Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-mwx4w Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-30T10:03:59.949Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Ageing Anglican Clergy and Performance Indicators in the Rural Church, Compared with the Suburban Church

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2008

Leslie J. Francis  and
David W. Lankshear
Leslie J. Francis
Affiliation:
D. J. James Professor of Pastoral Theology and Mansel Jones Fellow at Trinity College Carmarthen, Dyfed SA31 3EP, and St David's University College Lampeter, Dyfed SA48 7ED.
David W. Lankshear
Affiliation:
Deputy Secretary, National Society, Church House, Great Smith Street, London SW1P 3NZ.
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

This study employs path analysis to examine the relationship between clergy age and certain quantitative indices of church life in two samples: a sample of 1,553 villages and rural communities, ranging in size from 251 to 1,250 inhabitants and a sample of 584 suburban parishes. The data indicate that clergy aged sixty or over working in rural parishes tend to have contact with a smaller number of active church members, as indicated by attendance on a normal Sunday, than younger clergy working within comparable rural parishes, although they maintain contact with the same number of nominal church members, as indicated by the electoral roll and festival communicants. Clergy aged sixty years or over working in suburban parishes, on the other hand, have contact with the same number of active church members as younger clergy working within comparable suburban parishes. These findings are discussed in the light of a growing body of research which suggests that changing patterns of rural ministry may be generating difficulties and stresses for clergy approaching the age of retirement.

Type
Research Article
Information
Ageing & Society , Volume 13 , Issue 3 , September 1993 , pp. 339 - 363
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 1993

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ainlay, S. C., Singleton, R. and Swigert, V. L. 1992. Ageing and religious participation: reconsidering the effects of health. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31, 175–188.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ainlay, S. C. and Smith, D. R. 1984. Ageing and religious participation. Journal of Gerontology, 39, 357–363.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aldag, R. J. and Brief, A. P. 1977. Age, work values and employee reactions. Industrial Gerontology, 4, 192–197.Google Scholar
Aldridge, A. 1986. Slaves to no sect: the Anglican clergy and liturgical change. Sociological Review, 34, 357–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aldridge, A. 1989. Men, women, and clergymen: opinion and authority in a sacred organisation. Sociological Review, 37, 43–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Archbishops' Commission On Rural Areas 1990. Faith in the Countryside. Churchman Publishing, Worthing.Google Scholar
Arthur, W., Fuentes, R. and Doverspike, D. 1990. Relationships among personnel tests, age, and job performance. Experimental Aging Research, 16 (1), 11–16.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Arvey, R. D. and Dewhirst, H. D. 1979. Relationship between diversity of interests, age, job satisfaction and job performance. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 52, 17–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arvey, R. D. and Mussio, S. 1973. Test discrimination, job performance and age. Industrial Gerontology, 16, 22–29.Google Scholar
Avolio, B. J. 1991. Levels-of-analysis perspective of aging and work research. Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics, 11, 239–260.Google Scholar
Barrett, G. V., Mihal, W. L., Panek, P. E., Sterns, H. L. and Alexander, R. A. 1977. Information processing skills predictive of accident involvement for younger and older commercial drivers. Industrial Gerontology, 4, 173–182.Google Scholar
Baugher, D. 1978. Is the older worker inherently incompetent? Aging and Work, 1, 243–250.Google Scholar
Bedeian, A. G., Ferris, G. R. and Kacmar, K. M. 1992. Age, tenure, and job satisfaction: a tale of two perspectives. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 40 (1), 33–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belbin, R. M. 1953. Difficulties of older people in industry. Occupational Psychology, 27, 177–190.Google Scholar
Belbin, R. M. 1955. Older people and heavy work. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 12, 309–319.Google ScholarPubMed
Blaikie, N. W. H. 1979. The Plight of the Australian Clergy. Brisbane, University of Queensland Press.Google Scholar
Board of Education 1985. All are Called: Towards a Theology of the Laity. Church Information Office, London.Google Scholar
Board of Education 1988. Children in the Way: New Directions for the Church's Children. National Society and Church House Publishing, London.Google Scholar
Bowden, A. 1988. St Matthew's Church, Coates, Gloucestershire. In Richardson, J. (ed.), Ten Rural Churches, MARC, Eastbourne, pp. 15–34.Google Scholar
