Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4rdrl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-17T05:08:32.066Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Women's Perspectives on Informal Care of the Elderly: Public Ideology and Personal Experience of Giving and Receiving Care

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2008

Jane Aronson
Affiliation:
School of Social Work, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario, L8S 4M2, Canada.

Abstract

Drawing on a qualitative study of thirty-two women aged between 35 and 85, this paper links women's experiences of giving and receiving care in the informal sphere to their wider social and ideological context. While subjects subscribed to cultural assumptions about families, responsibility, gender and old age, they experienced awkwardness in translating them into their own lives. Younger women and women looking back on their middle years experienced contradiction between the cultural expectation that they be responsive to others and their wishes for self-enhancement. Older women experienced contradiction between the cultural imperative to be unburdensome and independent and their wish for security. Feelings of guilt and shame were associated with not living up to these expectations. They rendered subjects' concerns, individual failings and stifled expression of their needs. To facilitate such expression and work towards social policies that enhance women over the life course, it will be necessary to envision alternative types of supportive services and to challenge the ideological barriers to their use that the subjects of this study had so acutely internalised.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

NOTES

1 Abrams, P. (edited by M. Bulmer). Policies to promote informal care: some reflections on voluntary action, neighbourhood involvement and family care. Ageing and Society, 5 (1985), 118.CrossRefGoogle ScholarWalker, A.Community care and the elderly in Great Britain: theory and practice. International Journal of Health Services, 11 (1981), 541557.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

2 Aronson, J. ‘Women's experiences of giving and receiving care: pathways to social change’. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Toronto, 1988.Google Scholar

3 Brody, E. M. Aged parents and aging children. In Ragan, P. (ed.), Aging Parents. University of Southern California Press, Berkley, 1974.Google ScholarMarshall, V. M., Rosenthal, C. J. and Daciuk, J.Older Parents' Expectations for Filial Support. Social Justice Research, 4 (1987), 405424CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Shanas, E.The family as a social support system in old age. The Gerontologist, 17 (1979), 169174.CrossRefGoogle ScholarStorm, C., Storm, T. and Strike-Schurman, J.Obligations for care: beliefs in a small Canadian town. Canadian Journal on Aging, 4 (1985), 7585.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

4 Lewis, J. and Meredith, B.Daughters Who Care: Daughters Caring for Mothers at Home, p. 181. Routledge, London, 1988.Google Scholar

5 Evers, H. The frail elderly woman: emergent questions in aging and woman's health. In Lewin, E. and Oleson, V. (eds), Women, Health and Illness. Tavistock, New York, 1985.Google ScholarFinch, J. and Groves, D. (eds), A Labour of Love: Women, Work and Caring. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1983.Google ScholarHooyman, N. R. and Ryan, R. Women as caregivers of the elderly: catch 22 dilemmas. In Figueira-McDonough, J. and Sarri, R. (eds), The Trapped Woman: Catch 22 in Deviance and Social Control. Sage, Newbury Park, 1987.Google ScholarQureshi, H. and Walker, A.The Caring Relationship. MacMillan, London (forthcoming).CrossRefGoogle ScholarUngerson, C.Policy is Personal: Sex, Gender and Informal Care. Tavistock, London, 1987.Google Scholar

6 Lewis, J. and Meredith, B.Op. cit. p. 138.Google Scholar

7 Ungerson, C.Op. cit. p. 141.Google Scholar

8 Dulude, L.Pension Reform with Women in Mind. Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women, Ottawa, 1981.Google ScholarNeysmith, S. M.Poverty in old age: can pension reform meet the needs of women? Canadian Woman Studies, 5 (1984), 1721.Google Scholar

9 Cohen, L.Small Expectations: Society's Betrayal of Older Women. McLelland and Stewart, Toronto, 1984.Google ScholarFord, J. and Sinclair, R.Sixty Years on: Women Talk About Old Age. The Women's Press, London, 1987.Google ScholarMatthews, S. H.The Social World of Old Women: Management of Self-Identity. Sage, Beverly Hills, 1979.Google Scholar

10 Evers, H. Care or custody? The experiences of women patients in long-stay geriatric wards. In Hutter, B. and Williams, G. (eds), Controlling Women: The Normal and the Deviant. Croom Helm, London, 1981.Google ScholarEvers, H.Old women's self perceptions of dependency and some important implications for service provision. Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 38 (1984), 306309CrossRefGoogle Scholar, Evers, H. (1985). op. cit.Google Scholar

