Writing. Annual Review of Anthropology 5:3567.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1978 Archaeology and Religion: A Comparison of the Zapotec and Maya. World Archaeology 10:172191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marcus, Joyce 1982 The Plant World of the Sixteenth- and Seventeenth-century Lowland Maya. In Maya Subsistence:Studies in Memory of Dennis E. Puleston, edited by Flannery, Kent V., pp. 239273. Academic Press, New York.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Martinez, Hernandez, Juan, (editor) 1929 Diccionario de Motul: Maya-Espanol. Atribuido a Fray Antonio de Ciudad Real y Arte de Lengua Maya por Fray Juan Coronel. Merida, Compaiiia Tipografica Yucateca, S. A. Google Scholar
Matheny, Ray T. (Editor) 1980 £1 Mirador, Peten, Guatemala: An Interim Report. Papers of the New World Archaeological Foundation, 45. Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter 1980 Notes on the Dynastic Sequence of Bonampak, Part 1. In Third Palenque Round Table, 1978, vol. 5, pt. 2, edited by Merle Greene, Robertson, pp. 6073. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Mathews, Peter, and Scheie, Linda 1974 Lords of Palenque—The Glyphic Evidence. In Primera Mesa Redonda de Palenque: Pt. I, edited by Merle Greene, Robertson, pp. 6376. Robert Louis Stevenson School, Pebble Beach, Calif.Google Scholar
Maudslay, Alfred P. 1889 -1902 Archaeology. In Biologia Centrali-Americana. Dulau, London.Google Scholar
Miksicek, Charles H. 1979 Notes on Paleobotanical Materials from Colha. In The Colha Project, 1979: A Collection of Interim Papers, edited by Hester, Thomas R., pp. 157158. University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Miksicek, Charles H., Bird, Robert McK., Pickersgill, Barbara, Donaghey, Sara, Cartwright, Juliette, and Norman Hammond, 1981 Preclassic Lowland Maize from Cuello, Belize. Nature 289:5659.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morelet, C. Arthur 1871 Travels in Central America. Leypoldt, Holt, & Williams, New York. Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1920 The Inscriptions of Copan. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 219. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1923 Report. Carnegie Institution of Washington Year Book 22:267-272. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1935 Guide Book to the Ruins of Quirigua. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Supplementary Publication 16. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1938 The Inscriptions of Peten, Vol. IV. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 437. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Morley, Sylvanus G. 1946 The Ancient Maya. Stanford University Press, Stanford.Google Scholar
Murdock, George Peter 1940 Double Descent. American Anthropologist 42:555561.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murdock, George Peter 1960 Social Structure. Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
Nations, James D., and Nigh, Ronald B. 1980 The Evolutionary Potential of Lacandon Maya Sustained-yield Tropical Forest Agriculture. Journal of Anthropological Research 36:130.Google Scholar
Ower, Leslie H. 1927 Features of British Honduras. Geographical Journal 70:373386.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pendergast, David M. 1981 Lamanai, Belize: Summary of Excavation Results, 1974-1980. Journal of Field Archaeology 8:2953.Google Scholar
Pires-Ferreira, Jane W. 1975 Formative Mesoamerican Exchange Networks with Special Reference to the Valley of Oaxaca. Prehistoryand Human Ecology of the Valley of Oaxaca, Vol. 3. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, 7. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Pring, Duncan C. 1979 The Swasey Ceramic Complex of Northern Belize: A Definition and Discussion. In Contributions of the University of California Archaeological Research Facility 41:215-229. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1960 Historical Implications of a Pattern of Dates at Piedras Negras, Guatemala. American Antiquity 25:454-475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1961 Portraits of Women in Maya Art. In Essays in Pre-Columbian Art and Archaeology, edited by Lothrop, Samuel K. and others, pp. 8199. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1963 Historical Data in the Inscriptions of Yaxchilan, Part I. Estudios de cultura Maya III: 149-167.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1964 Historical Data in the Inscriptions of Yaxchilan, Part II. Estudios de cultura Maya IV: 177-201.Google Scholar