Bowers, W. H. 1952. An appraisal of worker characteristics as related to age. Journal of Applied Psychology, 36, 296–306.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Breen, L. Z. and Spaeth, J. L. 1960. Age and productivity among workers in four Chicago companies. Journal of Gerontology, 15, 68–70.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Brierley, P., Myers, B. and Marshall, L. 1991. Leaders Under Pressure: Postal Survey. MARC Europe, London.Google Scholar
Broyles, P. A. and Drenovsky, C. K. 1992. Religious attendance and the subjective health of the elderly. Review of Religious Research, 34, 152–160.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carroll, J. W., Hargrove, B. and Lummis, A. T. 1983. Women of the Cloth. Harper and Row, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Central Board of Finance 1987. Church Statistics: Some Facts and Figures about the Church of England 1987. Central Board of Finance of the Church of England, London.Google Scholar
Central Board of Finance 1991. Church Statistics: Some Facts and Figures about the Church of England 1991. Central Board of Finance of the Church of England, London.Google Scholar
Central Board of Finance and the Church Commissioners 1992. Still Giving in Faith. Central Board of Finance of the Church of England, London.Google Scholar
Chen, M. Y. T. and Goodwin, J. L. 1991. The continuity perspective of aging and retirement applied to Protestant clergy: an analysis of theory. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 7 (3), 55–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chown, S. M. 1972. The effect of flexibility-rigidity and age on adaptability in job performance. Industrial Gerontology, 12, 105–121.Google Scholar
Clarke, J. N. and Anderson, C. L. 1986. Methodism in the Countryside. Clarke and Anderson, Horncastle.Google Scholar
Clay, H. M. 1956. A study of performance in relation to age at two printing works. Journal of Gerontology, 11, 417–424.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Coate, M. A. 1989. Clergy Stress: The Hidden Conflicts of Ministry. SPCK, London.Google Scholar
Cole, S. 1979. Age and scientific performance. American Journal of Sociology, 84, 958–977.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davies, D., Pack, C., Seymour, S., Short, C., Watkins, C. and Winter, M. 1990. The Clergy Life: Rural Church Project Volume Two. Centre for Rural Studies, Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester.Google Scholar
Davies, D., Watkins, C. and Winter, M. 1991. Church and Religion in Rural England. T.and T. Clark, Edinburgh.Google Scholar
Davies, D. R. and Sparrow, P. R. 1985. Age and work behaviour. In Charness, N. (ed.), Aging and Human Performance. John Wiley, New York, pp. 293–332.Google Scholar
De Jong, J. A. and Donovan, D. C. 1988. Age-related differences in beliefs, attitudes and practices of priests. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 128–136.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Maio, T. J. 1980. Refusals: who, where and why. Public Opinion Quarterly, 44, 223–233.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewe, P. J. 1987. New Zealand ministers of religion: identifying sources of stress and coping processes. Work and Stress, 1, 351–364.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dickerson, B. E. and Myers, D. R. 1988. The contributory and changing roles of older adults in the church and synagogue. Educational Gerontology, 14, 303–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doering, M., Rhodes, S. R. and Schuster, M. 1983. The Aging Worker: Research and Recommendations. Sage Publications, London.Google Scholar
Doka, K. J. 1986. The church and the elderly: the impact of changing age strata on congregations. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 22, 291–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eichar, D. M., Norland, S., Brady, E. M. and Fortinsky, R. H. 1991. Job satisfaction of older workers. Journal of Organizational Behaviour, 12, 609–620.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fichter, J. H. 1984. The myth of clergy burnout. Sociological Analysis, 45, 373–382.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fichter, J. H. 1985. The dilemma of priest retirement. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 24, 101–104.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fletcher, B. 1990. Clergy Under Stress. Mowbray, London.Google Scholar
Fogarty, J. C. 1988. The Catholic Priest: His Identity and Values. Sheed and Ward, Kansas City.Google Scholar
Francis, L. J. 1985. Rural Anglicanism: A Future for Young Christians? Collins Liturgical Publications, London.Google Scholar
Francis, L.J. 1987. Religion in the Primary School. Collins Liturgical Publications, London.Google Scholar
Francis, L.J. and Lankshear, D. W. 1990. The Impact of Church Schools on Village Church Life. Educational Studies, 16, 117–129.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, L.J. and Lankshear, D. W. 1991a. Continuing in the Way: Children, Young People and the Church. National Society, London.Google Scholar
Francis, L. J. and Lankshear, D. W. 1991b. The impact of church schools on urban church life. School Effectiveness and School ImprovementM, 2, 324–335.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Francis, L. J. and Lankshear, D. W. 1992. The rural rectory: the impact of a resident priest on local church life. Journal of Rural Studies, 8, 97–103.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gannon, M., Northern, J. and Carroll, S. 1971. Characteristics of non-respondents among workers. Journal of Applied Psychology, 55, 586–588.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gibson, J. L. and Klein, S. M. 1970. Employee attitudes as a function of age and length of service: a reconceptualisation. Academy of Management Journal, 13, 411–425.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gilbert, A. D. 1980. The Making of Post-Christian Britain. Longman, London.Google Scholar