11 Evers, H. (1985), op. cit.Google Scholar

12 Patterson, J. Winding down social spending: social spending restraint in Ontario in the 1970s. In Moscovitch, A. and Albert, J. (eds), The ‘Benevolent’ State: The Growth of Welfare in Canada. Garmond Press, Toronto, 1987.Google Scholar

13 Mills, C. W.The Sociological Imagination. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1959.Google Scholar

14 Leonard, P.Personality and Ideology: Towards a Materialist Understanding of the Individual. Macmillan, London, 1984.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

15 Estes, C. L., Swan, J. H. and Gerard, L. E.Dominant and competing paradigms in gerontology: towards a political economy of ageing. Ageing and Society, 2 (1982), 151164.CrossRefGoogle ScholarGuillemard, A. M. The making of old age policy in France: points of debate, issues at stake, underlying social relations. In Guillemard, A. M. (ed.), Old Age and the Welfare State. Sage, London, 1983.Google ScholarWalker, A.Toward a political economy of old age. Ageing and Society, 1 (1981), 7394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

16 Hagestad, G. O. Problems and promises in the social psychology of inter-generational relations. In Fogel, R. W., Hatfield, E., Kiesler, S. B. and Shanas, E. (eds), Ageing: Stability and Change in the Family, p. 25. Academic Press, New York, 1981.Google Scholar

17 Ibid. p. 25.

18 Estes, C. L. et al. Op. cit. p. 151.Google Scholar

19 Ryff, C. D. The subjective construction of self and society: an agenda for life span research. In Marshall, V. W. (ed.), Later Life: The Social Psychology of Aging. Sage, Beverly Hills, 1986.Google Scholar

20 Finch, J. Family obligations and the life course. In Bryman, A. et al. (eds.), Rethinking the Life Cycle. Macmillan, London, 1987.Google ScholarGraham, H. Caring: a labour of love. In Finch, J. and Groves, D. (eds), A Labour of Love: Women, Work and Caring. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1983.Google ScholarWestkott, M.Feminist criticism of the social sciences. Harvard Educational Review, 49 (1979), 422430.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

21 Smith, D. E.The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology. University of Toronto Press, Toronto, 1987.Google Scholar

22 Smith, D. E.Institutional ethnography: a feminist method. Resources for Feminist Research, 15 (1986), 613.Google Scholar

23 Beeson, D.Women in studies of aging: a critique and suggestion. Social Problems, 23 (1975) 5259.CrossRefGoogle ScholarGilligan, C.In A Different Voice: Psychological Theory and Women's Development. Cambridge, Mass., Harvard University Press, 1982.Google ScholarSmith, D. E. (1987), Op. cit.Google ScholarWestkott, M., op. cit.Google Scholar

24 Westkott, M.Op. cit. p. 422.Google Scholar

25 Cloward, R. A. and Piven, F. F.Hidden protest: the channeling of female innovation and resistance. Signs, 4 (1979), 651669.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

26 Freeman, J.The origins of the women's liberation movement. American Journal of Sociology, 78 (1973), 792811.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPinard, M.Poverty and political movements. Social Problems, (1967), 250263.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

27 Smith, D. E. (1986), Op. cit. p. 7.Google Scholar

28 Lofland, J. and Lofland, L. H.Analyzing Social Settings: A Guide to Qualitative Observation and Analysis, 2nd edn.Wadsworth Publishing, Belmont, 1984.Google Scholar

29 Bulmer, M.Concepts in the analysis of qualitative data. Sociological Review, 27 1979, 651677.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

30 Marshall, V. W., Rosenthal, C. J. and Daciuk, J.Op. cit.Google ScholarStorm, C. et al. Op. cit.Google ScholarWest, P.The family, the welfare state and community care: political rhetoric and public attitudes. Journal of Social Policy, 13 (1984), 417446.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

31 Therborn, G.The Ideology of Power and The Power of Ideology. Verso, London, 1980.Google Scholar

32 Mills, C. W.Situated actions and vocabularies of motive. American Sociological Review, 5 (1940), 904913CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Scott, M. B. and Lyman, S. M.Accounts. American Sociological Review 33 (1968), 4662.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

33 Smith, D. E. A sociology for women. In Sherman, J. A. and Torton Beck, E. (eds), The Prism of Sex: Essays in the Sociology of Knowledge, p. 141. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison, 1979.Google Scholar

34 Ungerson, C.Op. cit.Google Scholar

35 Minkler, M.Blaming the aged victim: the politics of scape-goating in times of fiscal conservatism. International Journal of Health Services, 13 (1983), 155–167.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