Proskouriakoff, Tatiana 1973 The Hand-grasping-fish and Associated Glyphs on Classic Maya Monuments. In Mesoamerican Writing Systems, edited by Benson, Elizabeth P., pp. 165178. Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1968 Brosimum alicastrum as a Subsistence Alternative for the Classic Maya of the Central Southern Lowlands. Master's thesis, University of Pennsylvania, University Microfilms, Ann Arbor, Mich. Google Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1971 An Experimental Approach to the Function of Classic Maya Chultuns. American Antiquity 36:322-335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Puleston, Dennis E. 1982 The Role of Ramon in Maya Subsistence. In Maya Subsistence: Studies in Memory of Dennis E. Puleston, edited by Flannery, Kent V., pp. 353366. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Rands, Robert L. 1967 Ceramic Technology and Trade in the Palenque Region, Mexico. In American Historical Anthropology, edited by Riley, Carroll L. and Taylor, Walter W., pp. 137151. Southern Illinois University, Carbondale.Google Scholar
Rathje, William L. 1971. The Origin and Development of Lowland Classic Maya Civilization American Antiquity 36:275285.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rice, Don S., and Rice, Prudence M. 1980 The Northeast Peten Revisited. American Antiquity 45:432454.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ricketson, Edith B. 1937 Part II: The Artifacts. In Uaxactun, Guatemala, Group E-1926-1931. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 477. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Ricketson, Oliver G. 1937 Part I: Excavations. In Uaxactun, Guatemala, Group E-1926-1931. Carnegie Institution of Washington Publication 477. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1931 The Ethno-botany of the Maya. Middle American Research Series, Publication 2. Tulane University, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1933 The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 438. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1939 The Tit Jes of Ebtun. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 505. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1943 The Indian Background of Colonial Yucatan. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 548. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1957 The Political Geography of the Yucatan Maya. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 613. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Roys, Ralph L. 1965 Lowland Maya Society at Spanish Contact. In Handbook of Middle American Indians, vol. 3, edited by Robert, Wauchope, pp. 659678. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Ruppert, Karl, and Denison, John H. 1943 Archaeological Reconnaissance in Campeche, Quintana floo, and Peten. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 543. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1977 Environmental Heterogeneity and the Evolution of Lowland Maya Civilization. In The Origins of Maya Civilization , edited by Adams, Richard E. W., pp. 287297. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Sanders, William T. 1981 Classic Maya Settlement Patterns and Ethnographic Analogy. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns , edited by Wendy, Ashmore, pp. 351369. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Saxe, Arthur A., and Wright, Henry T. 1966 Terracing in the Maya Mountains of British Honduras: A Test Excavation at Cubetas Viejas. Paperpresented at the 31st annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Reno. Google Scholar
Scheie, Linda 1979 Genealogical Documentation of the Tri-Figure Panels at Palenque. In Tercera Mesa fledonda de Palenque. vol. 4. edited by Merle Greene, Robertson and feffers, D. C.. pp. 4170. Herald Printers. Monterey, Calif. Google Scholar
Schufeldt, P. W. 1950 Reminiscences of a Chiclero. In Morleyana: A Collection of Writings in Memoriam Sylvanus Griswoid Morley—1883-1948. edited by Anderson, Arthur J. O., pp. 224229. School of American Research and the Museum of New Mexico, Santa Fe.Google Scholar
Shafer, Harry J. 1981 Maya Lithic Craft Specialization in Northern Belize. Paper presented at the 80th annual meetings of the American Anthropological Association, Los Angeles. Google Scholar
Shafer, Harry J., and Hester, Thomas R. 1983 Ancient Maya Chert Workshops in Northern Belize, Central America. American Antiquity 48:519543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sharer, Robert J. 1978 Archaeology and History at Quirigua, Guatemala. Journal of Field Archaeology 5:5170.Google Scholar
Sheets, Payson D. 1982 Prehistoric Agricultural Systems in El Salvador. In Maya Subsistence: Studies in Memory of Dennis E. Puleston, edited by Flannery, Kent V., pp. 99118. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Siemens, Alfred H. 1982 Prehispanic Agricultural Use of the Wetlands of Northern Belize. In Maya Subsistence: Studies in Memory of Dennis E. Puleston, edited by Flannery, Kent V., pp. 205225. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Siemens, Alfred H., and Puleston, Dennis E. 1972 Ridged Fields and Associated Features in Southern Campeche: New Perspectives on the Lowland Maya. American Antiquity 37:228239.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, Charles S. 1982 The Cuicatldn Canada and Monte AJbdn; A Study in Primary State Formation. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Spinden, Herbert J. 1913 A Study of Maya Art: Its Subject Matter and Historical Development. Memoirs of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, VI. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.Google Scholar