Giniger, S. 1983. Age, experience, and performance on speed and skill jobs in an applied setting. Journal of Applied Psychology, 68, 469–475.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Glenn, N. D., Taylor, P. A. and Weaver, C. N. 1977. Age and job satisfaction among males and females: a multivariate, multisurvey study. Journal of Applied Psychology, 62, 189–193.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Goodwin, J. L. and Chen, M. Y. T. 1991. From pastor to pensioner: a study of retired Canadian Protestant clergy from the continuity perspective. Journal of Religious Gerontology, 7 (3), 69–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Greenberg, L. 1961. Productivity of older workers. Gerontologist, 1, 38–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Guy, R. F. 1982. Religion, physical disabilities, and life satisfaction in older age cohorts. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 15, 225–232.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hawkins, D. F. 1975. Estimation of non-response bias. Sociological Methods and Research, 3, 461–488.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heenan, E. F. 1972. Sociology of religion and the aged: the empirical lacunae. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 11, 171–176.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, A. R. and Rodgers, W. L. 1988a. Age and response rates to interview sample surveys. Journal of Gerontology, 43, S200–S205.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Herzog, A. R. and Rodgers, W. L. 1988b. Interviewing older adults: mode comparison using data from a face-to-face survey and a telephone survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 52, 84–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Herzog, A. R., Rodgers, W. L. and Kulka, R. A. 1983. Interviewing older adults: a comparison of telephone and face-to-face modalities. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 405–418.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoge, D. R., Shields, J. J. and Verdieck, M. J. 1988. Changing age distribution and theological attitudes of Catholic priests, 1970–1985. Sociological Analysis, 49, 264–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoge, D. R., Shields, J.J. and Verdieck, M.J. 1992. Response to Young and Schoenherr. Sociological Analysis, 53, 89–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoinville, G. 1983. Carrying out surveys among the elderly. Journal of the Market Research Society, 25, 223–237.Google Scholar
Holley, W. H., Feild, H. S. and Holley, B. B. 1978. Age and reactions to jobs: an empirical study of para-professional workers. Aging and Work, 1, 33–40.Google Scholar
Hornsby-Smith, M. P. 1989. The Changing Parish: A Study of Parishes, Priests and Parishioners after Vatican II. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Hughes, P. J. 1989. The Australian Clergy. Hawthorn, Christian Research Association.Google Scholar
Hunsberger, . 1985. Religion, age, life satisfaction, and perceived sources of religiousness: a study of older persons. Journal of Gerontology, 40, 615–620.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hunt, J. S. and Saul, P. N. 1975. The relationship of age, tenure, and job satisfaction in males and females. Academy of Management Journal, 18, 690–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Idler, E. 1987. Religious involvement and the health of the elderly. Social Forces, 66, 227–238.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Janson, P. and Martin, J. K. 1982. Job satisfaction and age: a test of two views. Social Forces, 60, 1089–1102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jarvis, P. 1976. The potential resignee from the ministry. Contact, 54, 24–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Johnson, D. P. and Mullins, L. C. 1989. Subjective and social dimensions of religiosity and loneliness among the well elderly. Review of Religious Research, 31, 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, C. G. 1960. The stages of life. In The Structure and Dynamics of the Psyche: collected works, vol. 8, Pantheon, New York, pp. 387–403.Google Scholar
Kalleberg, A. and Loscocco, K. 1983. Aging, Values, and rewards: exploring age differences in job satisfaction. American Sociological Review, 48, 78–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keeves, J. P. 1988. Path analysis. In Keeves, J. P. (ed.). Educational Research, Methodology, and Measurement: An International Handbook. Pergamon Press, Oxford, pp. 723–731.Google Scholar
King, H. F. 1956. An attempt to use production data in the study of age and performance. Journal of Gerontology, 11, 410–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
King, H. F. and Speakman, D. 1953. Age and industrial accident rates. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 10, 51–58.Google ScholarPubMed
