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Prehistory and Ideology in Zimbabwe

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 December 2011

Extract

Zimbabwe has adopted the name of the Shona state, centred on the city of Great Zimbabwe, which flourished between five and eight hundred years ago, and whose ruined stone walls are one of the most remarkable monuments in Africa. Great Zimbabwe was a considerable human achievement, evidence of the acquisition and management of a huge and docile labour force, of prolonged political stability and economic prosperity.

When the British South Africa Company occupied the country in 1890 the monument became the subject of considerable settler polemic and controversy. While its origins were still uncertain Cecil Rhodes recognized the considerable propaganda value that evidence of ancient foreign settlement, preferably white and successful and with Biblical origins, would have. It would give a precedent and respectability to the conquest and a promise of similar prosperity to the settlers and investors in the new colony. Rhodes acquired many antiquities from Great Zimbabwe, and initiated excavations at the site and searches of the archives of Rome and Lisbon for documents referring to it. He himself sought parallels to its art in the museums of Cairo. He also commissioned eminent mining engineers to determine the origins and yield of the ‘ancient gold workings’ in the country. Finally, he had Richard Hall, an enthusiastic propagandist of the settler cause in newspapers, lectures and exhibitions, and a fanatical advocate of immensely old Biblical origins for Great Zimbabwe, appointed curator of the Ruins expressly to instruct important visitors in his theories.

Résumé

Préhistoire et Idéologic au Zimbabwe

Cet article retrace le développement de la recherche archéologique à partir des grandes expéditions d'archéologues étrangers au Grand Zimbabwe en 1905 et 1929. Il examine les concepts fondamentaux qui sont à la base de toute recherche consécutive effectuée par les archélogues blancs résidant au Grand Zimbabwe et dans tout le reste du pays, de 1947 à l'Indépendance, et indique comment leurs travaux étaient enracinés dans un paradigme de colon qui décrivait la société africaine comme foncièrement conservatrice, anti-innovatrice et par conséquent statique. Tout changement tant soit peu important étant attribué à des agents exterieurs. L'accent porté sur le recouvrement, la description et les analyses d'assemblages de poterie comme étant la base de séquences de culture et d'histoire, et la corrélation entre le style de poterie et les groupes ethniques et de langue soulignaient de façon erronée la ‘tribu’ comme seule unité d'analyse valable. Des concepts d'ordre similaire attribuent les origines des périodes du début à la fin de l'Age de Fer aux différentes migrations de peuplades, avec cependant très peu de concordance sur la nature et les directions de tels mouvements.

Il est suggéré que de telles explications sont à la fois inadéquates et incorrectes. Il est possible de donner des explications tout à fait différentes pour expliquer les changements de la société qui produisirent des entités archéologiques désignées sous le nom d'“Age de Fer’ primaire ou secondaire. De telles explications cependant ne demeureront que spéculatives tant que des recherches ultérieures ne seront pas entreprises pour les vérifier.

Le but de l'archéologie et les interprétations de la préhistoire entrainent l'aliénation de la masse du peuple du Zimbabwe. En conséquence, bien que le Grand Zimbabwe ait donné son nom au nouvel Etat, il demeure une notion vague ayant peu de signification dans la culture populaire.

Type
Past and Present in Zimbabwe
Copyright
Copyright © International African Institute 1982

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