Spores, Ronald 1969 Settlement, Farming Technology, and Environment in the Nochixtlan Valley. Science 166:557569.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stephens, John L. 1841 Incidents of Travel in Centra] America, Chiapas and Yucatan. 2 vols. Harper, New York.Google Scholar
Stephens, John L. 1843 Incidents of Travel in Yucatan. 2 vols. Harper, New York.Google Scholar
Stock, Janet Ann 1980 Investigations of a Chultun (Operation-2022) at Colha. In The Colha Project: Second Season, 1980 Interim Report, edited by Hester, Thomas R., Eaton, Jack D., and Shafer, Harry J., pp. 185194. Center for Archaeological Research, University of Texas at San Antonio.Google Scholar
Thomas, Prentice M. Jr. 1981 Prehistoric Maya Settlement Patterns at Becan, Campeche, Mexico. Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, Publication 45. New Orleans. Google Scholar
Thompson, John Eric Sidney 1927 The Civilization of the Mayas. Field Museum of Natural History. Popular Series, Anthropology, 25. (7th ed. , 1973.) Google Scholar
Thompson, John Eric Sidney 1931 Archaeological Investigations in the Southern Cayo District, British Honduras. Field Museum of Natural History Publication 301, Anthropological Series XLII, No. 3. Chicago.Google Scholar
Thompson, John Eric Sidney 1970 Maya History and Religion. University of Oklahoma Press, Norman.Google Scholar
Thompson, John Eric Sidney 1974 “Canals” of the Rio Candelaria Basin, Campeche, Mexico. In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches , edited by Norman, Hammond, pp. 297302. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Thompson, John Eric Sidney 1977 A Proposal for Constituting a Maya Subgroup, Cultural and Linguistic, in the Peten and Adjacent Regions. In Anthropology and History in Yucatan, edited by Jones, Grant D., pp. 342. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Tozzer, Alfred M. (Editor) 1941 Landa's relacion de las cosas de Yucatan. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 18. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Google Scholar
Turner, B. L. II, and Harrison, Peter D. 1981 Prehistoric Raised-Field Agriculture in the Maya Lowlands. Science 213:399405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, Ellen Sue, Turner, Norman I., and Adams, Richard E. W. 1981 Volumetric Assessment, Rank Ordering, and Maya Civic Centers. In Lowland Maya Settlement Patterns, edited by Wendy, Ashmore, pp. 7188. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Villa Rojas, Alfonso 1945 The Maya of East Central Quintana Roo. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 559. Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Wheatley, Paul 1971 The Pivot of the Four Quarters: A Preliminary Enquiry Into the Origins and Character of the Ancient Chinese City. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1973 The Altar de Sacrificios Excavations: General Summary and Conclusions. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, 64(3). Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1974 The Classic Maya Hiatus: A Rehearsal for the Collapse? In Mesoamerican Archaeology: New Approaches , edited byNorman, Hammond, pp. 417430. University of Texas Press, Austin.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1980 Towards an Holistic View of Ancient Maya Civilization. Man 15:249266.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1982 Maya Archeology. Science 215:260267.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Willey, Gordon R., Bullard, William R. Jr. , Glass, John B., and Gifford, James C. 1965 Prehistoric Maya Settlements in the Belize Valley. Papers of the Peabody Museum of Archaeologyand Ethnology, 54. Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. Google Scholar
Wright, A. C. S. Romney, D. H., Arbuckle, R. H., and Vial, V. E. 1959 Land in British Honduras: Report of the British Honduras Land Use Survey Team. Colonial Research Publication 24. Her Majesty's Stationery Office, London.Google Scholar
Wright, Henry T., and Johnson, Gregory A. 1975 Population, Exchange, and Early State Formation in Southwestern Iran. American Anthropo Jogist 77:267-289.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zarky, Alan 1976 Statistical Analysis of Site Catchments at Ocos, Guatemala. In The Early Mesoamerican Village, edited by Flannery, Kent V., pp. 117128. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Zier, Christian J. 1980 A Classic-period Maya Agricultural Field in Western El Salvador. Journal of Field Archaeology 7:65-74.Google Scholar