Koenig, H. G., George, L. K. and Siegler, I. C. 1988. The use of religion and other emotion-regulating coping strategies among older adults. The Gerontologist, 28, 303–310.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Koenig, H. G., Kvale, J. N. and Ferrel, C. 1988. Religion and well-being in later life. The Gerontologist, 28, 18–28.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Krause, N. and van Tran, T. 1989. Stress and religious involvement among older blacks. Journal of Gerontology, 44, S4–S13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kutscher, R. E. and Walker, J. F. 1960. Comparative job performance of office workers by age. Monthly Labour Review, 83, 39–43.Google Scholar
Levin, J. S. and Markides, K. S. 1988. Religious attendance and psychological well–being in middle-aged and older Mexican Americans. Sociological Analysis, 49, 66–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Levine, M. 1980. Four models of age/work policy research. Gerontologist, 20, 561–574.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McDaniel, S. W., Madden, C. S. and Verille, P. 1987. Do topic differences affect survey non-response? Journal of the Market Research Society, 29 (1), 55–66.Google Scholar
McEvoy, G. M. and Cascio, W. F. 1989. Cumulative evidence of the relationship between employee age and job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 74 (1), 11–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McFarland, R. A. 1943. The older worker in industry. Harvard Business Review, 21, 505–520.Google Scholar
MacGuigan, J. E. 1979. The aging religious priest. The Gerontologist, 12 (11), 19–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McNeely, R. L. 1988. Age and job satisfaction in human service employment. Gerontologist, 28, 163–168.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maher, H. 1955. Age and performance of two work groups. Journal of Gerontology, 10, 448–451.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malony, H. N. and Hunt, R. A. 1991. The Psychology of Clergy. Morehouse Publishing, Harrisburg, PA.Google Scholar
Mark, J. A. 1957. Comparative job performance by age. Monthly Labour Review, 80, 1467–1471.Google Scholar
Markides, K. S. 1983. Aging, religiosity, and adjustment: a longitudinal analysis. Journal of Gerontology, 38, 621–625.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, H. 1958. Age differences in work attitudes. Journal of Gerontology, 13, 74–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meltzer, M. W. 1981. Reduction of occupational stress among elderly lawyers: the creation of a functional niche. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 13 (3). 209–219.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mercer, J. R. and Butler, E. W. 1967. Disengagement of the aged population and response differentials in survey research. Social Forces, 46, 89–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mull, C. S., Cox, C. L. and Sullivan, J. A. 1987. Religion's role in the health and well-being of well elders. Public Health Nursing, 4, 151–159.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murrell, K. F. H. and Tucker, W. A. 1960. A pilot job-study of age-related causes of difficulty in light engineering. Ergonomics, 3, 74–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nelson, P. B. 1990. Religious orientation of the elderly: relationship to depression and self esteem. Journal of Gerontological Nursing, 16 (2), 29–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nugent, F. M. 1976. The disengagement theory of aging and retirement to clergymen. Dissertation Abstracts International, 36 (10–B), 5358.Google Scholar
O'Brien, G. E. and Dowling, P. 1981. Age and job satisfaction. Australian Psychologist, 16, 49–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
O'Neil, M. J. 1979. Estimating the non-response bias due to refusals in telephone surveys. Public Opinion Quarterly, 43, 218–232.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Paul, L. (1964). The Deployment and Payment of the Clergy. Church Information Office, London.Google Scholar
Payne, B. 1988. Religious patterns and participation of older adults: a sociological perspective. Educational Gerontology, 14, 255–268.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powell, M. 1973. Age and occupational change among coal-miners. Occupational Psychology, 47, 37–49.Google Scholar
Pratt, M. W., Hunsberger, B., Pancer, S. M. and Roth, D. 1992. Reflections on religion: aging, belief orthodoxy, and interpersonal conflict in the complexity of adult thinking about religious issues. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 31, 514–522.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ranson, S., Bryman, A. and Minings, B. 1977. Clergy, Ministers and Priests. Routledge and Kegan Paul, London.Google Scholar
Reed, P. G. 1991. Spirituality and mental health in older adults: extant knowledge for nursing, Family and Community Health, 14 (2), 14–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rees, R. L. D. and Francis, L.J. 1991. Clergy response rates to work-related questionnaires: a relationship between age, work load and burnout? Social Behaviour and Personality, 19, 45–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reidy, M. T. V. and White, L. C. 1977. The measurement of traditionalism among Roman Catholic priests: an exploratory study. British Journal of Sociology, 28, 226–241.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reilly, M. E. 1975. Perceptions of the priest role. Sociological Analysis, 36, 347–356.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Richardson, I. M. 1953. Age and work: a study of 489 men in heavy industry. British Journal of Industrial Medicine, 10, 269–284.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. A. T. 1963. Honest to God. SCM, London.Google Scholar