36 Singer, E. Reference groups and social evaluations. In Rosenberg, M. and Turner, R. H. (eds), Social Psychology: Sociological Perspectives. Basic Books, New York, 1981.Google Scholar

37 Hochschild, A. R.The Unexpected Community: Portrait of an Old Age Subculture, p. 110. University of Southern California Press, Berkeley, 1973.Google Scholar

38 Hochschild, A. R. The sociology of feeling and emotion: selected possibilities. In Millman, M. and Kanter, R. M. (eds), Another Voice: Feminist Perspectives on Social Life and Social Science. Anchor, New York, 1975.Google ScholarHochschild, A. R.Emotion work, feeling rules and social structure. American Journal of Sociology, 85 (1979), 551575.CrossRefGoogle ScholarShott, S.Emotion and social life: a symbolic interaction analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 84 (1979), 13171334.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

39 Hochschild, A. R. (1979), Op. cit. p. 566.Google Scholar

40 Shott, S.Op. cit. p. 1324.Google Scholar

41 Brody, E. M.Parent care as a normative family stress. The Gerontologist, 25 (1985), 1929.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

42 Shott, S.Op. cit.Google Scholar; Westkott, M.Op. cit.Google Scholar

43 Baker Miller, J.Toward a New Psychology of Women, Beacon Press, Boston, 1976.Google Scholar

44 Gilligan, C.Op. cit. p. 70.Google Scholar

45 Shott, S.Op. cit. p. 1325.Google Scholar

46 Gilligan, C.Op. cit.Google Scholar; Westkott, M.Op. cit.Google Scholar

47 Shott, S.Op. cit. p. 1326.Google Scholar

48 For example: research on variability in care relationships (Lewis, J. and Meredith, B.Op. cit.Google ScholarQureshi, H. and Walker, A.The Caring Relationship. Macmillan, LondonCrossRefGoogle Scholar, forthcoming. Ungerson, C.Op. cit.Google ScholarWenger, G. C.The Supportive Network: Coping with Old Age, George Allen and Unwin, London, 1984).Google Scholar Studies of older women located outside prevailing conceptions of families (Kehoe, M.Lesbians Over Sixty Speak for Themselves. Harrington Park Press, New York, 1989.Google ScholarSimon, B. L.Never Married Women. Temple University Press, Philadelphia, 1987).Google Scholar Studies of the meanings and security derived from friendships in later life (Jerrome, D.The significance of friendship for women in later life, Ageing and Society, 1 (1981), 175198.CrossRefGoogle ScholarMatthews, S. H.Friendships Through the Life Course: Oral Biographies in Old Age. Sage, London, 1986).Google Scholar Reconceptualisations of patterns of care and assistance especially as they affect women (Kinship, Allan G., responsibility and care for elderly people, Ageing and Society, 8 (1988), 249268.Google ScholarCroft, S.Op. cit.Google ScholarDalley, G.Ideologies of Caring, Macmillan, London, 1988).Google Scholar

49 Hagestad, G. O.Op. cit. p. 25.Google Scholar

50 Baker Miller, J.Op. cit.Google Scholar

51 Leonard, P.Op. cit.Google ScholarMargolis, D. R.Redefining the situation: negotiations on the meaning of ‘woman’. Social Problems, 32 (1985), 332347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

52 Turner, R. H.The theme of contemporary social movements. British Journal of Sociology, 20 (1969), 390405.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

53 Freeman, J.The Politics of Women's Liberation. Longman, New York, 1975.Google ScholarMargolis, D. R.Op. cit.Google ScholarSpector, M. and Kitsuse, J.Constructing Social Problems. Cummings, Menlo Park, 1977.Google Scholar

54 Cohen, L.Op. cit. p. 221.Google ScholarPeace, S. The forgotten female: social policy and older women. In Phillipson, C. and Walker, A. (eds), Ageing and Social Policy: A Critical Assessment, p. 84. Gower, Aldershot, 1986.Google Scholar

55 Cohen, L.Op. cit.Google Scholar; Peace, S.Op. cit.Google Scholar

56 Croft, S.Women, caring and the recasting of need: a feminist reappraisal. Critical Social Policy, 6 (1986), 2339.CrossRefGoogle ScholarFinch, J.Community Care: developing non-sexist alternatives. Critical Social Policy, 9 (1984), 618.Google Scholar

57 Lewis, J. and Meredith, B.Op. cit.Google Scholar