Root, N. 1981. Injuries at work are fewer among older employees. Monthly Labour Review, 104, 30–34.Google Scholar
Russell, A. 1980. The Clerical Profession. SPCK, London.Google Scholar
Russell, A. 1986. The Country Parish. SPCK, London.Google Scholar
Sanford, J. A. 1982. Ministry Burnout. Arthur James, London.Google Scholar
Schoenherr, R. A. and Greeley, A. M. 1974. Role commitment processes and the American Catholic priesthood. American Sociological Review, 39, 407–426.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schoenherr, R. A. and Sorensen, A. 1982. Social change in religious organisations: consequences of clergy decline in the US Catholic church. Sociological Analysis, 43, 23–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, D. P. and Heneman, H. G. 1977a. Age and satisfaction with dimensions of work. Journal of Vocational Behaviour, 10, 212–220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schwab, D. P. and Heneman, H. G. 1977b. Effects of age and experience on productivity. Industrial Gerontology, 4, 113–117.Google Scholar
Simonton, D. K. 1989. The swan-song phenomenon: last-works effects for 172 classical composers. Psychology and Aging, 4(1), 42–47.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Singleton, W. T. 1983. Age, skill and management. International Journal of Aging and Human Development, 17 (1), 15–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, T. W. 1983. The hidden 25 percent: an analysis of non-response on the 1980 general social survey. Public Opinion Quarterly, 47, 386–404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Snyder, R. A. and Mayo, F. 1991. Single versus multiple causes of the age/job satisfaction. Psychological Reports, 68, 1255–1262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
SPSS Inc. 1988. SPSSX User's Guide. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Tiller, J. (1983). A Strategy for the Church's Ministry. Church Information Office Publishing, London.Google Scholar
Towler, R. and Coxon, A. P. M. 1979. The Fate of the Anglican Clergy. Macmillan, London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Haitsma, K. 1986. Intrinsic religious orientation: implications in the study of religiosity and personal adjustment in the aged. Journal of Social Psychology, 126, 685–687.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Van Westerhoven, E. M. C. 1978. Covering non-response: does it pay? a study of refusers and absentees. Journal of the Market Research Society, 20, 245–247.Google Scholar
Verdieck, M.J., Shields, J.J. and Hoge, D. R. 1988. Role commitment processes revisited: American Catholic priests 1970 and 1985. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 27, 524–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Waldman, D. A. and Avolio, B.J. 1986. Meta-analysis of age difference in job performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 71 (1), 33–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weaver, C. N., Holmes, S. L. and Glenn, N. D. 1975. Some characteristics of inaccessible respondents in a telephone survey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 60, 260–262.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weiner, F. 1990. Older psychiatrists and their psychotherapy practice. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 44, 44–49.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welford, A. T. 1966. Industrial work suitable for older people: some British studies. Gerontologist, 6, 4–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welford, A. T. 1976. Thirty years of psychological research on age and work. Journal of Occupational Psychology, 49, 129–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, A. T. and Spector, P. E. 1987. Investigation of age-related factors in the age-job-satisfaction relationship. Psychology and Aging, 2, 261–265.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilson, M. (ed.) 1989. The Rural Church: Towards 2000. The Rural Theology Association, Bulwick.Google Scholar
Young, G. and Dowling, W. 1987. Dimensions of religiosity in old age: accounting for variation in types of participation. Journal of Gerontology, 42, 376–380.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Young, L. A. and Schoenherr, R. A. 1992. The changing age distribution and theological attitudes of Catholic priests revisited. Sociological Analysis, 53, 73–87.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zeitz, G. 1990. Age and work satisfaction in a government agency: a situational perspective. Human Relations, 43, 419–438.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zuckerman, D. M., Kasl, S. and Ostfeld, A. M. 1984. Psychosocial predictors of mortality among the elderly poor: the role of religion, well-being and social contacts. American Journal of Epidemiology, 119, 410–423.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed